Non-Gaussianity detection of single-mode rotationally symmetric quantum states via cumulant method

The non-Gaussianity of quantum states incarnates an important resource for improving the performance of continuous-variable quantum information protocols.We propose a novel criterion of non-Gaussianity for single-mode rotationally symmetric quantum states via the squared Frobenius norm of higher-order cumulant matrix for the quadrature distribution function.As an application,we study the non-Gaussianities of three classes of single-mode symmetric non-Gaussian states:a mixture of vacuum and Fock states,single-photon added thermal states,and even/odd Schr¨odinger cat states.It is shown that such a criterion is faithful and effective for revealing non-Gaussianity.We further extend this criterion to two cases of symmetric multi-mode non-Gaussian states and non-symmetric single-mode non-Gaussian states.

Essential proteins identification method based on four-order distances and subcellular localization information

Essential proteins are inseparable in cell growth and survival. The study of essential proteins is important for understanding cellular functions and biological mechanisms. Therefore, various computable methods have been proposed to identify essential proteins. Unfortunately, most methods based on network topology only consider the interactions between a protein and its neighboring proteins, and not the interactions with its higher-order distance proteins. In this paper, we propose the DSEP algorithm in which we integrated network topology properties and subcellular localization information in protein–protein interaction(PPI) networks based on four-order distances, and then used random walks to identify the essential proteins. We also propose a method to calculate the finite-order distance of the network, which can greatly reduce the time complexity of our algorithm. We conducted a comprehensive comparison of the DSEP algorithm with 11 existing classical algorithms to identify essential proteins with multiple evaluation methods. The results show that DSEP is superior to these 11 methods.

Wigner function of optical cumulant operator and its dissipation in thermo-entangled state representation

To conveniently calculate the Wigner function of the optical cumulant operator and its dissipation evolution in a thermal environment, in this paper, the thermo-entangled state representation is introduced to derive the general evolution formula of the Wigner function, and its relation to Weyl correspondence is also discussed. The method of integration within the ordered product of operators is essential to our discussion.

Cumulative effects of excess high-normal alanine aminotransferase levels in relation to new-onset metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in China

BACKGROUND Within the normal range,elevated alanine aminotransferase(ALT)levels are associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).AIM To investigate the associations between repeated high-normal ALT measurements and the risk of new-onset MAFLD prospectively.METHODS A cohort of 3553 participants followed for four consecutive health examinations over 4 years was selected.The incidence rate,cumulative times,and equally and unequally weighted cumulative effects of excess high-normal ALT levels(ehALT)were measured.Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyse the association between the cumulative effects of ehALT and the risk of new-onset MAFLD.RESULTS A total of 83.13%of participants with MAFLD had normal ALT levels.The incidence rate of MAFLD showed a linear increasing trend in the cumulative ehALT group.Compared with those in the low-normal ALT group,the multivariate adjusted hazard ratios of the equally and unequally weighted cumulative effects of ehALT were 1.651[95%confidence interval(CI):1.199-2.273]and 1.535(95%CI:1.119-2.106)in the third quartile and 1.616(95%CI:1.162-2.246)and 1.580(95%CI:1.155-2.162)in the fourth quartile,respectively.CONCLUSION Most participants with MAFLD had normal ALT levels.Long-term high-normal ALT levels were associated with a cumulative increased risk of new-onset MAFLD.

Multi-Source Underwater DOA Estimation Using PSO-BP Neural Network Based on High-Order Cumulant Optimization

Due to the complex and changeable environment under water,the performance of traditional DOA estimation algorithms based on mathematical model,such as MUSIC,ESPRIT,etc.,degrades greatly or even some mistakes can be made because of the mismatch between algorithm model and actual environment model.In addition,the neural network has the ability of generalization and mapping,it can consider the noise,transmission channel inconsistency and other factors of the objective environment.Therefore,this paper utilizes Back Propagation(BP)neural network as the basic framework of underwater DOA estimation.Furthermore,in order to improve the performance of DOA estimation of BP neural network,the following three improvements are proposed.(1)Aiming at the problem that the weight and threshold of traditional BP neural network converge slowly and easily fall into the local optimal value in the iterative process,PSO-BP-NN based on optimized particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is proposed.(2)The Higher-order cumulant of the received signal is utilized to establish the training model.(3)A BP neural network training method for arbitrary number of sources is proposed.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is proved by comparing with the state-of-the-art algorithms and MUSIC algorithm.

The Cumulative Method for Multiplication and Division

This paper provides a method of the process of computation called the cumulative method, it is based upon repeated cumulative process. The cumulative method is being adapted to the purposes of computation, particularly multiplication and division. The operations of multiplication and division are represented by algebraic formulas. An advantage of the method is that the cumulative process can be performed on decimal numbers. The present paper aims to establish a basic and useful formula valid for the two fundamental arithmetic operations of multiplication and division. The new cumulative method proved to be more flexible and made it possible to extend the multiplication and division based on repeated addition/subtraction to decimal numbers.

The lithology and composition of lunar mantle modified by ilmenite bearing cumulate:A thermodynamic model

Due to their high density,the ilmenite-bearing cumulates(IBC)(with or without KREEP)formed during the late-stage lunar magma ocean solidification are thought to sink into the underlying lunar mantle and trigger lunar mantle overturn.Geophysical evidence implied that IBC may descend deep inside the Moon and remain as a partially molten layer at the core-mantle boundary(CMB).However,partial melting may have occurred on the mixed mantle cumulates during the sinking of IBC/KREEP and the silicate melt may be positively buoyant,thus preventing the IBC/KREEP layer from sinking to the CMB.Here,we perform thermodynamic simulation on the stability of lunar mantle cumulates at different depths mixed with different amounts of IBC/KREEP from an updated LMO model.The modeling results suggest that the sinking of IBC/KREEP will cause at least 5 wt%partial melting in the shallow(~120 km)and a much larger degree of partial melting in the deep lunar mantle(~420 km).Due to the density contrast with the surrounding mantle,IBC/KREEP-bearing melts could potentially decouple under certain conditions.The modified lunar mantle by sinking of IBC/KREEP can better explain the formation of different kinds of lunar basaltic magma than the primary lunar mantle formed through differentiation of lunar magma ocean.Sinking of IBC/KREEP back into the lunar mantle may introduce plagioclase,clinopyroxene,garnet,and incompatible radioactive elements into the deep lunar mantle,which will further affect the thermal and chemical evolution of the lunar interior.

Study on cumulative effects of biological craniocerebral trauma under repeated blast

Repeated blast impacts on personnel in explosive environments can exacerbate craniocerebral trauma.Most existing studies focus on the injury effects of a single blast,lacking in-depth analysis on the injury effects and cumulative effects of repeated blasts.Therefore,rats were used as the experimental samples to suffer from explosion blasts with different peak air overpressures(167 kPa~482 kPa)and varying number of repeated blasts.The cumulative effect of craniocerebral trauma was most pronounced for moderate repeated blast,showing approximately 95%increase of trauma severity with penta blast,and an approximately 85%increase of trauma severity with penta minor blast.The cumulative effect of craniocerebral trauma from severe,repeated blast has a smaller rate of change compared to the other two conditions.The severity of trauma from penta blast increased by approximately 69%compared to a single blast.Comprehensive physiological,pathological and biochemical analysis show that the degree of neurological trauma caused by repeated blasts is higher than that of single blasts,and the pathological trauma to brain tissue is more extensive and severe.The trauma degree remains unchanged after double blast,increases by one grade after triple or quadruple blast,and increases by two grades after penta blast.

Development of a novel critical nitrogen concentration-cumulative transpiration curve for optimizing nitrogen management under varying irrigation conditions in winter wheat

Accurate nitrogen(N)nutrition diagnosis is essential for improving N use efficiency in crop production.The widely used critical N(Nc)dilution curve traditionally depends solely on agronomic variables,neglecting crop water status.With three-year field experiments with winter wheat,encompassing two irrigation levels(rainfed and irrigation at jointing and anthesis)and three N levels(0,180,and 270 kg ha1),this study aims to establish a novel approach for determining the Nc dilution curve based on crop cumulative transpiration(T),providing a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between N and water availability.The Nc curves derived from both crop dry matter(DM)and T demonstrated N concentration dilution under different conditions with different parameters.The equation Nc=6.43T0.24 established a consistent relationship across varying irrigation regimes.Independent test results indicated that the nitrogen nutrition index(NNI),calculated from this curve,effectively identifies and quantifies the two sources of N deficiency:insufficient N supply in the soil and insufficient soil water concentration leading to decreased N availability for root absorption.Additionally,the NNI calculated from the Nc-DM and Nc-T curves exhibited a strong negative correlation with accumulated N deficit(Nand)and a positive correlation with relative grain yield(RGY).The NNI derived from the Nc-T curve outperformed the NNI derived from the Nc-DM curve concerning its relationship with Nand and RGY,as indicated by larger R2 values and smaller AIC.The novel Nc curve based on T serves as an effective diagnostic tool for assessing winter wheat N status,predicting grain yield,and optimizing N fertilizer management across varying irrigation conditions.These findings would provide new insights and methods to improve the simulations of water-N interaction relationship in crop growth models.

Cumulative Air Quality Impacts from Twenty-Two Major Power Plants

Cumulative assessment is a tool for the project developer to try and take into consideration not only their contribution to cumulative impacts but also other projects and external factors that may place their developments at risk.This study assessed the cumulative impacts of air emissions from 22 major power plants in southeast Bangladesh planned to generate 21,550 MW of electricity.It also includes anticipated growth in small to medium size industries,brickfields,highway traffic,inland water transport,transhippers,jetty,and vessel transports used for transporting fuel resources for these power plants.A 50 km by 50 km airshed is considered for air quality modeling.Cumulative analysis indicates that predicted MGLCs(Maximum Ground Level Concentrations)of NO2 and CO are complying with both Bangladesh NAAQS(National Ambient Air Quality Standards)and WBG(World Bank Group)Guidelines.The daily average MGLC of PM_(2.5)(62.45µg/m^(3))from all sources complies with NAAQS,however,exceeds the WBG Guidelines.Annual PM_(2.5) concentration(15.45µg/m^(3))exceeds NAAQS and WBG Guidelines.The PM10 concentration complies with the NAAQS for both 24-hour and annual averaging times.Annual average concentration(23.12µg/m^(3))exceeds WBG Guidelines.Daily average SO2 concentration(102.49µg/m^(3))complies with the NAAQS however,it exceeds the WBG guideline values.High concentrations of PM_(2.5) and SO2 are due to the contribution of transboundary emissions and secondary pollutants in the atmosphere.This dispersion modeling outcome can be used by the policymakers for the pollution reduction strategy.

基于RARE-Cumulant的互耦校正和DOA估计

基于四阶累计量及RARE(RAnk reducee quation)变换,结合均匀线阵互耦矩阵的特殊性,提出了一种新的互耦校正及波达方向估计算法。虽然四阶累计量比传统的二阶方法算法复杂,却扩展了阵列孔径,提高了在色噪声背景下DOA估计精度,而互耦系数并未因增加了虚拟阵元而增多。RARE变换将互耦系数与波达方向参量分离,有效地实现了多维参数估计的降维处理,减小了多维参量估计的计算量。仿真实验表明,在高斯色噪声背景下,本文方法计算量小,而且估计能力明显优于二阶去耦算法和传统的四阶方法。

Joint estimation of DOA, frequency, and polarization based on cumulants and UCA

A joint estimation algorithm of direction of arrival （DOA）, frequency, and polarization, based on fourth-order cumulants and uniform circular array （UCA） of trimmed vector sensors is presented for narrowband non-Gaussian signals. The proposed approach, which is suitable for applications in arbitrary Gaussian noise environments, gives a closed-form representation of the estimated parameters, without spectral peak searching. An efficient method is also provided for elimination of cyclic phase ambiguities. Simulations are presented to show the performance of the algorithm.

CLASSIFICATION OF MPSK SIGNALS USING CUMULANT INVARIANTS

A new feature based on higher order statistics is proposed for classification of MPSKsignals, which is invariant with respect to translation (shift), scale and rotation transforms of MPSK signal constellations, and can suppress additive color or white Gaussian noise. Application of the new feature to classification of MPSK signals, at medium signal-to-noise ratio with specified sample size, results in high probability of correct identification. Finally, computer simulations and comparisons with existing algorithms are given.

Non-Gaussianity dynamics of two-mode squeezed number states subject to different types of noise based on cumulant theory

We provide a measure to characterize the non-Gaussianity of phase-space function of bosonic quantum states based on the cumulant theory. We study the non-Gaussianity dynamics of two-mode squeezed number states by analyzing the phase-averaged kurtosis for two different models of decoherence： amplitude damping model and phase damping model.For the amplitude damping model, the non-Gaussianity is very fragile and completely vanishes at a finite time. For the phase damping model, such states exhibit rich non-Gaussian characters. In particular, we obtain a transition time that such states can transform from sub-Gaussianity into super-Gaussianity during the evolution. Finally, we compare our measure with the existing measures of non-Gaussianity under the independent dephasing environment.

Identification of multiple inputs single output errors-in-variables system using cumulant

A higher-order cumulant-based weighted least square（HOCWLS） and a higher-order cumulant-based iterative least square（HOCILS） are derived for multiple inputs single output（MISO） errors-in-variables（EIV） systems from noisy input/output data. Whether the noises of the input/output of the system are white or colored, the proposed algorithms can be insensitive to these noises and yield unbiased estimates. To realize adaptive parameter estimates, a higher-order cumulant-based recursive least square（HOCRLS） method is also studied. Convergence analysis of the HOCRLS is conducted by using the stochastic process theory and the stochastic martingale theory. It indicates that the parameter estimation error of HOCRLS consistently converges to zero under a generalized persistent excitation condition. The usefulness of the proposed algorithms is assessed through numerical simulations.

CONVERGENCE PROPERTIES OF HIGHER-ORDER MOMENT AND CUMULANT ESTIMATES

The sample estimates of higher-order statistics are studied. Under certain conditions, the almost sure convergence of the third- and fourth-order moment and cumulant estimates of stationary processes is established. The rate of almost sure convergence is obtained for the sample estimates of third- and fourth-order moment and cumulant. Additionally, it is shown that the third- and fourth-order moment and cumulant estimates are asymptotic normal.

Application of Three Order Cumulants in Fault Diagnosis

The three-order cumulants’ complex forms of different definitions include different coupling information of signals, and the information can be used to diagnose fault. In the experiment of pressure reducing valve’s fault diagnosis, through these different coupling information, the features of fault signals and normal signals were extracted by wavelet in different directions, then these features were inputted to diagnose the fault. The experiment shows that this method can achieve a satisfactory result.

Signal Classification Method Based on Support Vector Machine and High-Order Cumulants

In this paper, a classification method based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) is given in the digital modulation signal classification. The second, fourth and sixth order cumulants of the received signals are used as classification vectors firstly, then the kernel thought is used to map the feature vector to the high dimensional feature space and the optimum separating hyperplane is constructed in space to realize signal recognition. In order to build an effective and robust SVM classifier, the radial basis kernel function is selected, one against one or one against rest of multi-class classifier is designed, and method of parameter selection using cross- validation grid is adopted. Through the experiments it can be concluded that the classifier based on SVM has high performance and is more robust.

Recognition Analysis and Simulation Implementation Based on High-Order Cumulants of Wireless Digital Modulation Mode

This paper mainly studies the data characteristics of high order cumulants using digitally modulated signals, and constructs the identification feature parameters that can distinguish the signal modulation type by the high-order cumulants data of the digital modulation signal. Set the identification signal modulation type determination threshold based on the value of the identification feature parameter. The identification feature parameter value of the signal modulation type is compared with the set determination threshold, to realize the recognition of digital modulation signal. This identification method is implemented based on MATLAB design, with a 2ASK (2-ary Amplitude Shift Keying) signal, 4ASK (4-ary Amplitude Shift Keying) signal, 2PSK (2-ary Phase Shift Keying) signal, 4PSK (4-ary Phase Shift Keying) signal, 2FSK (2-ary Frequency Shift Keying) signal, 4FSK (4-ary Frequency Shift Keying) signal. The second, fourth and sixth order cumulants of the six signals were analyzed. Calculate the selected identification feature parameter value and the determination threshold to identify the six signals. The six signals have made MATLAB identification simulation. Simulation results show that this method is feasible and has high recognition rate. Simulation results verify that such recognition methods maintain a high recognition rate under conditions with low signal-to-noise ratio. This identification method can be extended to more MASK (M-ary Amplitude Shift Keying), MPSK (M-ary Phase Shift Keying), MFSK (M-ary Frequency Shift Keying), MQAM (M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) signal identification.

Ecological risk assessment and early warning of heavy metal cumulation in the soils near the Luanchuan molybdenum polymetallic mine concentration area,Henan Province,central China

The Luanchuan molybdenum polymetallic mine concentration area is rich in mineral resources and has a long history of mining.The environmental impact of long-term mining activities cannot be ignored.It is of great significance to study the ecological risk and the accumulation trends of heavy metals in the soil of mining areas for scientific prevention and control of heavy metal pollution.Taking the Taowanbeigou River Basin in the mine concentration area as the research object,the ecological pollution risk and cumulative effect of heavy metals in the soil of the basin were studied by using the comprehensive pollution index method,potential ecological risk assessment method and geoaccumulation index method.On this basis,the cumulative exceeding years of specific heavy metals were predicted by using the early warning model.The comprehensive potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the soil near the Luanchuan mine concentration area is moderate,and the single element Cd is the main ecological risk factor,with a contribution rate of 53.6%.The overall cumulative degrees of Cu and Pb in the soil are“none-moderate”,Zn and Cd are moderate,Mo has reached an extremely strong cumulative level,Hg,As and Cr risks are not obvious,and the overall cumulative risks order is Mo>Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Hg.According to the current accumulation rate and taking the risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land as the reference standard,the locations over standard rates of Cu,Zn and Cd will exceed 78%in 90years,and the over standard rate of Pb will reach approximately 57%in 200 years.The cumulative exceeding standard periods of As,Cr and Hg are generally long,which basically indicates that these elements do not pose a significant potential threat to the ecological environment.Mining activities will accelerate the accumulation of heavy metals in soil.With the continuous development of mining activities,the potential pollution risk of heavy metals in the soil of mining areas will also increase.