Reasearch on Occurrence Rules of Asian Corn Borer Ostrinia furnacalis in the Field of Waxy Corn

[Objective] This program aimed at providing basis for timely and effective control of Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis in waxy corn fields through investigations and researching on occurrence and damage characteristics of Ostrinia furnacalis in the main producing area of waxy corn of Shanxi Province.[Method] Attraction and collection of the adults,fixed-points and random investigations on eggs and larvae were the main methods in this research.[Result] Ostrinia furnacalis appeared in two generations per year in the field of waxy corns,the generations were basically nonoverlapping with significant interval.The peak period of the overwintering generation adults in the field of waxy corn was early to middle of June,peak period of the first generation adults was from early August to late August;peak period of the first generation eggs was from the end of early June to the binning of late June,the peak period of the second generation eggs was from the middle of early August to late August.Egg-laying performances of Ostrinia furnacalis on waxy corns in different growth period suggested that the temptation of waxy corns to egg-laying of Ostrinia furnacalis had gradually increased with the continuation of growth stages before the heading of waxy corns;while after the heading of waxy corns,the temptation of waxy corns to egg-laying of Ostrinia furnacalis had gradually reduced with the continuation of growth stages.The amount of eggs on waxy corns was more than eggs on normal corns with the same growth period and growth conditions.The first generation of Ostrinia furnacalis caused more serious damages than the second generation.The first generation larvae caused more serious damages on waxy corns with early sowing period than with middle sowing period,while the late sowing fields basically uninjured.The early sowing and middle sowing corns were damaged but lightly,due to the slight occurrence of the first generation larvae.The second generation larvae caused more serious damages in late sowing waxy corn field than in middle sowing waxy corn field.As the early sowing waxy corns were harvested before the beginning of damage peak period of the second generation larvae,they were basically uninjured or slightly damaged by the second generation larvae in general years.Because the second generation larvae were in large-scale occurrence,they had caused serious damages to late and later middle sowing waxy corns.Incidence of ear rot disease on the female ears of waxy corns was closely related to the damages of Ostrinia furnacalis on ears,which was higher on the ears infested by Ostrinia furnacalis.[Conclusion] Comprehensive control on the second generation of Ostrinia furnacalis in the mid and late sowing field of waxy corn should be strengthened.

Correlation and Principal Component Analysis on Main Agronomic Traits of New Waxy Corn Varieties

[Objective] This study was conducted to provide certain theoretical reference for the comprehensive evaluation and breeding of new fresh waxy corn vari- eties. [Method] With 5 good fresh waxy corn varieties as experimental materials, correlation analysis and principal component anatysis were performed on 13 agronomic traits, i.e., plant height, ear position, ear weight, ear diameter, axis diameter, ear length, bald tip length, ear row number, number of grains per row, 100-kernel weight, fresh ear yield, tassel length, and tassel branch number. [Result] The principal component analysis performed to the 13 agronomic traits showed that the first three principal components, i.e., the fresh ear yield factors, the tassel factors and the bald top factors, had an accumulative contribution rate over 87.2767%, and could basically represent the genetic information represented by the 13 traits. The first principal component is the main index for the selection and evaluation of good corn varieties which should have large ear, large ear diameter but small axis diameter, i.e., longer grains, larger number of grains per ear, higher, 100-grain weight and higher plant height. As to the second principal component, the plants of fresh corn varieties are best to have longer tassel and not too many branches, and under the premise of ensuring enough pollen for the female spike, the varieties with fewer tassel branches shoud be selected as far as possible. From the point of the third principal component, bald tip length affects the marketing quality of fresh corn, and during fariety evaluation and breeding, the bald top length should be control at the Iowest standard. [Conclusion] The fresh ear yield of corn is in close positive correlation with ear weight, 100-grain weight, ear diameter, number of grains per row and ear length, and plant height also affects fresh ear yield.

Analysis on Waxy Corn/Soybean Intercropping Pattern and Economic Benefit

The research mainly analyzed effects of waxy corn/soybean intercropping on yields of the two crops, as well as agronomic characters, and the economic benefits of the mode. The results showed that although yields of waxy corn and soybean went down by 21.19% and 31.04% per unit area, land equivalent ratio（1.48） kept higher than 1, suggesting the intercropping improves land use rate. Besides, due to the practice of intercropping, many characters of waxy corn grew, but of soybean declined. The economic benefits from high to low were waxy corn/soybean intercropping, monoculture of waxy corn, and monoculture of soybean.

Analysis on Genetic Characteristics of Leaf Angle in Waxy Corn

The leaf angle in waxy corn is a significant trait for breeding corn with compact plant type, which is beneficial to improve yield. According to the Griffing method II, the GCA （general combining ability） and SCA （specific combining ability） of leaf angle trait in the 7 waxy corn inbred lines and 21 combinations were esti-mated, and the genetic characteristics of leaf angle in corn were also analyzed. The results showed that among the 7 inbred lines, the GCA values ranked as N22 〉N8 〉 N28 〉 N7 〉 N23 〉 N27 〉 N4. The GCA of N27 showed great negative ef-fect, and the genetic variance of its SCA was lower. It suggested that the N27 can be used as an ideal parent for breeding excel ent combinations with smal leaf angle and compact plant type. The inheritance of leaf angle trait in waxy corn is in ac-cordance with the model of ＂additive - dominant - epistatic＂. The efficiency of leaf angle trait is control ed by recessive genes. The broad heritability of leaf angle trait in waxy corn is relative low （68.5%）, but its narrow heritability is relatively high （72.62%）. In the breeding practices, the early-generation selection is more suitable for the leaf angel trait.

Development Situation and Strategy Analysis of Waxy Corn Processing Industry in Chongqing Municipality

With the development of society and economy and increasing awareness of people's diet and health care,the demand for waxy corn and its processed products has been rising. At present,the planting of waxy corn in Chongqing is taking shape,but the waxy corn processing is still in the initial stage with smaller enterprise scale and fewer processing product variety. Based on the analysis of the development advantages and disadvantages of waxy corn processing industry in Chongqing,this paper brings forward the development ideas and strategies of Chongqing waxy corn processing industry from three aspects of production,processing and policy.

不同品种鲜食糯玉米采后贮藏品质及抗氧化酶活性的变化

为探究不同品种鲜食糯玉米采后贮藏品质及抗氧化酶活性变化规律,选用京科糯2000、京科糯768以及农科糯336为材料,研究其在20℃常温贮藏条件下感官品质、硬度、失重率、色泽、V_(C)、可溶性固形物、糖类物质、丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,随着贮藏天数的延长,不同品种鲜食糯玉米均出现不同程度地籽粒失水皱缩、风味散失、光泽和甜度下降等现象,京科糯768表面劣变最为严重,其次是农科糯336,京科糯2000籽粒表面劣变程度最轻。三个品种鲜食糯玉米的硬度、L*值、V_(C)、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量均下降,失重率、b*值、淀粉和丙二醛含量总体升高。农科糯336中V_(C)、可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量下降幅度最小,且淀粉和丙二醛含量上升幅度最小,并且可溶性糖含量和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性显著高于京科糯2000与京科糯768(P<0.05),而抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)活性显著高于京科糯768(P<0.05)。综上,农科糯336在贮藏期间具有更好的营养价值和贮藏品质,并且还具有较高的POD活性。京科糯2000在贮藏期间,果实内部葡萄糖、果糖以及L*值的下降幅度和b*值上升幅度均最小,感官品质较好。而京科糯768能更好地维持玉米籽粒硬度值。

甜加糯型鲜食玉米留层加工关键工艺研究

为了最大程度延长并保持甜加糯型鲜食玉米的营养成分和口感,对玉米加工工艺进行研究。首先,确定了需要保留玉米内部2~4片苞叶的加工要求;其次,以冀糯173甜加糯型鲜食玉米为研究对象,掌握了鲜食玉米苞叶包覆状态及其在穗柄上的生长分布规律,提出了先定位切割再利用内外层苞叶附着力的差异去除外层苞叶的加工工艺;然后,在开展鲜食玉米外部形态尺寸测量实验的基础上,设计了一种环状定位结构,并搭建了去苞叶设备;最后,通过合理留层试验对所提出的加工工艺进行了验证。结果表明:先经定位环定位切割穗柄,再经去苞叶设备处理的玉米能够苞叶合理留层2~4片,定位环参数为大内径53 mm、小内径41 mm、接触区8 mm、保护区2 mm、厚度2.5 mm。先定位切割再去除外层苞叶的加工工艺合理可行,能够实现甜加糯型鲜食玉米合理保留内层苞叶的加工目标。鲜食玉米留层加工工艺可为甜加糯型鲜食玉米留层加工生产线的设计和改进提供参考。

糯玉米食味品质评价模型的建立

为评价不同糯玉米品种食味品质的差异,筛选出具有优异食味品质的糯玉米种质。本研究以不同来源的19个鲜食糯玉米品种为试验材料,测定19个鲜食糯玉米品种的果皮性状、籽粒含水量、可溶性糖含量、淀粉黏度RVA特征值和淀粉含量等17个食味品质性状,利用变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析,建立糯玉米食味品质综合评价模型,筛选食味品质优异的糯玉米品种。结果显示,19个玉米品种的峰值黏度、终值黏度、消减值和回复值等淀粉黏度RVE特征值指标具有较大变异系数并显著相关,且在主成分1中占有较高载荷,可较好地反映糯玉米食味品质差异;统计19个玉米品种的综合评分值发现,‘YN811’、‘291’和‘京糯832’的主成分综合评分值和食味品尝得分值均较高。综上,峰值黏度、终值黏度、消减值和回复值等淀粉黏度RVE特征值为鉴定糯玉米食味品质的关键评价指标,‘YN811’、‘291’和‘京糯832’是具有较佳食味品质的优质糯玉米品种。

黑糯玉米品种炎黑糯2134的特征特性分析

为全面了解炎黑糯2134的品种特征特性,分别运用产量位次、区域适应度、变异系数、高稳系数和回归系数等参数,对炎黑糯2134的丰产性、稳产性和适应性进行分析,并对该品种品质及抗病性进行评价。结果表明,炎黑糯2134在2年区试中平均产量18 267 kg/hm^(2),较对照晋单(糥)41号增产9.9%,丰产性好;该品种2年产量变异系数19.78%,高稳系数81.47%,区域适应度90%及回归系数1.04,具有较好的稳产性和广泛的适应性;该品种品质综合评分91.50分;对玉米常见病害抗性较好。该品种适宜在山西省鲜食玉米区种植。

糯玉米粉浸泡发酵改性过程中细菌菌群结构及多样性的变化分析

利用自来水对糯玉米粉进行浸泡发酵改性,采用高通量测序技术,并利用多样性指数分析、细菌门水平和属水平丰度结构分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,对糯玉米粉浸泡发酵改性过程中细菌菌群结构和多样性变化进行了检测和分析。分析结果显示,糯玉米粉浸泡发酵过程中细菌菌群结构和多样性随着浸泡时间的变化而变化。从发酵开始到发酵中期,菌群结构和多样性变化较大;而从发酵中期到发酵结束,细菌菌群结构和多样性变化较小,细菌菌群趋于稳定。发酵开始时,细菌菌群种类丰富,随着发酵时间增加,细菌菌群多样性变小,优势度增大。

酸性硫酸钙处理对采后鲜糯玉米贮藏品质的影响

为探究新型防腐杀菌保鲜剂酸性硫酸钙(acidic calcium sulfate,ACS)对鲜糯玉米的保鲜效果,本文研究了ACS稀释液(10-3倍)浸泡处理对鲜糯玉米采后低温贮藏(4℃)期间营养品质及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,ACS浸泡处理鲜糯玉米10 min能有效地抑制糯玉米失重率的上升,显著减缓果皮硬度的增加(P<0.05),维持采后鲜糯玉米的水分、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和次生代谢产物含量,并通过保持非酶抗氧化物质(总酚、类黄酮、花青素)含量和较高的抗氧化酶活性,提高超氧阴离子清除能力,减少玉米籽粒H2O2含量的积累。综上所述,ACS处理可在一定程度上保持鲜糯玉米的营养品质,并通过维持玉米籽粒抗氧化活性减缓果实衰老。该研究旨在为鲜糯玉米的采后贮藏保鲜提供理论依据与技术借鉴,为鲜糯玉米保鲜剂开发提供新思路。

聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉的制备及表征

以糯玉米淀粉为原料、异辛酸亚锡为催化剂,在丙交酯熔融体系中制备了聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉。建立了聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉取代度的^(1)HNMR测试方法,以取代度为响应值,反应时间、反应温度、丙交酯添加量为考察因素,通过单因素和响应面实验优化了聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉的合成工艺,得到最优工艺为:反应时间12.46 h,反应温度111.75℃,丙交酯添加量为淀粉质量的258%,预测最大取代度为0.0253,通过实际操作条件调整后实际取代度为0.0238。对最优条件下制备的聚乳酸改性淀粉进行了系列表征,证实聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉的颗粒结构没有被完全破坏,晶型、相对分子质量等性能优于溶剂法传统技术制备的聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉。

23份老挝糯玉米早代系品质性状配合力分析及育种潜力评估

【目的】优异品质是鲜食糯玉米育种的首要目标性状,筛选品质性状一般配合力高的早代系和优异糯玉米组合,明确老挝糯玉米材料的育种潜力,为优质鲜食糯玉米新品种的培育奠定基础。【方法】利用Maize6H-60K芯片,获得33份糯玉米材料的高质量基因型数据用于聚类分析。结合碘染试验和糯质基因分子检测,明确老挝糯玉米早代系糯质基因的类型。通过不完全双列杂交试验,对组配的439个组合的品质等性状进行表型鉴定和配合力分析,明确老挝糯玉米早代系的育种潜力。对筛选出的优势组合开展品质性状多人品鉴试验,鉴定出最有潜力的优质糯玉米组合。【结果】利用56626个高质量SNP进行聚类分析,结果表明,老挝材料与国内材料属于不同的分支,可以被区分开来。供试的23份老挝早代系均为糯质玉米,且其中16份属于wx-D10型,3份属于wx-D7型,另外4份为未知类型。老挝糯玉米材料品质性状的遗传力均较低,介于0.14—0.35,宜在高世代进行选择。组配的439个不完全双列杂交组合蒸煮品质的均值极显著高于对照京科糯2000和石糯2号,与渝糯7号没有显著差异。老挝糯玉米早代系F02、F22、F25和F28的所有品质性状一般配合力效应值均为正值,可用于国内糯玉米品质性状的改良。优异组合M02×F02和M22×F22在多人品鉴试验中,约86%的人评价为等级优。【结论】老挝糯玉米地方种遗传变异丰富,与国内糯玉米自交系有一定的遗传距离,可能存在新的糯质基因等位变异,在糯性和果皮厚度等品质性状上有明显的优势,可用于国内糯玉米材料品质性状的改良。

鲜食糯玉米新品种吉科糯20的选育

吉科糯20是以自交系JN111为母本,以JN203为父本配制而成的鲜食糯玉米一代杂种。中早熟,春播生育期约87 d(天);株型半紧凑,生长势强,平均株高238 cm,穗位高109 cm;果穗长筒型,平均穗长22.1 cm,穗行数14~16行,籽粒白色、糯质型,排列整齐,百粒重41.9 g,直链淀粉占粗淀粉含量的2.84%,皮渣率5.97%(FW);中抗大斑病、丝黑穗病、茎腐病,每667 m^(2)鲜穗产量900 kg左右,适宜吉林省鲜食糯玉米中熟至晚熟区种植。

超高压处理对高直链和蜡质玉米淀粉复配体系的影响研究

不同直链/支链淀粉复配以及非热加工处理是改变淀粉理化性质的有效手段。为探讨超高压处理对高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉复配体系的影响,该文以不同比例复配淀粉为研究对象,研究了超高压(600 MPa/30 min)处理前后其理化性质和结构变化。结果显示,随着蜡质玉米淀粉比例的增加,复配淀粉溶解度、黏度、假塑性增加;超高压处理使复配淀粉储能模量和损耗模量增加;超高压处理后高直链淀粉与蜡质淀粉复配比例为0∶5和2∶3时,其糊化温度分别降低了15.82℃和17.62℃;超高压处理后复配淀粉的相对结晶度、短程有序性降低,其中蜡质玉米淀粉颗粒破损严重,但高直链玉米淀粉颗粒较完整;体外消化结果表明超高压处理降低抗消化淀粉含量,显著提升了慢消化淀粉含量。因此,将不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉复配并加以超高压处理,可作为一种淀粉物理改性的方式,其在淀粉基凝胶领域具有较高应用价值。

聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉酶解产物的结构解析

该文通过考察不同淀粉酶对聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉还原糖含量的影响,得到最优组合酶解方法:异淀粉酶酶解10 h+普鲁兰酶酶解10 h+α-淀粉酶酶解10 h+β-淀粉酶酶解12 h。将组合酶解产物以环己烷提取,核磁共振氢谱结果表明,含有乳酸基团的碳水化合物能被有效提取富集,且与未取代的碳水化合物实现分离;质谱分析证明,聚乳酸改性糯玉米淀粉主要由乳酸酯和二聚乳酸酯所构成。该研究探索建立了有效的分离和解析方法,促进了对淀粉酯精细结构的科学认识。

2种鲜食黑糯玉米营养组分及香气的比较

为了比较2种鲜食黑糯玉米的营养组分和风味物质之间的差异,对海南产地与江苏产地连黑甜糯2110和江苏产地苏科糯1505的基本营养成分和矿物质元素进行测定,采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对风味物质进行鉴定和检测,结合气味活度值(OAV)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)法对挥发性风味物质进行多元统计分析。结果表明:不同鲜食黑糯玉米中灰分、淀粉、总糖和花色苷的含量有显著差异(P<0.05),铁、锌、硒等矿物质元素含量较高且没有显著差异(P>0.05)。在鲜食黑糯玉米中共鉴定出了44种挥发性风味物质,其中特征性风味物质包括1-辛烯-3-醇、异戊醛、戊醛、正己醛、2-辛烯醛、壬醛、2-壬烯醛、癸醛和3-羟基-2-丁酮;最后确定了正己醛、庚醛、2-庚酮和3-辛烯-2-酮是区分不同品种鲜食黑糯玉米的标志性化合物。

彩色鲜食甜糯玉米新品种苏科糯1804的选育

苏科糯1804是句容苏科鲜食玉米研究有限公司与江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所以自交系JSW170357为母本、JSW171075为父本选育的彩色鲜食甜糯玉米新品种,2022年通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定。该品种具有外观品质好、食味品质佳、鲜穗产量高、抗病性强等特点,株高226.4 cm,穗位高97.8 cm,穗长18.3 cm,穗粗4.8 cm,千粒鲜质量333.6 g,鲜穗出籽率61.2%。穗轴白色,籽粒紫白色,甜糯型。适宜在江苏省作鲜食玉米种植。

26个大庆地区外引糯玉米品种的综合评价

为筛选出适宜在大庆地区种植的鲜食糯玉米品种,将26个外引品种开展田间筛选试验,对生育期、农艺性状及产量等10个指标进行灰色关联分析。结果表明,米甜糯628、金糯262、农科糯336及垦科糯6604个糯玉米品种的关联度与理想品种最接近,从农艺性状及产量方面考虑,以上4个品种(包含对照品种金糯262)可重点关注并在大庆多年、多点示范种植。

贮藏条件对万糯2000采后待加工阶段生理生化品质的影响

鲜食糯玉米在采收后会因为呼吸作用和水分流失而导致质量下降,需要及时进行保鲜处理。系统评估贮藏温度及保鲜剂(1-MCP)对鲜食糯玉米(万糯2000)的呼吸强度抑制程度,以及该条件所引起的水分、可溶性固形物含量、失重率等营养指标的变化。结果表明,4℃结合1-MCP处理在贮藏6 h内能够显著抑制万糯2000呼吸强度的上升,从而降低失重率,减少可溶性蛋白流失,水分保留率为97.61%,可溶性固形物保留率为89.13%。进而延缓衰老进程、提高采后待加工阶段鲜食糯玉米品质,研究结果可为确立采后待加工阶段鲜食糯玉米贮藏条件提供理论支撑。