RAPID DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN IN MILLET BY FOURIER TRANSFORM NEAR-INFRARED(FTNIR)DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

In this paper,the Fourier transform near-infrared(FTNIR)diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is applied for the rapid determination of protein in millet.The partial least-squares(PLS)regression is successfully used as an effective multivariate calibration technique.The calibration set is composed of 20 standard millet samples that the protein contents were determined by the traditional Kjeldahl method.The optimal model dimension is found to be 5 by cross-validation.22 millet samples were determined by the proposed FTNIR-PLS method.The correlation coefficient between the concentration values obtained by the FTNIR-PLS method and the traditional Kjeldahl method is 0.9805.The standard error of prediction(SEP)is 0.28% and the mean recovery is 100.2%.The proposed method has been successfully applied for the routine analysis of protein in about 10,000 grain samples.

Classification of Guizhou Aspidistra Plants by Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of Guizhou Aspidistra plants. [Method] Twenty three batch- es of Guizhou Aspidistra plants including A. chishuiensis, A. spinula, A. Caespitosa, A. sichuanensis, A. ebianensis, A. retusa, A. guizhouensis and A. liboensis were subjected to drying, pulverization and sieving and then directly determined for near- infrared reflectance spectrums; and the plants in this genus were classified by clus- ter analysis and principal component analysis （PCA）. [Result] The near-infrared re- flectance spectrums of the 23 batches of Guizhou Aspidistra plants showed very high similarity. The spectrums were processed by first derivative method, and the spectral range of 4 000-7 500 cm-1 was selected as the analytical range. Cluster analysis and PCA were employed to mass spectrum variables of plants in Aspidis- tra, fewer new variables became the linear combination of primary variables, and small differences between different varieties were enlarged, thereby facilitating intu- itive classification of plants in this genus. [Conclusion] Near-infrared diffuse re- flectance spectroscopy is nondestructive and rapid for determination of solid sam- pies, and provides a new method for the classification of Guizhou Aspidistra plants combined by information processing techniques.

Supercritical water syntheses of transition metal-doped CeO_2 nano-catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO:An in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study

In the present study,we synthesized CeO2 catalysts doped with various transition metals(M=Co,Fe,or Cu)using a supercritical water hydrothermal route,which led to the incorporation of the metal ions in the CeO2 lattice,forming solid solutions.The catalysts were then used for the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO by CO.The Cu‐doped catalyst exhibited the highest SCR activity;it had a T50(i.e.,50%NO conversion)of only 83°C and a T90(i.e.,90%NO conversion)of 126°C.Such an activity was also higher than in many state‐of‐the‐art catalysts.In situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that the MOx‐CeO2 catalysts(M=Co and Fe)mainly followed an Eley‐Rideal reaction mechanism for CO‐SCR.In contrast,a Langmuir‐Hinshelwood SCR reaction mechanism occurred in CuO‐CeO2 owing to the presence of Cu+species,which ensured effective adsorption of CO.This explains why CuO‐CeO2 exhibited the highest activity with regard to the SCR of NO by CO.

Rapid Identification for Drought Resistance of Wheat Using Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

[Objective] This study aimed to establish an identification system for drought-resistance in wheat by using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. [Method] In 2006-2007, 36 wheat varieties with different drought resistance were selected and were classified according to their drought resistance grades determined by the Technical Specification of Identification and Evaluation for Drought Resistance in Wheat （GB/T 21127-2007）. In addition, the harvested wheat seed samples were spectrally analyzed with FOSS NIRSystems5000 near-infrared spectrum analyzer for grain quality （full spectrum analyzer） and then the forecasted regression equations were established. [Result] After the establishment of a database and validation, dis- criminated functions were obtained. The determination coefficient （RSQ） and coeffi- cients of determination for cross validation （1-VR） in the discriminant function built with seed samples from water stress area were 0.846 0 and 0.781 8, respectively, which indicated that the consistency between drought resistance and spectral charac- teristics in wheat varieties was good, and there was high correlation between the near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra of seeds and the drought resistance in wheat. [Conclusiou] Under water stress condition, it is feasible to establish a conve- nient, rapid and no-damage identification system for the drought resistance in wheat by using the near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectrum technique to scan wheat seeds.

Rapid, Non-Destructive, Textile Classification Using SIMCA on Diffuse Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectra

Soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) was successful in classifying a large library of 758 commercially available, non-blended samples of acetate, cotton, polyester, rayon, silk and wool 89% - 98% of the time at the 95% confidence level (p = 0.05 significance level). In the present study, cotton and silk had a 62% and 24% chance, respectively, of being classified with their own group and also with rayon. SIMCA correctly identified a counterfeit “silk” sample as polyester. When coupled with diffuse NIR reflectance spectroscopy and a large sample library, SIMCA shows considerable promise as a quick, non-destructive, multivariate method for fiber identification. A major advantage is simplicity. No sample pretreatment of any kind was required, and no adjust-ments were made for fiber origin, manufacturing process residues, topical finishes, weave pattern, or dye content. Increasing the sample library should make the models more robust and improve identification rates over those reported in this paper.

Monitoring real time polymorphic transformation of sulfanilamide by diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy

This study investigated the development of a novel approach to surface characterization of drug poly- morphism and the extension of the capabilities of this method to perform ＇real time＇ in situ measure- ments. This was achieved using diffuse reflectance visible （DRV） spectroscopy and dye deposition, using the pH sensitive dye, thymol blue （TB）. Two polymorphs, SFN-β and SFN-γ, of the drug substance sulfanilamide （SFN） were examined. The interaction of adsorbed dye with polymorphs showed different behavior, and thus reported different DRV spectra. Consideration of the acid/base properties of the morphological forms of the drug molecule provided a rationalization of the mechanism of differential coloration by indicator dyes. The kinetics of the polymorphic transformation of SFN polymorphs was monitored using treatment with TB dye and DRV spectroscopy. The thermally-induced transformation fitted a first-order solid-state kinetic model （R2=0.992）, giving a rate constant of 2.43 × 10^- 2 s 1.

Evaluation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Diagnosis of Peroxisomal Diseases with Abnormal Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are accumulated in cells and blood in patients with peroxisomal diseases, such as adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and Zellwger Syndrome (ZS). The purpose of this study is to investigate usefulness of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with attenuated total reflection (ATR) analysis method for clinical diagnosis of those diseases, thereby we measured the infrared spectra of the sera of patients and healthy controls. Correlation coefficients between 2nd derivative FTIR spectra of the serum samples and the VLCFA content ratio which is used as a clinical parameter to date were comprehensively calculated to investigate which wavenumber showed high correlation with the VLCFA ratio. Multiple regression analysis using the serum FTIR spectra showed that high correlations were observed with VLCFA ratios (C26:0/C22:0 ratio), and we could construct a suitable regression model (R2 = 0.97, p ﹣19). In addition, the model system using various VLCFAs in newborn bovine serum also showed that several FTIR peaks in 800 ~ 900 cm﹣1 region were found to have good correlation with VLCFA ratios. Our results support that FTIR analysis is useful for diagnosis of peroxisomal diseases.

Titanium dioxide as an adsorbent to enhance the detection ability of near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

A method for quantitative determination of fish sperm deoxyribonucleic acid(fsDNA)was developed by using titanium dioxide(TiO2)as an adsorbent and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(NIRDRS).The selective enrichment of fsDNA was proved by comparing the adsorption efficiency of bovine serum albumin,tyrosine and tryptophan,and the low adsorption background of TiO2 was illustrated by comparing the spectra of four commonly-used inorganic adsorbents(alkaline aluminium oxide,neutral aluminium oxide,nano-hydroxyapatite and silica).The spectral feature of fsDNA can be clearly observed in the spectrum of the sample.Partial least squares(PLS)model was built for quantitative determination of fsDNA using 28 solutions,and 13 solutions with interferences were used for validation of the model.The results showed that the correlation coefficient(R)between the predicted and the reference concentration is 0.9727 and the recoveries of the validation samples are in the range of 98.2%-100.7%.

Determination of Cysteine Using Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy with Enrichment via Thiol-maleimide Click Reaction

Enrichment technique has been proved to be an efficient way to make the near-infrared diffuse reflectancespectroscopy（NIRDRS） suitable for micro analysis. However, low selectivity presented by conventional enrichmentmethods makes the quantitative analysis easy to be affected by the coexisting components. In this study, a specificenrichment method with chemical bonding via thiol-maleimide click reaction was used to achieve the reduction of theinterferences. Taking cysteine as the analyzing target, maleimide-functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles were prepared forthe enrichment of cysteine. Then determination of cysteine in aqueous solution and human serum was studied usingthe partial least squares model built from the NIRDRS spectra of the adsorbate. The results show that the concentra-tion that can be quantitatively detected is as low as 2.0 μg/mL, and the correlation coefficient（R） between thereference and predicted concentration is 0.9871 for the validation samples. The recoveries are in the range of89.5%-113.8% for human serum samples in the concentration range of 0--16.2 μg/mL.

Determination of triglycerides in human serum by near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using silver mirror as a substrate

Near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(NIRDRS) has gained wide attention due to its convenience for rapid quantitative analysis of complex samples. A method for rapid analysis of triglycerides in human serum using NIRDRS with silver mirror as the substrate is developed. Due to the even and high reflectance of the silver mirror, the spectral response is enhanced and the background interference is reduced.Furthermore, both linear and nonlinear modeling strategies were investigated adopting the partial least squares(PLS) and least squares support vector regression(LS-SVR), continuous wavelet transform(CWT)was used for spectral preprocessing, and variable selection was tried using Monte Carlo uninformative variable elimination(MC-UVE), randomization test(RT) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS) for optimization the models. The results show that the determination coefficient(R) between the predicted and reference concentration is 0.9624 and the root mean squared error of prediction(RMSEP) is 0.21. The maximum deviation of the prediction results is as low as 0.473 mmol/L. The proposed method may provide an alternative method for routine analysis of serum triglycerides in clinical applications.

应用衰减全反射红外光谱无损鉴别中国传统手工纸的方法研究

纤维种类鉴别是古代纸张保护的重要基础工作。探究中国传统手工纸的无损纤维鉴别的方法对中国古籍、档案及纸质文物的研究和保护具有重要意义。该研究应用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATRFTIR)对已知纤维成分的17类64种中国传统手工纸标准样品进行了无损分析,参考纤维素和木质素的红外峰位及部分纸样的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果确认纸样中的所有红外谱峰归属;并采用分波段比较分析的方法对相似度极高的谱图进行比对分析,分别总结各类纸张在4000~1800、1800~1500、1500~1200和1200~600cm^(-1)四个波段的谱图特征;同时对4cm^(-1)精度的谱图进行二阶导数处理,分别总结各类纸张在1500~1200和1200~900cm^(-1)两个波段的二阶导数谱图特征;最后通过红外结晶指数及其他峰高和峰面积比值计算结果实现对纸类更细致的区分。应用上述方法对16个盲测样品进行了有效性测试,红外分析结果与显微纤维鉴别结果一致,初步证明了该方法在中国传统手工纸无损纤维鉴别上的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明,应用ATR-FTIR无损分析法可对麻、桑构皮、檀皮、瑞香皮和竹几大类原料的传统手工纸纤维类型作出快速而准确的鉴别,对于混料的宣纸也同样适用;但对于显微分析也难以鉴别的亲缘关系较近的植物原料如桑、构皮之间的精细鉴别仍有一定局限性。

聚光太阳能驱动二氧化碳甲烷化实验研究

针对聚光光热驱动CO_(2)甲烷化反应过程中聚光的作用机制尚不清晰的问题,以具有优异反应活性及光热转换特性的Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂为研究对象,开展了聚光光热驱动和热驱动下的CO_(2)甲烷化实验及机理研究。通过表观活化能测试、温度梯度实验及时间分辨的原位漫反射红外光谱实验,探究了聚光在反应过程中的作用机制,揭示了光热驱动CO_(2)甲烷化的反应机理。结果表明,与纯热驱动过程相比,光热驱动在相同温度下表现出更佳的催化性能。光热驱动下w(Ni)为15%的Ni/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂在350℃下可达到86.8%的CO_(2)转化率,达到峰值转化率所需的温度比纯热驱动过程降低了25℃。此外,光热较热驱动过程的表观活化能降低了25%,且光致温度梯度进一步促进了CO_(2)的转化。时间分辨的原位漫反射红外光谱实验结果表明,聚光改善了CO_(2)在催化剂表面的吸附,促进了关键中间体的转变,增强了CO*生成CH4的反应路径,从微观动力学上促进了CO_(2)的转化。该研究为认识聚光太阳能驱动CO_(2)甲烷化过程中聚光的作用机制提供了新的思路。

比较教学法在红外光谱分析实验教学中的探索与应用

紧密结合实验特性和教学目的,提出将比较教学法应用于实验课堂,深入探讨了其在红外光谱分析实验教学中的应用与实践。通过实施这种教学方法,学生不仅能深入理解透射法与衰减全反射红外光谱分析法的异同点,而且能掌握这两种方法的实际应用技巧。实践表明,比较学习法有效推动了高分子材料分析实验的教学改革和质量的提升,有助于强化学生实践操作能力,激发他们的科研兴趣,为培养未来的科研人才奠定坚实基础。

Chemometric Feature Selection and Classification of <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>Spores and Fruiting Body Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy

Ganoderma lucidum(G. lucidum) spores as a valuable Chinese herbal medicine have vast marketable prospect for its bioactivities and medicinal efficacy. This study aims at the development of an effective and simple analytical method to distinguish G. lucidum spores from its fruiting body, which is of essential importance for the quality control and fast discrimination of raw materials of Chinese herbal medicine. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with the appropriate chemometric methods including penalized discriminant analysis, principal component discriminant analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis has been proven to be a rapid and powerful tool for discrimination of G. lucidum spores and its fruiting body with classification accuracy of 99%. The model leads to a well-performed selection of informative spectral absorption bands which improve the classification accuracy, reduce the model complexity and enhance the quantitative interpretations of the chemical constituents of G. lucidum spores regarding its anticancer effects.

Feasibility assessment of phenotyping cotton fiber maturity using infrared spectroscopy and algorithms for genotyping analyses

Background:Cotton fiber maturity is an important property that partially determines the processing and performance of cotton.Due to difficulties of obtaining fiber maturity values accurately from every plant of a genetic population,cotton geneticists often use micronaire(MIC) and/or lint percentage for classifying immature phenotypes from mature fiber phenotyp es although they are complex fiber traits.The recent development of an algorithm for determining cotton fiber maturity(MIR)from Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectra explores a novel way to measure fiber maturity efficiently and accurately.However,the algorithm has not been tested with a genetic population consisting of a large number of progeny pla,nts.Results:The merits and limits of the MIC-or lint percentage-bas ed phenotyping method were demonstrated by comparing the observed phenotypes with the predicted phenotypes based on their DNA marker genotypes in a genetic population consisting of 708 F2 plants with various fiber maturity.The observed MIC-based fiber phenotypes matched to the predicted phenotypes better than the observed lint percenta ge-based fiber phenotypes.The lint percentage was obtained from each of F2 plants,whereas the MIC values were unable to be obtained from the entire population since certain F2 plants produced insufficient fiber mass for their measurements.To test the feasibiility of cotton fiber infrared maturity(MIR)as a viable phenotyping tool for genetic analyses,we me asured FT-IR spectra from the second population composed of 80 F2 plants with various fiber maturities,determined MIR values using the algorithms,and compared them with their genotypes in addition to other fiber phenotypes.The results showed that MIR values were successfully obtained from each of the F2 plants,and the observed MIR-based phenotypes fit well to the predicted phenotypes based on their DNA marker genotypes as well as the observed phenotypes based on a combination of MIC and lint percentage.Conclusions:The M,R value obtained from FT-IR spectra of cotton fibers is able to accurately assess fiber maturity of all plants of a population in a quantitative way.The technique provides an option for cotton geneticists to determine fiber maturity rapidly and efficiently.

再生剂在老化沥青中扩散行为的多尺度研究

【目的】深入了解再生剂在老化沥青中的扩散行为及影响因素。【方法】以紫外老化和热氧老化沥青为研究对象,通过动态剪切流变(dynamic shear rheological,DSR)试验研究了再生剂在老化沥青中的扩散规律,从而得到表征扩散程度的相对指标--复数模量恢复率,并分析了老化方式、扩散温度、扩散时间对扩散程度的影响。在微观层面通过原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope,AFM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)及热重(thermogravimetric,TG)试验对再生剂-老化沥青扩散体系进行测试,并对宏微观指标进行皮尔逊相关性分析。【结果】DSR试验结果表明,再生剂在老化沥青中存在扩散梯度;在相同的扩散条件下,再生剂在紫外老化沥青中的扩散程度比在热氧老化沥青中的大;扩散温度越高,扩散时间越长,再生剂的扩散现象越明显。微观试验结果表明,随着扩散进程的持续,再生剂对老化沥青黏弹性能有较好的恢复,使老化沥青内部的轻质组分得到补充,从而恢复沥青性能。皮尔逊相关性分析结果表明,宏微观指标具有良好的相关性。【结论】采用宏微观相结合的试验方法来研究再生剂在老化沥青中的扩散行为是一种可行的方法。

原油环境下螺杆泵定子材料的化学损伤

以氢化丁腈橡胶为原材料制备了螺杆泵定子材料,通过模拟真实采油环境并使用显微镜、衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究了螺杆泵定子材料在不同温度原油环境下的化学老化损伤情况,探究了螺杆泵定子材料在原油环境下的化学损伤机理。结果表明,原油温度和老化时间对氢化丁腈橡胶材料的化学老化损伤有重要影响,在相同老化时间下,螺杆泵定子材料的质量变化率随着原油温度的升高而增加,而在相同老化温度下,螺杆泵定子材料的质量变化率随着老化时间的延长而增加且增速趋缓;螺杆泵定子材料在25℃原油环境下的化学损伤机理主要以分子链的断裂和碳链的氧化交联为主,在60℃原油环境下的化学损伤机理主要包括分子链的断裂、碳链的氧化交联及腈基的氧化交联,而在100℃原油环境下的化学损伤机理主要包括分子链的断裂、碳链的氧化交联反应、腈基的氧化交联反应和腈基间因高温而引发的交联反应。

相对湿度对SO_(2)/NH_(3)在α-Fe_(2)O_(3)表面非均相反应的影响

采用原位漫反射傅里叶变换光谱技术研究SO_(2)/NH_(3)在α-Fe_(2)O_(3)颗粒物表面的非均相反应,探究相对湿度条件对NH_(3)作用下生成硫酸盐颗粒物影响.结果表明,干燥条件下颗粒物表面有硫酸盐(1271,1244,1163,1069cm^(-1))以及铵盐(1698,1435cm^(-1))特征峰的生成,NH_(3)能够与SO_(2)协同作用促进硫酸盐颗粒物的生成.随着相对湿度的增大,部分硫酸盐的峰位红移至硫酸氢盐(1239cm^(-1))处,表明湿润条件下有硫酸氢盐的生成.随着相对湿度从0%上升至78%,颗粒物表面硫酸盐的生成速率由9.38×10^(-17)ions/(g⋅s)降低至4.33×10^(-17)ions/(g⋅s),NH_(3)作用下SO_(2)在颗粒物表面的摄取系数(γ)由2.04×10^(-6)降低至9.43×10^(-7),表明水汽对SO_(2)/NH_(3)在α-Fe_(2)O_(3)颗粒物表面上的非均相反应有抑制作用.

原位DRIFTS在SCR过渡金属催化剂研究中的应用进展

概述了4类选择性催化还原(SCR)过渡金属催化剂的研发现状,归纳了原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)在NH3和NO吸附转化过程研究中的应用进展,总结了SCR的反应机理及路径,并对原位DRIFTS在SCR研究中的应用前景进行了展望。指出,基于原位DRIFTS技术可遴选出影响催化剂SCR活性的要素,这些要素包括NH3和NO在催化剂上的吸附方式、物种间的活化转化、中间体及(副)产物的生消过程等,这对针对性合成具有特殊结构和形貌的高活性催化剂具有重要指导作用。

傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱法的应用与进展

随着傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的应用及化学计量学的发展 ,傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱法(ATR FTIR)成为用传统透过法制样效果不理想 (或制样复杂 )的样品及表层结构分析的有利工具和手段。ATR FTIR技术已应用到纺织、质检、公安等各个领域。目前 ,人们正在针对ATR FTIR的特性 ,开展应用研究。为此 ,文章主要介绍了国内外应用ATR FTIR技术进行深度剖析的研究 ,对材料表面的定性分析 ,组分的定量分析 ,光学纤维与ATR附件的联用技术 ,以及在其他领域 (如运用ATR FTIR技术考察中空纤维的结构及取向变化 ,研究皮肤促进剂的作用机理 )