Cascaded ELM-Based Joint Frame Synchronization and Channel Estimation over Rician Fading Channel with Hardware Imperfections

Due to the interdependency of frame synchronization(FS)and channel estimation(CE),joint FS and CE(JFSCE)schemes are proposed to enhance their functionalities and therefore boost the overall performance of wireless communication systems.Although traditional JFSCE schemes alleviate the influence between FS and CE,they show deficiencies in dealing with hardware imperfection(HI)and deterministic line-of-sight(LOS)path.To tackle this challenge,we proposed a cascaded ELM-based JFSCE to alleviate the influence of HI in the scenario of the Rician fading channel.Specifically,the conventional JFSCE method is first employed to extract the initial features,and thus forms the non-Neural Network(NN)solutions for FS and CE,respectively.Then,the ELMbased networks,named FS-NET and CE-NET,are cascaded to capture the NN solutions of FS and CE.Simulation and analysis results show that,compared with the conventional JFSCE methods,the proposed cascaded ELM-based JFSCE significantly reduces the error probability of FS and the normalized mean square error(NMSE)of CE,even against the impacts of parameter variations.

Robust frame synchronization method for FDD-LTE systems

The primary synchronization signal and the secondary synchronization signal are respectively used to fulfill the subframe and frame synchronization in the long term evolution （LTE） systems. Based on the assumption that the channel frequency response of the primary synchronization signal symbol is nearly the same as that of the secondary synchronization symbol in frequency division duplex-LTE （FDD-LTE）, a new synchronization method is proposed. The frame synchronization success probability is simulated in different wireless channel models and the Mento-Carlo method is used in the simulation. Simulation results show that if the LMMSE channel estimation is adopted, the proposed method is robust at a low signal noise ratio （SNR） scenario and works well when cartier frequency offset and fast Fourier transform （FFT） window timing offset are considered in practical applications. The frame synchronization success probability can still exceed 99% with an SNR of 0 dB when the maximum Doppler shift is very large, which means that this robust frame synchronization method can be applicable in most mobile situations. Simulation results also show that the success probability of the proposed frame synchronization method is higher than that of the method which fulfills the frame synchronization through correlating the received secondary synchronization symbol with local sequences in practical applications.

Comparison of Three Schemes for Intermediate Data Rate Frame Synchronization

Based on the frame structure of intermediate data rate （IDR） modem for satellite communication, a new method for searching frame synchronization called group frame synchronization is proposed. At the same time, a candidate scheme in the classical frame synchronization and two candidate schemes in the group frame synchronization are presented, and the circuits for each scheme are designed in order to abstract the frame alignment signals from received data. Their implementation complexity and performances are also computed and given. Based on the analysis and performance comparison, a reasonable scheme is chosen and then verified through software simulation and hardware impletentation.

A frame synchronization solution for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system

To improve frame synchronization precision, a scheme named training symbol correlation （TSC） is presented for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （ OFDM ） system. Based on the solution from Schmidl and Cox, a timing metric related to TSC scheme is put forward and examined. The specific method to select a threshold value provides more precise detection results, which can be shown by performance comparison between the two schemes through Monte Carlo simulation. Taking IEEE 802.1 la WLAN standard as an example, the proposed approach is superior to the most popular Schmidl scheme in terms of BER.

Pseudo-noise preamble based joint frame and frequency synchronization algorithm in OFDM communication systems

Frame and frequency synchronization are essential for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems. The frame offset owing to incorrect start point position of the fast Fourier transform （FFT） window, and the carrier frequency offset （CFO） due to Doppler frequency shift or the frequency mismatch between the transmitter and receiver oscil ators, can bring severe inter-symbol interference （ISI） and inter-carrier interference （ICI） for the OFDM system. Relying on the relatively good correlation charac-teristic of the pseudo-noise （PN） sequence, a joint frame offset and normalized CFO estimation algorithm based on PN preamble in time domain is developed to realize the frame and frequency synchronization in the OFDM system. By comparison, the perfor-mances of the traditional algorithm and the improved algorithm are simulated under different conditions. The results indicate that the PN preamble based algorithm both in frame offset estimation and CFO estimation is more accurate, resource-saving and robust even under poor channel condition, such as low signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and large normalized CFO.

Frame synchronization for underwater acoustic communication based on maximum likelihood estimation

Traditional frame synchronization methods for underwater acoustic communication(UWAC) merely depend on correlation coefficient when synchronization signal detection is concerned and,hence,false triggering and missed synchronization can hardly be avoided in complex UWAC channels.In order to solve this problem,firstly,we analyze the effects of interference from noise,multipath and Doppler on frame synchronization;then we propose a new frame synchronization scheme based on parameter estimation.By exploiting the parameter estimation technique,we detect the synchronization signal according to the estimated parameters,thus the false triggering rate and missed synchronization rate can be reduced.We also simplify the maximum likelihood estimation to reduce computational cost.Simulation results indicate that this new scheme outperforms the traditional method in terms of delay resolution and correlation coefficient.Both static and mobile communication experimental results show that the correlation coefficient of the new scheme is higher than that of the traditional one.Moreover,the detection ability of the receiver is improved,which helps to avoid false triggering and missed synchronization.

OFDM frame synchronization based on energy difference of the received preamble

The article presents a novel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） frame synchronization method. The method uses the preamble that contains two identical halves, and the energy difference of the two similar parts of the received preamble in receiver is used to obtain the frame＇s correct starting point. Furthermore, an improvement of the proposed method is presented, which uses the preamble that can be divided into four similar portions, and the energy difference of the four similar parts of the received preamble in receiver is used to obtain the frame＇s correct starting point. The performances of the frame synchronization methods in multipath channel are compared in terms of mean square error （MSE） obtained by simulations. It can be seen from the simulation results that the proposed methods have better performances than Schmidl＇s, Minn＇s, and Park＇s method in multipath channel.

PC-based frame synchronization method for byte-misaligned stream

As the traditional character-oriented frame synchronization methods are no longer applicable to the byte-misaligned stream, and the efficiency of the bit-oriented method is hardly acceptable, a character-oriented bit-shift stream frame synchronization （COBS-FS） method is presented. In order to measure the performance of the given method, a bit-oriented frame synchronization method, based on Knuth-Morris-Pratt （KMP-FS） algorithm, is used for comparison. It is proven in theory that the COBS-FS has a much lower cost in frame header searching. Experiment shows that the COBS-FS method is with better performance than the KMP-FS algorithm in both computational effort and execution time.

Frame Detection Based on Cyclic Autocorrelation and Constant False Alarm Rate in Burst Communication Systems

Frame detection is important in burst communication systems for its contribu- tions in frame synchronization. It locates the information bits in the received data stream at receivers. To realize frame detection in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise （AWGN） and frequency offset, a constant false alarm rate （CFAR） detector is proposed through exploitation of cyclic autocorrelation feature implied in the preamble. The frame detection can be achieved prior to bit timing recovery. The threshold setting is independent of the signal level and noise level by utilizing CFAR method. Mathematical expressions is derived in AWGN channel by considering the probability of false alarm and probability of detection, separately. Given the probability of false alarm, the mathematical relationship between the frame detection performance and EJNo of received signals is established. Ex- perimental results are also presented in accor- dance with analysis.

Analysis of Transforming dq Impedances of Different Converters to A Common Reference Frame in Complex Converter Networks

DQ impedance-based method has been widely used to study the stability of three-phase converter systems.As the dq impedance model of each converter depends on its local dq reference frame,the dq impedance modeling of complex converter networks gets complicated.Because the reference frames of different converters might not fully align,depending on the structure.Thus,in order to find an accurate impedance model of a complex network for stability analysis,converting the impedances of different converters into a common reference frame is required.This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the transformation of dq impedances to a common reference frame in complex converter networks.Four different methods are introduced and analyzed in a systematic way.Moreover,a rigorous comparison among these approaches is carried out,where the method with the simplest transformation procedure is finally suggested for the modeling of complex converter networks.The performed analysis is verified by injecting two independent small-signal perturbations into the d and the q axis,and doing a point-by-point impedance measurement.

Improving Power Quality by DSTATCOM Based DQ Theory with Soft Computing Techniques

The development of non-linear loads at consumers has significantly impacted power supply systems.Since,the poor power quality has been found in the three-phase distribution system due to unbalanced loads,harmonic current,undesired voltage regulation,and extreme reactive power demand.To overcome this issue,Distributed STATicCOMpensator(DSTATCOM)is implemented.DSTATCOM is a shunt-connected Voltage Source Converter(VSC)that has been utilized in distribution networks to balance the bus voltage in terms of enhancing reactive power control and power factor.DSTATCOM can provide both rapid and continuous capacitive and inductive mode compensation.A rectified resistive and inductive load eliminates current harmonics in a three-phase power supply.The synchronous fundamental DQ frame is a time-domain approach developed from three-phase system space vector transformations has been designed using MATLAB/Simulink.The DQ theory is used to produce the reference signal for the Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)generator.In addition,a traditional Propor-tional Integral Derivative(PID)controller is designed and compared with pro-posed soft computing approaches such as Fuzzy–PID and Artificial Neural Network(ANN-PID)and compared accurate reference current determination for Direct Current(DC)bus through DC link.An Analytical explores the pro-posed control strategies given to establish superior outcomes.Finally,total harmo-nic distortion analysis should be taken for performance analysis of the proposed system with IEEE standards.

DVB-S2 inner receiver design for broadcasting mode

This paper details on the design of DVB-S2 receivers which is compliant with the broadcasting mode. Special at-tention is paid to the specific receiver functions necessary to demodulate the received signal. To show the system performance we consider the design of a complete receiver consisting of timing recovery unit, frame synchronization unit, frequency recovery unit and phase recovery unit. The system is easier to hardware implementation comparing with that provided in (ETSI, 2005; Sun et al., 2004). After the performance of the algorithms is analyzed and a quantitative result is given, this allows us to draw conclusions concerning the achievable system performance under realistic complexity assumptions.

Positioning models and systems based on digital television broadcasting signals

The requirement and feasibility of the positioning system using digital television(DTV)broadcasting signals are analyzed.The principle of DTV positioning on the basis of frame synchronization is brought forward and the ranging characteristic is studied that the observables are asynchronously measured during the same epoch interval.The models of the pseudo-range observation and Doppler carrier phase integral are researched.The system observation and state equations are presented on the basis of the above models.The simulation results showed that DTV positioning technology could remarkably improve the precision of system state estimates using smoothing methods for positioning systems or integrated navigation systems.The DTV positioning that has a sub-meter level ranging error and meter level positioning accuracy can parallel with and even taken as a beneficial substitute for the tradition positioning technology.

Response Time of Reactive Power Based on Different Definitions and Algorithms

Dynamic reactive power compensation equipment typically requires a fast response to output the necessary reactive power.The term"dynamic response time of reactive power"is often used but has never been clearly defined.This paper summarizes the reactive power calculations under different definitions and algorithms and considers these calculations in terms of signal processing to simulate and analyze the step response.This paper subsequently focuses on the widely used instantaneous reactive power algorithm and finally concludes that the dynamic reactive power response time closely depends on the reactive power calculation method itself.The single-phase instantaneous reactive power algorithm has the fastest response time.The reactive power response time of dynamic reactive devices in power systems is a minimum of a quarter of one cycle time for the well-known and widely used single-phase reactive power algorithms.

Solid-state transformer-based new traction drive system and control

A new type of traction drive system consisting of solid-state traction transformer （SSTT）, inverter unit, auxiliary inverter, traction motor and other key components is built in order to suit the demand of developing the next-generation electric traction system which will be efficient and lightweight, with high power density. For the purpose of reducing system volume and weight and improving efficiency and grid-side power quality, an efficient SSTT optimized topology combining highvoltage cascaded rectifiers with high-power high-frequency LLC resonant converter is proposed. On this basis, an integrated control strategy built upon synchronous rotating reference frame is presented to achieve unified control over fundamental active, reactive and harmonic components. The cartier-interleaving phase shift modulation strategy is proposed to improve the harmonic performance of cascaded rectifiers. In view of the secondary pulsating existing in a single-phase system, the mathematical model of secondary power transfer is built, and the mechanism of pulsating voltage resulting in beat frequency of LLC resonant converter is revealed, so as to design optimum matching of system parameters. Simulation and experimental results have verified that the traction system and control scheme mentioned in this paper are reasonable and superior and that they meet the future application requirements for rail transit.