Relativity of a Free Will Concept Depending on Both Conscious Indeterminism and Unconscious Determinism

Free will is difficult to classify with respect to determinism or indeterminism, and its phenomenology in consciousness often shows both aspects. Initially, it is felt as unlimited and indeterminate will power, with the potentiality of multiple choices. Thereafter, reductive deliberation is led by determinism to the final decision, which realises only one of the potential choices. The reductive deliberation phase tries to find out the best alternative and simultaneously satisfying vague motivations, contextual conditions and personal preferences. The essential sense of free will is the introduction of personal preferences, which allows a higher diversity of reactions to vague motivations. With an oversimplified model of determinism as a chain of events, incompatibilists define ＂free＂ as ＂undetermined＂ so that determinism becomes incompatible with any free choice between alternatives. In consciousness, free will requires a more complex model of network determinism as well as the consideration of unconsciousness as a causal factor. When ＂free＂ defined as ＂undetermined＂ is applied to the context of consciousness, it should be reinterpreted as ＂unconscious of being determined＂ or not aware of underlying determinism. Lacking information on determinism generates a feeling of ＂free＂ in consciousness and, therefore, gives the impression of indeterminism. Lacking information may be induced by an uncertain future without determined events--an unconscious past with biological reactions suddenly emerging from the unconsciousness or an unknown present unable to distinguish determinism of complex events. Therefore, at the level of human consciousness, the experience of free will is associated with apparent indeterminism although it is based on unconscious determinism. The concepts of compatibilism and incompatibilism are only two different aspects of the same phenomenon and correspond to consciousness and unconsciousness. Nevertheless, they can be considered together with a free will concept based on relativity depending on two different reference frames--the first person＇s experience frame or the Laplace＇s demon frame with knowledge on every molecule of the universe. Only relativity of the free will concept avoids the contradiction between ＂free＂ and ＂unfree＂ for the same phenomenon and could be a compromise for considering compatibilism and incompatibilism equally.

Why Free Will Is Logically Not Possible within Naturalism

One of the most intriguing problems of philosophy and of mankind is the question whether humans have a free will. This question is heavily disputed between natural scientists and especially neuroscientists, who deny free will, and philosophers and other groups, who insist on free will. It is perplexing that both sides base their premise on the same precondition, namely naturalism. We will prove that naturalism automatically leads to physicalism, to materialism, and to reductionism. We will also prove here that it is logically not possible to have a free will if naturalism is true. Free will definitely requires an additional substance, a non-material soul, which cannot be part of our universe. This must not be in contradiction to our current knowledge of natural sciences.

An Analysis of Milton＇s Free Will Defense From the Two Falls in Paradise Lost

Paradise Lost is a great epic written by John Milton. Deeply influenced by Christian Humanism, Milton fully shows his free will defense in Paradise Lost. Based on the text of Paradise Lost, this paper mainly analyzes the causes of Milton＇s free will defense, his pursuit for free will shown in the two falls in the work： Satan＇s fall and Adam and Eve＇s fall. This paper also discusses the practical meaning of free will defense in Paradise Lost： it reveals his grief and anger of the failure of England revolution and shows the idea that people don＇t have the freedom to interfere or destroy other people＇s free will.

Determinism, Free Will, and Moral Responsibility

Human beings live amidst several bonds. These bonds often place both internal and external limitations that apparently create the view that a human being has no free will but is determined. This paper explores the controversial issue whether a human being possesses free will to make free choices or is determined. It is the stance of this study that if one does not have free will then one cannot be morally responsible for one＇s actions and consequently praise and blame would then have no value. The paper, therefore, is of the view that notwithstanding the many bonds within which they live, humans, with their special dignity, have free will that operate within the respective constraints set by the bonds of human life. Furthermore, since morality involves good and bad, the paper asserts that for an act to be designated as morally good or bad, it implies that the agent was free to perform the said act or do otherwise to merit praise or blame respectively. Thus, for human freedom to be significant, it must be responsible.

Henry Fleming's Assertion of Free Will in an Indifferent Universe

Different from his naturalistic followers,Stephen Crane develops his naturalism in a restricted and special sense that contains many non-naturalistic elements.In his masterpiece The Red Badge of Courage,Crane scrutinizes the position of man in the universe through the depiction of a youthful private's war experience and spiritual growth.Despite the fact that war is extremely cruel and Nature is indifferent to man's sufferings,the protagonist Henry Fleming,after a series of trials and mental struggles,finally succeeds in asserting his free will.Seen in this light,this novel can be read as a piece that transcends the boundaries of Determinism and reflects the author's not altogether pessimistic tendency in spite of the naturalistic features in his writing.

Consciousness, Free Will, and the Sciences of the Mind

In his review of the trio of philosopher-scientist dialogues on the nature and capacities of the human mind, Paul Thagard （2018） advocates clearly and forcefully for a fairly extreme position, which he advances as preferable to an equally extreme alternative. I will suggest a middle path that becomes attractive when one attends not just to the range of data now pouring forth from the sciences of mind but also to our own experience as minded individuals.

Mind, Consciousness, and Free Will

This commentary discusses how philosophy and science can collaborate to understand the human mind, considering dialogues involving three philosophers and three cognitive scientists. Their topics include the relation of philosophy and science, the nature of mind, the problem of consciousness, and the existence of free will. I argue that philosophy is more general and normative than science, but they are interdependent. Philosophy can build on the cognitive sciences to develop a theory of mind I call ＂multilevel materialism,＂ which integrates molecular, neural, mental, and social mechanisms. Consciousness is increasingly being understood as resulting from neural mechanisms. Scientific advances make the traditional concept of free will implausible, but ＂freeish＂ will is consistent with new theories of decision making and action resulting from brain processes. Philosophers should work closely with scientists to address profound problems about knowledge, reality, and values.

Philosophy and Science Dialogue： Free Will

In this dialogue Derk Pereboom and Marcel Brass discuss the free will problem from the perspective of philosophy and cognitive neuroscience. First, they give their opinion on how the two disciplines contribute to the free will problem. While Pereboom is optimistic regarding the contribution of science, Brass is more pessimistic and questions the usefulness of an empirical approach to the question whether free will exists or not. Then they outline their position on the free will problem. The idea of a transcendental agent is discussed in more detail. Furthermore, it is discussed whether free will scepticism is a politically, socially, psychologically viable position. Pereboom argues that promoting the idea of free will scepticism can have a positive impact on retributive emotions and the political practice regarding retributive punishment. Brass argues that retributive emotions are deeply rooted in evolution and therefore difficult to change via high-level beliefs about free will. Finally, the future of the free will debate is discussed. Both agree that the dialogue between philosophy and psychology should be intensified. Philosophy can benefit from taking empirical research more seriously. Psychology and neuroscience can benefit from philosophy by appreciating the sophistication and conceptual clarity of the philosophical debate. Both have to find a common language and define common problems that can be tackled from both perspectives.

Responsibility Determination:Free Will and Legal Responsibility in the Ag of Artificial Intelligence

Free will is the foundation of determination of responsibility.Genetic enginnering represented by technologies of gene editing,artificial medical devices and AI have fundamentally challenged the concept of free will and so have significantly influenced determination of legal responsibility.These challenges are fundamental,not instrumental,and can be divided into two aspects in legal philosophy.First,the direct challenge,that is,the emerging technology represented by genetic engineering and artificial narrow intelligence(ANI)has challenged the concept of free will.Second the would-be ultimate challenge,that is,presented by an artificial general intelligence(AGI)agent that is considered to reach humanlevel free will,can be a legal subject,thus taking full legal responsibility.The direct challenge constitutes a new"forgiveness"condition for taking responsibility.The would-beultimate challenge deserves significant attention,because the concept of free will is not only about human responsibility,but also about human dignity.

Constraints on Characteristics and Distribution of Gas Hydrate and Free Gas Using Broad-Band Processing of Three-Dimensional Seismic Data

Gas hydrate drilling expeditions in the Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea,have identified concentrated gas hydrates with variable thickness.Moreover,free gas and the coexistence of gas hydrate and free gas have been confirmed by logging,coring,and production tests in the foraminifera-rich silty sediments with complex bottom-simulating reflectors(BSRs).The broad-band processing is conducted on conventional three-dimensional(3D)seismic data to improve the image and detection accuracy of gas hydratebearing layers and delineate the saturation and thickness of gas hydrate-and free gas-bearing sediments.Several geophysical attributes extracted along the base of the gas hydrate stability zone are used to demonstrate the variable distribution and the controlling factors for the differential enrichment of gas hydrate.The inverted gas hydrate saturation at the production zone is over 40% with a thickness of 90 m,showing the interbedded distribution with different boundaries between gas hydrate-and free gas-bearing layers.However,the gas hydrate saturation value at the adjacent canyon is 70%,with 30-m-thick patches and linear features.The lithological and fault controls on gas hydrate and free gas distributions are demonstrated by tracing each gas hydrate-bearing layer.Moreover,the BSR depths based on broad-band reprocessed 3D seismic data not only exhibit variations due to small-scale topographic changes caused by seafloor sedimentation and erosion but also show the upward shift of BSR and the blocky distribution of the coexistence of gas hydrate and free gas in the Pearl River Mouth Basin.

GLOBAL SOLUTIONS TO 1D COMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES/ALLEN-CAHN SYSTEM WITH DENSITY-DEPENDENT VISCOSITY AND FREE-BOUNDARY

This paper is concerned with the Navier-Stokes/Allen-Cahn system,which is used to model the dynamics of immiscible two-phase flows.We consider a 1D free boundary problem and assume that the viscosity coefficient depends on the density in the form ofη(ρ)=ρ^(α).The existence of unique global H^(2m)-solutions(m∈N)to the free boundary problem is proven for when 0<α<1/4.Furthermore,we obtain the global C^(∞)-solutions if the initial data is smooth.

Free radicals trigger the closure of open pores in lignin-derived hard carbons toward improved sodium-storage capacity

The chemical activation of various precursors is effective for creating additional closed pores in hard carbons for sodium storage.However,the formation mechanism of closed pores under the influence of pore-forming agents is not well understood.Herein,an effective chemical activation followed by a high-temperature self-healing strategy is employed to generate interconnected closed pores in lignin-derived hard carbon(HCs).By systematic experimental design combined with electron paramagnetic res-onance spectroscopy,it can be found that the content of free radicals in the carbon matrix influences the closure of open pores at high temperatures.Excessively high activation temperature(>700 C)leads to a low free radical concentration,making it difficult to achieve self-healing of open pores at high tempera-tures.By activation at 700°C,a balance between pore making and self-healing is achieved in the final hard carbon.A large number of free radicals triggers rapid growth and aggregation of carbon microcrys-tals,blocking pre-formed open micropores and creating additional interconnected closed pores in as-obtained hard carbons.As a result,the optimized carbon anode(LK-700-1300)delivers a high reversible capacity of 330.8 mA h g^(-1) at 0.03 A g^(-1),which is an increase of 86 mA h g^(-1) compared to the pristine lignin-derived carbon anode(L-700-1300),and exhibits a good rate performance(202.1 mA h g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1)).This work provides a universal and effective guidance for tuning closed pores of hard carbons from otherprecursors.

Metagenomic analysis revealing the metabolic role of microbial communities in the free amino acid biosynthesis of Monascus rice vinegar during fermentation

Free amino acid(FAA)is the important component of vinegar that infl uences quality perception and consumer acceptance.FAA is one of the major metabolites produced by microorganisms;however,the microbial metabolic network on FAA biosynthesis remains unclear.Through metagenomic analysis,this work aimed to elucidate the roles of microbes in FAA biosynthesis during Monascus rice vinegar fermentation.Taxonomic profiles from functional analyses showed 14 dominant genera with high contributions to the metabolism pathways.The metabolic network for FAA biosynthesis was then constructed,and the microbial distribution in different metabolic pathways was illuminated.The results revealed that 5 functional genera were closely involved in FAA biosynthesis.This study illuminated the metabolic roles of microorganisms in FAA biosynthesis and provided crucial insights into the functional attributes of microbiota in vinegar fermentation.

母体产前血清AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3检测对筛查胎儿染色体异常的临床价值

目的探讨产前母体血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)、游离β绒毛膜促性腺激素(Free-β-HCG)、雌三醇(uE3)检测对筛查胎儿染色体异常的临床价值。方法选取我院2021年9月—2023年3月100例高风险孕妇进行无创DNA检测,根据染色体状态分为阳性组、阴性组。对比2组孕12周时血清AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3及NT值水平,Logistic回归分析血清各指标对胎儿染色体异常的影响因素;ROC分析孕12周时血清各指标联合检测对胎儿染色体异常的预测价值。结果阳性组孕12周时血清AFP、uE3均低于阴性组、血清Freeβ-HCG及NT值均高于阴性组(P<0.05);分析认为孕12周时血清AFP、uE3为胎儿染色体异常的保护因素、Freeβ-HCG及NT值为胎儿染色体异常的危险因素(P<0.05);ROC分析孕12周时检测母体血清AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3水平对预测胎儿染色体异常的AUC分别为0.654、0.673、0.664,其联合检测对预测胎儿染色体异常的AUC为0.717。结论产前母体血清AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3联合检测在胎儿染色体异常的筛查中均具有较高的预测价值,3者联合检测的预测效能更高,可广泛应用于早期临床筛查中。

CONVEXITY OF THE FREE BOUNDARY FOR AN AXISYMMETRIC INCOMPRESSIBLE IMPINGING JET

This paper is devoted to the study of the shape of the free boundary for a threedimensional axisymmetric incompressible impinging jet.To be more precise,we will show that the free boundary is convex to the fluid,provided that the uneven ground is concave to the fluid.

Yolk free egg substitute improves the serum phospholipid profile of mice with metabolic syndrome based on lipidomic analysis

In this study,the impacts of egg consumption on mice model of metabolic syndrome(Met S)were comparatively investigated.Mice were divided into five groups(n=8):normal diet group(ND),high-fat diet group(HFD),HFD with whole egg group(WE),HFD with free-yolk egg substitute group(YFES),and HFD with lovastatin group(Lov).Main biochemical indexes and a non-targeted lipidomic analysis were employed to insight the lipid profile changes in serum.It was revealed that WE could significantly improve serum biochemical indexes by reducing body weight,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and total cholesterol(TC),while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.YFES exhibited remarkably better performance in increasing phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acids,while decreasing phosphatidylinositol than WE.A total of 50 differential lipids biomarkers tightly related to glycerophospholipids metabolism were screened out.Carnitine C18:2 and C12:1,SM(d18:0/12:0),and SM(d18:1/14:1)were significantly upregulated in YFES compared to WE.YFES reduced expression of SREBP-1c and Cpt1a,while did not affect the expression of PPAR-α.Sphingomyelin biomarkers were positively related to the TC(|r|>0.6),while PPAR-αwas negatively correlated with triglyceride and LDL-C levels.To sum up,YFES attenuated HFD-induced Met S by improving the serum phospholipids,which account for its modulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism.

Evolution of free amino acids, biogenic amines and volatile compounds in fermented sausages inoculated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus simulans

Lactic acid bacteria and coagulase-negative staphylococci play an important role in the production of fermented sausages,such as inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria and antioxidant.In this study,the effects of inoculation with different starter cultures(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HN108 and Staphylococcus simulans NJ209)on the free amino acids(FAAs),biogenic amines(BAs)and volatile compounds of fermented sausages were investigated using an amino acid analyzer,ultra performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,respectively.The pH and carbonyl content of the inoculated group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).L.plantarum HN108 significantly reduced the content of FAAs and BAs in fermented sausage production(P<0.05),while S.simulans NJ209 promoted the formation of FAAs(especially bitter amino acids)and exhibited slight BAs-reducing activity.In addition,L.plantarum HN108 promoted the formation of volatile compounds such as ketones,alcohols and alkenes in sausages.In conclusion,L.plantarum HN108 could contribute to reducing the content of putrescine and tyramine and forming the desirable flavor compounds in fermented sausages.Thus,L.plantarum HN108 is expected to be a starter culture that can improve the safety and flavor of fermented sausages.

Study on Free-Standing Riser Under Different Working Conditions Based on 3D Co-Rotational Beam Element

When the free standing riser(FSR)is in service in the ocean,its mechanical properties are affected by various factors,including complex ocean current forces,buoyancy of the buoyancy can,and torque caused by the deflection of the upper floating body.These loads have a great influence on the deformation and internal force of the FSR.The static performance of FSR is investigated in this research under various working conditions.The finite element model of FSR is established based on the co-rotational method.The arc length approach is used to solve the model.The load is exerted in increments.The current load on the riser changes with the configuration of the riser.The accuracy of the numerical method is verified by Abaqus software.The calculation time is also compared.Then,the effects of uniform current,actual current and floating body yaw motion on FSR are studied by parameter analysis.Additionally,the influence of the FSR on the ocean current after the failure of part of the buoyancy can chamber is analyzed.The results show that the numerical model based on the co-rotational method can effectively simulate the large rotation and torsion behavior of FSR.This method has high computational efficiency and precision,and this method can quickly improve the efficiency of numerical calculation of static analysis of deep-water riser.The proposed technology may serve as an alternative to the existing proprietary commercial software,which uses a complex graphical user interface.

Investigation of the Interaction Between the Free Surface and A Semi/Shallowly Submerged Underwater Vehicle

The present study aims to investigate the interaction between the free surface and a semi/shallowly submerged underwater vehicle,especially when the submergence depth h is smaller than 0.75D(D:submarine maximum diameter).In this respect,the straight-ahead simulations of the generic SUBOFF underwater vehicle geometry are conducted with constant forward velocities using the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)equations with a Shear-Stress Transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model in commercial code Fluent,at submergence depths and Froude numbers ranging from h=0 to h=3.3D and from Fn=0.205 to Fn=0.512,respectively.The numerical models are verified against the existing experimental data.The analysis of the obtained results indicates that in the case of the semi and shallowly submerged underwater vehicle(UV),both the submergence depth and forward velocity have a great effect on the behaviors of hydrodynamic forces acting on the UV.The magnitude of maximum total resistance may reach almost five times the value of resistance exerted on the totally submerged hull.Both the forces acting on the UV and the generated waves when the submergence depth h is smaller than 0.75D are significantly different from those whenr h is larger than 0.75D.The conclusions can be used as reference for future research on near free surface motions of underwater vehicles and the design of small water-plane area twin hull.

Lithium-Metal Free Sulfur Battery Based on Waste Biomass Anode and Nano-Sized Li_(2)S Cathode

The realization of a stable lithium-metal free(LiMF)sulfur battery based on amorphous carbon anode and lithium sulfide(Li_(2)S)cathode is here reported.In particular,a biomass waste originating full-cell combining a carbonized brewer's spent grain(CBSG)biochar anode with a Li_(2)S-graphene composite cathode(Li_(2)S70Gr30)is proposed.This design is particularly attractive for applying a cost-effective,high performance,environment friendly,and safe anode material,as an alternative to standard graphite and metallic lithium in emerging battery technologies.The anodic and cathodic materials are characterized in terms of structure,morphology and composition through X-ray diffraction,scanning and transmission electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies.Furthermore,an electrochemical characterization comprising galvanostatic cycling,rate capability and cyclic voltammetry tests were carried out both in half-cell and full-cell configurations.The systematic investigation reveals that unlike graphite,the biochar electrode displays good compatibility with the electrolyte typically employed in sulfur batteries.The CBSG/Li_(2)S70Gr30 full-cell demonstrates an initial charge and discharge capacities of 726 and 537 mAh g^(-1),respectively,at 0.05C with a coulombic efficiency of 74%.Moreover,it discloses a reversible capacity of 330 mAh g^(-1)(0.1 C)after over 300 cycles.Based on these achievements,the CBSG/Li_(2)S70Gr30 battery system can be considered as a promising energy storage solution for electric vehicles(EVs),especially when taking into account its easy scalability to an industrial level.