Free Riding Inhibition Mechanism Based on User Behavior in P2P File-Sharing System

In order to inhibit Free Riding in Peer-toPeer(P2P) file-sharing systems,the Free Riding Inhibition Mechanism Based on User Behavior(IMBUB) is proposed.IMBUB considers the regularity of user behavior and models user behavior by analyzing many definitions and formulas.In IMBUB,Bandwidth Allocated Ratio,Incentive Mechanism Based on User Online Time,Double Reward Mechanism,Incentive Mechanism of Sharing for Permission and Inhibition Mechanism of White-washing Behavior are put forward to inhibit Free Riding and encourage user sharing.A P2P file system BITShare is designed and realized under the conditions of a campus network environment.The test results show that BITShare's Query Hit Ratio has a significant increase from 22% to 99%,and the sharing process in BITShare is very optimistic.Most users opt to use online time to exchange service quality instead of white-washing behavior,and the real white-ishing ratio in BITShare is lower than 1%.We confirm that IMBUB can effectively inhibit Free Riding behavior in P2P file-sharing systems.

高阶结构对无标度网络上合作行为演化的影响

为研究高阶结构对无标度网络上合作行为演化的影响,构建基于囚徒困境博弈的网络博弈模型。在无标度网络上引入二阶高阶结构,定义含成对博弈的三角形面博弈,用高阶结构参数联系成对博弈收益与面博弈收益,并通过仿真实验分析高阶结构对合作行为演化的影响。结果表明,当高连接度个体优先合作并获得高收益时,会促使其他连接度个体也选择合作,博弈个体间一旦形成稳定的“全合作”三角形策略结构,就能显著提高每个合作者收益,进而促进合作行为的产生。

北方不冻水域落单中华秋沙鸭及其混合群的越冬对策

中华秋沙鸭,是我国的濒危物种之一,通常在中国长江流域尤其是江西省越冬,但也存在少数个体在北方不冻水域越冬,研究中华秋沙鸭的越冬行为对于全面了解其种群数量与分布、生境选择,进而对其进行保护具有重要意义。2020年12月-2021年2月和2022年1-2月,在辽宁省本溪市太子河不冻水域,采用瞬时扫描法和固定样点法观测越冬的中华秋沙鸭及与该鸟混群的普通秋沙鸭的越冬行为,并对两者进行比对,同时还收集了在江西等地越冬的中华秋沙鸭群体行为数据,与本溪越冬的中华秋沙鸭进行比较。结果发现,连续2年均只有1只雄性中华秋沙鸭在该地越冬,而这些落单的中华秋沙鸭均选择与其亲缘关系较近的普通秋沙鸭混群,并且在栖息地选择方面表现出较强的特异性,同时在觅食、游泳、休息、游戏和梳羽等方面与普通秋沙鸭不存在差异。相反,本溪中华秋沙鸭的行为节律与江西等地越冬的中华秋沙鸭群体存在明显差异,暗示落单的中华秋水鸭的越冬行为可能受到温度及其混群对象的影响。

干湿循环下花岗岩残积土胶结物溶蚀-微结构演化规律与力学行为

花岗岩残积土中的游离氧化铁粒间胶结作用使其具有高结构性和水敏性.因此,在干湿循环过程中,粒间胶结氧化物被溶蚀,残积土表现出结构崩解重组和复杂的剪切变形特性.为进一步研究干湿循环过程中花岗岩残积土中游离氧化铁溶蚀造成的土体组构变化及其对力学性能弱化的影响,进行一系列的宏微观试验以揭示不同干湿循环次数(0、1、2、4)下残积土的复杂力学特性.研究结果表明,随着干湿循环次数的增加,花岗岩残积土的应力-应变关系将由弱应变硬化型逐渐转变为应变软化状态.微观分析表明游离氧化铁会促使黏土颗粒胶结形成团聚体,随着干湿循环的进行其含量逐渐降低最终趋于稳定.此外,原状残积土粒度分布(PSD)曲线呈现明显的双峰,然后在干湿循环或去除氧化铁后转变为单峰曲线.反复干湿循环会削弱残积土的胶结结构特性,进而导致土体出现明显的软化特征.在剪切过程中,残积土首先表现出剪切收缩特性,随后出现明显的扩张趋势.随着干湿循环次数增加,残积土的有效黏聚力逐渐减小,但有效内摩擦角呈现逐渐增加的趋势.干湿循环过程中花岗岩残积土复杂的力学性能特点是不可逆的体积收缩和胶粒含量的变化以及微裂缝发展之间的耦合效应.

政府监管下绿色供应链投资减排演化博弈分析

工业化引起的环境污染问题和全球气候变暖问题越来越严重,全球对环境问题的关注度不断提高,政府和社会对碳减排的要求也越来越高。政府为了遵守国际承诺,需要监管企业的碳排放情况,并采取相应措施以实现减排目标。一些企业采取“搭便车”行为,参与其中却不愿意自己直接减少排放,因此投资博弈中可能会出现“搭便车”的问题。为了解决供应商或制造商“搭便车”的问题,将政府监管纳入分析框架,将政府作为博弈的一方,构建政府、供应商和制造商三方演化博弈模型,探讨如何减少供应商和制造商的“搭便车”行为。结果表明:政府积极监管的成本和对供应商、制造商的补贴要在适当的范围内,供应商和制造商都进行减排投资时政府增加的收益、碳税率和碳补贴率越高,越有利于系统向政府积极监管、供应商和制造商减排投资的策略演化;对于供应商和制造商而言,投资减排的成本和“搭便车”的收益越小,越有利于系统的演化。因此,政府应当积极监管和设置适当的动态奖惩机制;供应商和制造商应当制定可持续发展战略,提高能源利用效率,推广低碳技术和设备。

ZHL-02置换镀和电镀银层的耐蚀性能研究

镀银方法可分为置换镀和电镀,为了比较这2种方法制得的镀层的耐蚀性能和电偶腐蚀行为,利用扫描电子显微镜、XRD、电化学工作站、Tafel曲线和电偶腐蚀方法研究了以5, 5-二甲基酰胺为主配位剂的无氰镀银工艺中ZHL-02置换镀和ZHL-02电镀镀层的耐蚀性能和电偶腐蚀行为。结果表明:置换镀层结晶好,覆盖更完整,在同等厚度条件下,抗电偶腐蚀性能略优于电镀层。随着置换镀银时间的延长,镀层的自腐蚀速率逐渐下降。但其耗时长,且难以获得1μm以上的厚度,一定程度上限制了其应用。相较于置换镀,电镀的速率快得多,电镀5 min就可获得> 2.4μm的银镀层。随着电镀时间的延长,银层中会出现较大的颗粒,形成细小气孔等缺陷结构,电镀银时间为1、2、5 min时,对应的自腐蚀速率分别为7.15×10^(-3)、5.30×10^(-3)、4.27×10^(-3) mm/a。电镀时间从1 min延长到2 min,再延长到5 min时,镀层的平均电偶腐蚀速率出现了先下降后增大的现象。

具有优异储能性能与充放电特性的类线性NaNbO_(3)基无铅弛豫反铁电陶瓷

反铁电材料由于电场诱导的反铁电-铁电相变而在高性能介质储能电容器应用中显示出极大的潜力。然而,场致相变带来大的极化滞后使得反铁电材料难以同时获得高储能密度(Wrec)和高储能效率(η)。本工作通过在0.76NaNbO_(3)-0.24(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)中引入第三组元Bi(Mg_(0.5)Ti_(0.5))O_(3)调控其弛豫特性,改善了NaNbO_(3)基无铅反铁电陶瓷的储能性能。采用传统固相合成法制备了(0.76–x)NaNbO_(3)-0.24(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)-xBi(Mg_(0.5)Ti_(0.5))O_(3)无铅弛豫反铁电陶瓷材料,并研究了该材料的相结构、微观形貌以及介电、储能和充放电特性。结果表明,引入Bi(Mg_(0.5)Ti_(0.5))O_(3)在不改变基体反铁电正交R相结构的基础上明显增强了陶瓷的介电弛豫特性,显著减小了陶瓷的极化滞后性。特别是在x=0.050组成中实现了具有极低滞后的类线性电滞回线。同时,陶瓷的显微形貌还得到明显改善,介电常数降低,击穿场强显著提高。因此,x=0.050的组成在30 kV/mm的中等电场下同时获得了高的储能密度Wrec=3.5 J/cm^(3)与储能效率η=93%。此外,x=0.050组成还显示出优异的充放电特性,在20 kV/mm下具有高功率密度PD=131(1±1%)MW/cm^(3)、高放电能量密度WD=1.66(1±6%)J/cm^(3)以及快的放电速率t0.9<290 ns。该充放电特性在25~125℃的宽温区内保持良好的稳定性。这些研究结果表明,0.71NaNbO_(3)-0.24(Bi_(0.5)Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)-0.050Bi(Mg_(0.5)Ti_(0.5))O_(3)陶瓷是一种非常有应用潜力的高功率储能电容器介质材料。

Surfactant-free oil/water and bicontinuous microemulsion composed of benzene,ethanol and water

Generally,a microemulsion consists of oil,water,surfactant and sometimes cosurfactant.Herein,we report a novel suffactant-free microemulsion（denoted as SFME） composed of benzene,water and ethanol without the amphiphilic molecular structure of traditional surfactant.The phase behavior of the ternary system was investigated,finding that there were a single-phase region and a two-phase region in ternary phase diagram.The electrical conductivity measurement was employed to investigate the microregion of the single-phase region,and a bicontinuous microregion and a benzene-in-water（O/W） microemulsion microregion were identified,which was confirmed by freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy（FF-TEM） observations.The sizes of the microemulsion droplets are in the range of 20-50 nm.

Anxiolytic and free radical scavenging potential of Chinese celery(Apium graveolens) extract in mice

Objective: To elucidate the anxiolytic and free radical scavenging effect of methanolic extract of Apium graveolens(A. graveolens) in adult C57BL/6 mice.Methods: Sixty male mice were divided into 6 groups: control, vehicle, positive control and A. graveolens(125, 250 and 500 mg/kg). Different behavioral models of elevated plus maze, open field, light/dark, hole-board and pentobarbital-induced sleep were used to assess anxiety-like behavior. Biochemical parameters including monoamine oxidase-A(MAO-A) activity, lipid peroxidation, % inhibition of superoxide anion and glutathione peroxidase activity were measured. Histologic studies were also examined.Results: Mice receiving various doses of A. graveolens(125, 250 and 500 mg/kg)showed an alleviation of anxiety-like behavior as evidenced by the battery of behavioral tests. Likewise, A. graveolens treatment was found to significantly decrease MAO-A activity, lipid peroxidation as well as cause a significant increase of % inhibition of superoxide anion and glutathione peroxidase activity in both cortex and striatum. The total number of survival neurons found in the frontal cortex and striatum was significantly higher than that of the vehicle-treated group.Conclusions: Taken together, we showed that A. graveolens improve the behavioral changes which might be related to the inhibition of free radicals and modulation of MAOA activity resulting in an increased number of survival neurons. Our findings suggest the therapeutic potential of A. graveolens in the treatment of anxiety.

Controlling the Properties of Solvent-free Fe_3O_4 Nanofluids by Corona Structure

We studied the relationship between corona structure and properties of solvent-free Fe3O4 nanofluids. We proposed a series of corona structures with different branched chains and synthesize different solvent-free nanofluids in order to show the effect of corona structure on the phase behavior, dispersion, as well as rheology properties. Results demonstrate novel liquid-like behaviors without solvent at room temperature. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles content is bigger than 8% and its size is about 23 nm. For the solvent-free nanofluids,the long chain corona has the internal plasticization, which can decrease the loss modulus of system, while the short chain of corona results in the high viscosity of nanofluids. Long alkyl chains of modifiers lead to lower viscosity and better flowability of nanofluids. The rheology and viscosity of the nanofluids are correlated to the microscopic structure of the corona, which provide an in-depth insight into the preparing nanofluids with promising applications based on their tunable and controllable physical properties.

Study on Antibiotic Prophylactic Use Behavior and Influencing Factors of Livestock and Poultry Breeding Farms and Households from Risk Cognitive Perspective

Based on the theory of planned behavior( TPB),Taking 399 livestock and poultry farms and households in Shandong Province as samples,risk cognitive variables were introduced. Besides,with the aid of the structural equation model( SEM) and partial least squares method( PLS),through an empirical analysis on antibiotic prophylactic behavior of livestock and poultry breeding farms and households in the context of " antibiotic free" production,the response mechanism of " antibiotic free" production was explored. Results indicated that the use of antibiotic prophylaxis by livestock and poultry farms and households is still very common. In the observation samples,61. 4% clearly expressed they would use antibiotic prophylaxis; the understanding of hazard of improper antibiotic prophylaxis was inadequate,only 32. 3% breeding households believed that the overuse of antibiotic prophylaxis is the main reason leading to excessive drug residue in animal products. This study was in line with the process of deduction of TPB. The breeding households' reduction of antibiotic prophylaxis is influenced by their intentions,while the intention is influenced by the attitude,subjective norms and perceptual behavior control; different risks have different influences,but most risks have greater influence on perceptual behavior control,because the perceptual behavior control determines whether breeding households have the ability of implementing the corresponding behavior.

Mechanical behaviors of notched composite laminates

Presents the study on the mechanical behaviors of composite laminates with both static and fatigue tests performed with different notched specimens and concludes with experimental results that ultimate strength and initial stiffness of various notched composite laminates is almost as same as un notched ones but the fatigue life of notched specimens is much higher than un notched ones. Compared with metals, composite materials are notch insensitive. The properties measured by using bar type specimens can not represent the real properties of composite laminates. Notches on the free edge may be helpful to the structure. The fatigue life can be predicted through theoretical models established using the residual stiffness model.

A Study of Structure, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Free Machining Al-Zn-Sn-Bi Alloys Rapidly Solidified from Molten State

The objective of our study is to investigate the effect of rapid solidification technology using melt spun process from melt on environmentally free machining Al-0.1Zn alloys with tin-bismuth as free machining constituents. The main purpose of rapid solidification from melt is to have a high strength and thermal stability. Structural and thermal properties have been investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Tensile test machine is used to study the mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, elastic constants, yield strength and critical shear stress for free machining alloys. We find?the best free machining aluminum alloy that has excellent machinability qualities is Al-0.1Zn-0.5Sn-0.54Bi melt spun alloy because it offers excellent mechanical properties. The highest values of tensile strength (431.5 MPa), yield strength (393.9 MPa), fracture strength (431.6 Mpa), toughness (15.8 × 106?J/m3) generated from Al-0.1Zn-0.5Sn-0.54Bi alloy to meet the needs of free machining aluminum alloy applications.

硝酸镧改性无铬达克罗涂层的腐蚀行为与防腐机理

以锌粉、铝粉为原料,硝酸镧为添加剂,制备了硝酸镧改性无铬达克罗涂层,研究了改性涂层在质量分数5%NaCl溶液中浸泡后的腐蚀产物物相组成和微观形貌,探究了涂层的腐蚀行为和防腐机理。结果表明:在NaCl溶液中浸泡10 d后,涂层中部分富锌相优先腐蚀形成Zn_(5)(OH)_(8)Cl_(2)·H_(2)O,表面呈蜂窝状形貌;浸泡30 d后,腐蚀产物增多,生成Zn_(5)(OH)_(6)(CO_(3))_(2),表面呈海绵状结构;浸泡60 d后,腐蚀产物逐渐溶解、剥落,表面呈三维多孔网络结构。涂层的防腐机理包括腐蚀产物和稀土钝化膜的自修复作用、有机硅烷钝化膜和片状锌铝粉分层堆叠的物理屏蔽作用、锌和铝金属的牺牲阳极作用以及稀土钝化作用和缓蚀剂的缓释作用。

Alteration of chemical behavior of L-ascorbic acid in combination with nickel sulfate at different pH solutions in vitro

Objective:To evaluate the alteration of chemical behavior of L-ascorbic acid(vitamin C) with metal ion(nickel) at different pH solutions in vitro.Methods:Spectra of pure aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid(E mark) compound and NiSO_4(H_2O)(sigma USA) were evaluated by UV visible spectrophotometer.Spectral analysis of L-ascorbic acid and nickel at various pH(2.0, 7.0,7.4 and 8.6) at room temperature of 29℃ was recorded.In this special analysis,combined solution of L-ascorbic acid and nickel sulfate at different pH was also recorded.Results:The result revealed that λ_(max)(peak wavelength of spectra) of L-ascorbic acid at pH 2.0 was 289.0 run whereas at neutral pH 7.0,λ_(max) was 29S.4 run.In alkaline pH 8.6,λ_(max) was 295.4 nm and at pH 7.4 the λ_(max) of L-ascorbic acid remained the same as 295.4 nm.Nickel solution at acidic pH 2.0 was 394.5 nm,whereas at neutral pH 7.0 and pH 7.4 were the same as 394.5 nm.But at alkaline pH 8.6,λ_(max) value of nickel sulfate became 392.0 nm.The combined solution of L-ascorbic acid and nickel sulfate(6 mg/mL each) at pH 2.0 showed 292.5 nm and 392.5 nm,respectively whereas at pH 7.0,L-ascorbic acid showed 296.5 nm and nickel sulfate showed 391.5 nm.At pH 7.4,L-ascorbic acid showed 297.0 nm and nickel sulfate showed 394.0 nm in the combined solution whereas at pH 8.6(alkaline) L-ascorbic acid and nickel sulfate were showing 297.0 and 393.5 nm,respectively. Conclusions:Results clearly indicate an altered chemical behavior of L-ascorbic acid either alone or in combination with nickel sulfate in vitro at different pH.Perhaps oxidation of L-ascorbic acid to L-dehydro ascorbic acid via the free radical(HSc*) generation from the reaction of H,ASc + Ni(Ⅱ) is the cause of such alteration of λ_(max),value of L-ascorbic acid in the presence of metal nickel.

视障人群时空活动特征与无障碍环境规划响应策略研究

推动无障碍环境高效建设,对帮助残障人群开展日常生活及优化各类服务设施、无障碍设施配置具有重要意义。文章以天津市中心城区81名视障人员为对象,应用描述性统计、核密度等方法对人群时空数据进行统计分析。结果发现:视障人群日常活动丰富,具有高比例的中、远距离活动行为;居住地周边1km是视障人群开展基本活动的主要空间范围,但此范围内无障碍标识、盲道等无障碍设施建设存在缺失、系统性不强等问题,无法为视障人群提供有效帮助;在社会活动空间范围,存在社区无障碍设施与城市无障碍设施接驳不畅等问题。基于此,文章从空间范围、场景特征、服务设施设置、无障碍设施布局等方面提出构建视障人群日常活动无障碍环境模型与制定规划响应策略,以期通过精准施策,建立无障碍设施与各类服务设施的有效联系,为视障人群开展日常活动提供帮助。

汽车用铝钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头组织及界面特征研究

随着轻量化技术的发展,镀锌钢板与铝合金等异种金属连接在现代汽车工业中的应用越来越多,回抽式无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊具有热输入低、焊缝晶粒细小、接头力学性能高等优点,在铝合金等轻金属焊接领域具有很大的优势。本工作使用回抽式搅拌摩擦点焊技术,成功实现了0.7 mm厚的镀锌钢板与2 mm厚的铝合金板的无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊连接。在不同的焊接转速下,对铝钢异种金属进行无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊实验研究,分析了无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头的剪切性能、断口形貌、各区微观组织、界面区特征及连接机理。研究结果表明,转速为1 200 r/min、压入量为0.2 mm、焊接时间为15 s时焊接接头最佳,具有最好的力学拉伸性能,断裂位置为热机影响区;通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)对接头的微观形貌以及断口形貌进行观察分析发现,在搅拌区接头界面形成了约6μm厚的金属间化合物,为AlFe_(3)、Al_(13)Fe_(4)、AlFe;各位置处金属间化物的形貌与厚度不同,断裂方式为混合断裂机制,界面处的连接为机械结合和冶金结合两种接合方式。

不正当竞争行为司法认定的“泛道德化”倾向及其矫正

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