A transceiver frequency conversion module based on 3D micropackaging technology

The idea of Ku-band transceiver frequency conversion module design based on 3D micropackaging technology is proposed. By using the double frequency conversion technology,the dual transceiver circuit from Ku-band to L-band is realized by combining with the local oscillator and the power control circuit to complete functions such as amplification, filtering and gain. In order to achieve the performance optimization and a high level of integration of the Ku-band monolithic microwave integrated circuits(MMIC) operating chip, the 3 D vertical interconnection micro-assembly technology is used. By stacking solder balls on the printed circuit board(PCB), the technology decreases the volume of the original transceiver to a miniaturized module. The module has a good electromagnetic compatibility through special structure designs. This module has the characteristics of miniaturization, low power consumption and high density, which is suitable for popularization in practical application.

Multiple frequency conversion via atomic spin coherence of storing a light pulse

We experimentally demonstrate multiple frequency conversion via atomic spin coherence of storing a light pulse in a doped solid. The essence of this multiple frequency conversion is four-wave mixing based on stored atomic spin coherence. Through electromagnetically induced transparency, an input probe pulse is stored into atomic spin coherence by modulating the intensity of the control field. By using two different control fields to interact with the coherently prepared medium, the stored atomic spin coherence can be transformed into three different information channels. Multiple frequency conversion is implemented efficiently by manipulating the spectra of the control fields to scatter atomic spin coherence. This multiple frequency conversion is expected to have potential applications in information processing and communication network.

Noise-free frequency conversion of quantum states

In this paper, the frequency conversion of quantum states based on the intracavity nonlinear interaction is proposed. The fidelity of an input state after frequency conversion is calculated, and it is shown the noise-free frequency conversion of a quantum state can be achieved by injecting a strong signal field. The dependences of conversion efficiency on the pump parameter, extra losses and input state amplitude are also analysed.

Nonreciprocal Single Photon Frequency Conversion via Chiral Coupling between a V-Type System and a Pair of Waveguides

The single photon frequency conversion is investigated theoretically in the system composed of a V-type system chiral coupling to a pair of waveguides. The single photon scattering amplitudes are obtained using the real-space Hamiltonian. The calculated results show that the probability of single photon frequency down-or up-conversion can reach a unit by choosing appropriate parameters in the non-dissipative system with perfect chiral coupling.We present a nonreciprocal single photon beam splitter whose frequency of the output photon is different from that of the input photon. The influences of dissipations and non-perfect chiral coupling on the single frequency conversion are also shown. Our results may be useful in designing quantum devices at the single-photon level.

High-dimensional frequency conversion in a hot atomic system

One of the major difficulties in realizing a high-dimensional frequency converter for conventional optical vortex(COV)modes stems from the difference in ring diameter of the COV modes with different topological charge numbers l.Here,we implement a high-dimensional frequency converter for perfect optical vortex(POV)modes with invariant sizes by way of the four-wave mixing(FWM)process using Bessel–Gaussian beams instead of Laguerre–Gaussian beams.The measured conversion efficiency from 1530 to 795 nm is independent of l at least in subspace l∈{-6,………,6},and the achieved conversion fidelities for two-dimensional(2D)superposed POV states exceed 97%.We further realize the frequency conversion of 3D,5D,and 7D superposition states with fidelities as high as 96.70%,89.16%,and 88.68%,respectively.The proposed scheme is implemented in hot atomic vapor.It is also compatible with the cold atomic system and may find applications in high-capacity and long-distance quantum communication.

Kilowatt-class high-energy frequency conversion to 95 J at 10 Hz at 515 nm

We report on frequency doubling of high-energy,high repetition rate ns pulses from a cryogenically gas cooled multi-slab ytterbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser system,Bivoj/DiPOLE,using a type-I phase matched lithium triborate crystal.We achieved conversion to 515 nm with energy of 95 J at repetition rate of 10 Hz and conversion efficiency of 79%.High conversion efficiency was achieved due to successful depolarization compensation of the fundamental input beam.

The geometric phase in nonlinear frequency conversion

The geometric phase of light has been demonstrated in various platforms of the linear optical regime, raising interest both for fundamental science as well as applications, such as flat optical elements. Recently, the concept of geometric phases has been extended to nonlinear optics, following advances in engineering both bulk nonlinear photonic crystals and nonlinear metasurfaces. These new technologies offer a great promise of applications for nonlinear manipulation of light. In this review, we cover the recent theoretical and experimental advances in the field of geometric phases accompanying nonlinear frequency conversion. We first consider the case of bulk nonlinear photonic crystals, in which the interaction between propagating waves is quasi-phase-matched, with an engineerable geometric phase accumulated by the light. Nonlinear photonic crystals can offer efficient and robust frequency conversion in both the linearized and fully-nonlinear regimes of interaction, and allow for several applications including adiabatic mode conversion, electromagnetic nonreciprocity and novel topological effects for light. We then cover the rapidly-growing field of nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry metasurfaces, which allow the simultaneous nonlinear generation and shaping of light by using ultrathin optical elements with subwavelength phase and amplitude resolution. We discuss the macroscopic selection rules that depend on the rotational symmetry of the constituent meta-atoms, the order of the harmonic generations, and the change in circular polarization. Continuous geometric phase gradients allow the steering of light beams and shaping of their spatial modes. More complex designs perform nonlinear imaging and multiplex nonlinear holograms, where the functionality is varied according to the generated harmonic order and polarization. Recent advancements in the fabrication of three dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals, as well as the pursuit of quantum light sources based on nonlinear metasurfaces, offer exciting new possibilities for novel nonlinear optical applications based on geometric phases.

Inverse-designed photonic fibers and metasurfaces for nonlinear frequency conversion[Invited]

Typically, photonic waveguides designed for nonlinear frequency conversion rely on intuitive and established principles, including index guiding and bandgap engineering, and are based on simple shapes with high degrees of symmetry. We show that recently developed inverse-design techniques can be applied to discover new kinds of microstructured fibers and metasurfaces designed to achieve large nonlinear frequency-conversion efficiencies. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate complex, wavelength-scale chalcogenide glass fibers and gallium phosphide three-dimensional metasurfaces exhibiting some of the largest nonlinear conversion efficiencies predicted thus far,e.g., lowering the power requirement for third-harmonic generation by 104 and enhancing second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency by 107. Such enhancements arise because, in addition to enabling a great degree of tunability in the choice of design wavelengths, these optimization tools ensure both frequency-and phase-matching in addition to large nonlinear overlap factors.

Optimization of quadrature frequency conversion with type-Ⅱ KDP for second harmonic generation of the nanosecond chirp pulse at 1053 nm

A second harmonic generation system with two type II KDP crystals in quadrature is optimized for the nanosecond chirp pulse. The acceptance bandwidth of this optimizing scheme is close to 10 nm by using two crystals with slightly opposite angular detuning from phase matching and the conversion efficiency can reach 70% for top-hat chirp pulse at -2 GW/cm^2 in theory. The preliminary experimental results are obtained on the 9th beam of Shen Guang Ⅱ SGⅡ laser system, and the performance of optimization is partially verified.

Doped GaSe crystals for laser frequency conversion

In this review,we introduce the current state of the art of the growth technology of pure,lightly doped,and heavily doped(solid solution)nonlinear gallium selenide(GaSe)crystals that are able to generate broadband emission from the near infrared(IR)(0.8 mm)through the mid-and far-IR(terahertz(THz))ranges and further into the millimeter wave(5.64 mm)range.For the first time,we show that appropriate doping is an efficient method controlling a range of the physical properties of GaSe crystals that are responsible for frequency conversion efficiency and exploitation parameters.After appropriate doping,uniform crystals grown by a modified technology with heat field rotation possess up to 3 times lower absorption coefficient in the main transparency window and THz range.Moreover,doping provides the following benefits:raises by up to 5 times the optical damage threshold;almost eliminates two-photon absorption;allows for dispersion control in the THz range independent of the mid-IR dispersion;and enables crystal processing in arbitrary directions due to the strengthened lattice.Finally,doped GaSe demonstrated better usefulness for processing compared with GaSe grown by the conventional technology and up to 15 times higher frequency conversion efficiency.

Analytical solution to incident angle quasi-phase-matching engineering for second harmonic generation in a periodic-poled lithium niobate crystal

Phase matching or quasi-phase matching(QPM)is of significant importance to the conversion efficiency of second harmonic generation(SHG)in artificial nonlinear crystals like lithium niobate(LN)crystal or microstructured nonlinear crystals like periodic-poled lithium niobate(PPLN)crystals.In this paper,we propose and show that the incident angle of pump laser light can be harnessed as an alternative versatile tool to engineer QPM for high-efficiency SHG in a PPLN crystal,in addition to conventional means of period adjusting or temperature tuning.A rigorous model is established and analytical solution of the nonlinear conversion efficiency under the small and large signal approximation theory is obtained at different incident angles.The variation of phase mismatching and walk-off length with incident angle or incident wavelength are also explored.Numerical simulations for a PPLN crystal with first order QPM structure are used to confirm our theoretical predictions based on the exact analytical solution of the general large-signal theory.The results show that the narrow-band tunable SHG output covers a range of 532 nm–552.8 nm at the ideal incident angle from 0°to 90°.This theoretical scheme,fully considering the reflection and transmission at the air-crystal interface,would offer an efficient theoretical system to evaluate the nonlinear frequency conversion and help to obtain the maximum SHG conversion efficiency by selecting an optimum incident wavelength and incident angle in a specially designed PPLN crystal,which would be very helpful for the design of tunable narrow-band pulse nanosecond,picosecond,and femtosecond laser devices via PPLN and other microstructured LN crystals.

Experimental Analysis of Radial Centrifugal Pump Shutdown

Centrifugal pumps are widely used in the metallurgy,coal,and building sectors.In order to study the hydraulic characteristics of a closed impeller centrifugal pump during its shutdown in the so-called power frequency and frequency conversion modes,experiments were carried to determine the characteristic evolution of parameters such as speed,inlet and outlet pressure,head,flow rate and shaft power.A quasi-steady-state method was also used to further investigate these transient behaviors.The results show that,compared to the power frequency input,the performance parameter curves for the frequency conversion input are less volatile and smoother.The characteristic time is longer and the response to shutdown is slower.The quasi-steady-state theoretical head-flow curves match the experimental head-flow curves more closely at low flow rates when the frequency conversion input is considered.Moreover,in this case,the similarity law predicts the hydraulic performance more accurately.

Efficient collinear frequency tripling of femtosecond laser with compensation of group velocity delay

This paper demonstrates an approach that negative uniaxial crystal has a relative anomalous dispersion effect which can compensate group velocity delay, and applies this approach to nonlinear frequency conversion of an ultrafast laser field. High efficiency of the third harmonic generation is experimentally fulfilled by adopting a collinear configuration of doubing-compensation-tripling system. Through finely adjusting the incident angle and optical axis direction of the compensation plate, it obtains ultraviolet （UV） output energy of 0.32 mJ centered at 270 nm with spectral bandwidth of 2 nm when input beam at 800 nm was 70 fs pulse duration and 6 mJ pulse energy which was extracted from Ti：sapphire laser system by a diaphragm, corresponding to an 800-to-270 nm conversion efficiency of 5.3% and a factor-of-l.6 improvement in the third harmonic generation of UV band in comparison with a general conventional configuration. Furthermore, when the full energy of 18 mJ from a Ti：sapphire laser system was used and optimized, the UV emission could reach 0.83 mJ.

Quantum frequency doubling based on tripartite entanglement with cavities

We analyze the entanglement characteristics of three harmonic modes, which are the output fields from three cav- ities with an input tripartite entangled state at fundamental frequency. The entanglement properties of the input beams can be maintained after their frequencies have been up-converted by the process of second harmonic generation. We have calculated the parametric dependences of the correlation spectrum on the initial squeezing factor, the pump power, the trans- naission coefficient, and the normalized analysis frequency of cavity. The numerical results provide references to choose proper experimental parameters for designing the experiment. The frequency conversion of the multipartite entangled state can also be applied to a quantum communication network.

Rigorous solution to second harmonic generation considering transmission and reflection of light at air–crystal interface

Considering the transmission and reflection of TE-polarized pump light at the air–crystal interface,the second harmonic generation(SHG)in a lithium niobate(LN)crystal is investigated theoretically and systematically in this work.In previous studies,the theoretical analyses of reflection and transmission of incident wave in the process of nonlinear frequency conversion were not considered in LN crystal on account of the complicated calculations.First,we establish a physical picture describing that a beam of light in TE mode transports in the LN crystal considering transmission and reflection at the crystal surface and generates nonlinear second-order optical polarization in crystal.Then we analytically derive the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of pump light by using the dispersion relationships and electromagnetic boundary conditions.We construct the nonlinear coupled wave equations,derive and present the small signal approximation solution and the general large signal solution exactly.Under the transmission model and reflection model,we find that the conversion efficiency of the second-harmonic wave is obviously dependent on transmission coefficient and other general physical quantities such as the length of LN crystal and the amplitude of pump light.Our analytical theory and formulation can act as an accurate tool for the quantitative evaluation of the SHG energy conversion efficiency in an LN crystal under practical situations,and it can practically be used to treat other more complicated and general nonlinear optics problems.

Theoretical analysis of frequency modulation-to-amplitude modulation on the final optics and target of the SG Ⅱ-Up laser facility

Frequency modulation(FM)-to-amplitude modulation(AM) conversion is an important factor that affects the time±power curve of inertial confinement fusion(ICF) high-power laser facilities. This conversion can impact uniform compression and increase the risk of damage to optics. However, the dispersive grating used in the smoothing by spectral dispersion technology will introduce a temporal delay and can spatially smooth the target. The combined effect of the dispersive grating and the focusing lens is equivalent to a Gaussian low-pass filter, which is equivalent to 8 GHz bandwidth and can reduce the intensity modulation on the target to below 5% with 0.3 nm @ 3 GHz + 20 GHz spectrum phase modulation. The results play an important role in the testing and evaluating of the FM-to-AM on the final optics and the target, which is beneficial for comprehensively evaluating the load capacity of the facility and isentropic compression experiment for ICF.

Stability of Oil Film and Output Speed of Hydroviscous Drive Affected by the Pressure of Control Oil

Based on the theories of hydraulics and nonlinear control system, the model of hydroviscous drive (HVD) was established, the influences of small ripple of control oil pressure on the output speed of HVD and the stability of oil film between friction disks were analyzed. The conclusion presents that when the frequency of the control oil's pressure ripple is higher than 60?Hz and the peak is less than 0 05?MPa, HVD can work stably. The result is useful for studying the application of frequency conversion technology in regulation of control oil pressure.

Tunable, continuous-wave single-resonant optical parametric oscillator with output coupling for resonant wave

We present a continuous-wave singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator with 1.5% output coupling of the reso- nant signal wave, based on an angle-polished MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate （MgO：PPLN）, pumped by a commercial Nd：YVO4 laser at 1064 nm. The output-coupled optical parametric oscillator delivers a maximum total output power of 4.19 W with 42.8% extraction efficiency, across a tuning range of 1717 nm in the near- and mid-infrared region. This indicates improvements of 1.87 W in output power, 19.1% in extraction efficiency and 213 nm in tuning range exten- sion in comparison with the optical parametric oscillator with no output coupling, while at the expense of increasing the oscillation threshold by a factor of - 2. Moreover, it is confirmed that the finite output coupling also contributes to the reduction of the thermal effects in crystal.

β-BaB_(2)O_(4) with special cut-angle applied to single crystal cascaded third-harmonic generation

High-efficiency single crystal cascaded third-harmonic generation(THG)was realized inβ-BaB_(2)O_(4)(BBO)material with special cut-angle.By analyzing effective nonlinear optical coefficient(d_(eff))of the cascaded THG process,which was composed by type-II frequency doubling and type-I sum-frequency,the optimum phase matching(PM)direction in BBO crystal was determined to be(θ=32.1°,φ=11°).With an optimized 9-mm long sample which was processed along this direction,the highest cascaded THG conversion efficiency reached 42.3%,which is much superior to the similar components reported previously,including ADP,KDP,and Gd_(x)Y_(1-x)COB crystals.

Studies on convergence and scaling law of Thomson backscattering spectra in strong fields

With the saddle point analysis method for the Bessel function structure and property, the convergence problem and the scaling laws of Thomson backscattering spectra are solved and studied in both cases that are for the plane wave laser field without and with applied external constant magnetic field. Some unclear points appeared in previous work are clarified. The extension of the method to a general situation for the laser field with an arbitrary polarization is discussed. We also make a simple analysis and discussion about the optimal spectra dependence of field parameters and its implication to practical applications.