How to promote cooperative innovation in environmentally friendly technology:a case of agricultural biotechnology in China

This study explored the factors influencing cooperative innovation in environmentally friendly agricultural biotechnology in China.First,we constructed an evolutionary game model comprising the factors of net income of cooperative innovation,net income of independent innovation,market constraints,and government subsidies.Using MATLAB simulation,we assigned different values to the aforementioned variables to explore the evolutionary trend of innovators’willingness to cooperate.Results showed that when the values of net income of cooperative innovation,net income of independent innovation,market constraints,and government subsidies exceeded the threshold,innovators’willingness to cooperate was significantly enhanced.Furthermore,the proportion of innovators who cooperated with others gradually increased to 100%;otherwise,it gradually decreased to 0%.Comparing the simulation curve with the real evolution curve of cooperative innovation in agricultural biotechnology in China,we found that the gradual decline in the willingness to cooperate could be due to insufficient subsidies for cooperative innovation,low income from cooperative innovation,weak profitability of innovators,and weak market constraints.

Commuting Space of Primary and Secondary Schools in the Context of Child Friendly Cities:A Case Study of Bajiao Street of Shijingshan District

With the continuous promotion of the construction of child friendly cities,the school commuting space is an important component of the construction of child friendly roads.Based on the background of child friendly cities,the commuting space of 11 primary and secondary schools in Bajiao Street is analyzed through literature analysis and field research methods.Firstly,the relevant literature on school commuting space is sorted out,and the characteristics of school commuting space are summarized,including transportation,landscape,culture,leisure,and security.Secondly,the characteristics of commuting space of primary and secondary schools in Bajiao Street are analyzed from three aspects:in front of the school gate,path space,and node space.This paper aims to provide reference and guidance for the future construction of children’s walking school commuting and promote the construction of a child friendly city.

Anodizing of AZ91D magnesium alloy using environmental friendly alkaline borate-biphthalate electrolyte

A kind of environmental friendly anodizing routine for AZ91D magnesium alloy,based on an alkaline borate-potassium acid phthalate（KAP） electrolyte,was studied.The effect of KAP on the properties of the anodized film was investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,X-ray diffraction（XRD）,energy dispersive spectrometry（EDS）,potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）,respectively.The results showed that the anodizing process,surface morphology,thickness,phase structure and corrosion resistance of the anodized film were strongly dependent on the concentration of KAP.In the presence of adequate KAP,a compact and smooth anodized film with excellent corrosion resistance was obtained.

TCP及TCP-friendly拥塞控制策略讨论

自从20世纪80年代报道了第一次拥塞崩溃以来,TCP拥塞控制策略在不断地进行 完善和改进,通过快速重传和快速恢复等机制使它能很好地对网络拥塞做出及时的响应?但 是随着网络技术的发展,音频和视频等多媒体业务(如IP Phone?视频会议)在网上的应用越 来越多,而这些应用采用的一般都是不提供拥塞控制的协议(如UDP),因此如何对这些业 务流进行拥塞控制,使它们能与TCP流一起公平地共享网络带宽,满足TCP-friendly要求变 得越来越重要?该文先对TCP拥塞控制进行讨论,然后对TCP-friendly拥塞控制策略和以后 的研究方向进行了讨论?

Preparation of Phase Change Concrete Using Environmentally FriendlyMaterials and Its Performance Study

The control of carbon emissions and energy conservation,and environmental protection are hot spots of global concern.In this paper,phase change paraffin wax is applied to porous materials for adsorption and storage,and nature’s eco-friendly materials are selected as the porous matrix to propose an eco-friendly phase change concrete using eco-friendly materials as raw materials.It was obtained that the strength of the phase change concrete utilizing environmentally friendly materials was 25.4%to 36.8%lower than that of ordinary concrete,while some of the phase change light aggregates were found to produce slip damage with the cement paste in the damage study.By constructing a small-sized test room for thermal properties,we obtained a phase change concrete that utilizes environmentally friendly materials to control the temperature better than the commonly studied phase change concrete,with a peak temperature drop of up to 2.6℃ in the phase change test room compared to the normal test room and a delay in the peak temperature.

friendly的新用法

在The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language的第4版中,我们可以发现friendly一词有一新的义项:4a.User-friendly.b.Informal Easy to understand or use for a specified agent.Often used in combination:a reader-friendly novel;a consumerfriendly policy.

Notoginsenoside as an environmentally friendly shale inhibitor in water-based drilling fluid

The demand for non-toxic and biodegradable shale inhibitors is growing in the drilling industry.In this paper,the effect of notoginsenoside(NS)as a new,environmentally friendly inhibitor of shale hydration is systematically studied for the first time.The inhibition performance of NS was evaluated via inhibition evaluation tests,including mud ball immersion tests,linear expansion tests,shale rolling recovery tests,and compressive strength tests.The inhibition mechanism of NS was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),contact angle measurements,particle size distribution determination,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The experimental results demonstrate that NS is able to adhere to the clay surface,forming a hydrophobic film that prevents the entry of water molecules and inhibiting the hydration dispersion of the clay.Because of this,NS can maintain the original state of bentonite pellets in water,which can effectively reduce the swelling rate of bentonite,increase the recovery rate of shale drill cuttings,maintain the strength of the shale,and therefore maintain the stability of the borehole wall during drilling.In addition,NS is non-toxic,degradable,and compatible with water-based drilling fluids.The above advantages make NS a promising candidate for use as an environmentally friendly shale inhibitor.

Synthesis of propylene glycol ethers from propylene oxide catalyzed by environmentally friendly ionic liquids

A series of acetate ionic liquids were synthesized using a typical two‐step method.The ionic liquids were used as environmentally benign catalysts in the production of propylene glycol ethers from propylene oxide and alcohols under mild conditions.The basic strengths of the ionic liquids were evaluated by determination of their Hammett functions,obtained using ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy,and the relationship between their catalytic activities and basicities was established.The catalytic efficiencies of the ionic liquids were higher than that of the traditional basic catalyst NaOH.This can be attributed to the involvement of a novel reaction mechanism when these ionic liquids are used.A possible electrophilic‐nucleophilic dual activation mechanism was proposed and confirmed using electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry.In addition,the effects of significant reaction parameters such as concentration of catalyst,molar ratio of alcohol to propylene oxide,reaction temperature,and steric hindrance of the alcohol were investigated in detail.

Synthesis and Kinetics of Hydrogenated Rosin Dodecyl Ester as an Environmentally Friendly Plasticizer

The plasticizer is an important polymer material additive.Non-toxic and environmentally friendly plasticizers are developed recently in order to decrease fossil fuel reserves,serious environmental pollution and the toxicity of phthalate esters.In this study,a new,efficient and environmentally friendly plasticizer of hydrogenated rosin dodecyl ester was prepared by an esterification reaction of hydrogenated rosin and dodecanol.The influences of different reaction conditions(including different catalysts,the catalyst concentration,the ratio of the reactants,reaction temperature,and reaction time)on the esterification yield are examined and discussed.Hydrogenated rosin dodecyl ester with 71.8%yield was synthesized under the optimized reaction conditions(1:0.8 molar ratio of rosin to dodecanol,1 mol%tetrabutyl titanate concentration,and 210℃for 6 h).The esterification reaction is a second-order reaction,and kinetic calculations showed that the activation energy is 39.77 KJ·mol^(−1).The structure of the hydrogenated rosin dodecyl ester was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and^(13)C NMR spectrum.Besides,the thermal stability of target product(hydrogenated rosin dodecyl ester)was also tested by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),which showed a good thermal stability.

AZ91 Magnesium Alloys: Anodizing of Using Environmental Friendly Electrolytes

An anodizing process, based on environmental friendly electrolyte solutions has been studied on AZ 91 magnesium alloys by using three types of electrolytes: the first is based on sodium silicate, the second on sodium hydroxide-boric acid-borax and the third on sodium silicate- potassium hydroxide-sodium carbonate-sodium tetra borate. A pretreatment including fluoride activation was applied before the anodizing process. It was found that the anodic film thickness increases as current density or anodizing voltage increases. It is also increased with deposition time until the deposition stops due to the formation of a thick anodic film. Optimization of the anodizing conditions - current density and deposition time- was made for each electrolyte. Characterization of anodizing layer was achieved by determination of surface morphology, microstructure, phase analysis, coat thickness, adhesion and corrosion resistance. In all cases, excellent adhesion and corrosion resistance was obtained. A corrosion efficiency ranging from 94% to 97% was reached;the highest value corresponding to the third electrolyte.

A community-based friendly health clinic:An initiative adolescent reproductive health project in the rural and urban areas of Indonesia

Objective:This study aims to examine the effects of a community-based friendly health clinic(CFHC)program that adopts manual participatory learning(MPL)intervention on the adolescents living in the rural and urban areas of Indonesia to gain further insights into their knowledge,attitudes,and skills related to adolescent reproductive health(ARH).Methods:A quasi-experimental design was used to obtain information on the ARH knowledge,attitudes,and skills of adolescents.Two intervention studies that used similar protocols and measures were conducted.A total of 192 adolescents(96 adolescents from urban and rural areas)participated in the project,and the participants from each area were divided into eight groups.A questionairre was adopted to measure the ARH knowledge,attitudes,and skills of these participants.A content analysis of the logbook entries of these respondents was conducted to identify their ARH-related problems.The questionnairre and self-reported ARH data were collected before and after the eight-week program.Results:The CFHC program significantly increased the ARH attitudes(p=0.045)and skills(p=0.009)of adolescents in the rural area,but only improved the ARH knowledge(p<0.001)of adolescents in both rural and urban areas.Fourteen themes were identified in three dominant categories,namely,schools,families,and communities.Conclusions:The CFHC with MPL intervention can improve the ARH knowledge,attitudes,and skills of adolescents in the rural area,but can only improve the ARH knowledge of adolescents in the urban area.The ARH program must be designed based on the characterictics of these adolescents to improve their life skills during puberty.

Youth friendly health services and role of outreach activities to improve access to services

An attempt has been made to assess the Youth Friendly Health Services (YFHS) from the clients’ perspectives and the role of outreach community-based approach (Youth Information Center, YIC) in improving access to services. A cross- sectional study was undertaken in Arajiline and Hoskote blocks in Varanasi and Bangalore districts respectively using primarily a quantitative technique. A consecutive sample of 120 clients from 4 selected clinics was interviewed after seeking services from YFHS. Additionally, facility assessment of clinics and 8 FGDs were conducted among community members and the young people in the community. Majority of the clients (90.8%) are aware that YFHS provide services to young males and females separately on specific day and time. Nearly 66% clients visited YFHS to sought treatment for three key health problems i.e. menstruation problems (25.4%) followed by general illness (22.8%) and swelling/itching of private parts (21.1%). In Hos- akote privacy was maintained during the con- sultation with the doctor, however, situation was relatively not better in Arajiline. Out of those clients who had visited YIC atleast once, 49 out of 53 in Arajiline and 51 out of 60 in Hasokote reported that the YIC staff/activities had motivated them to sought services at YFHS. Study concludes that while majority of the clients were satisfied with the services at YFHS, there is a need for strengthening the existing “package” of the services. At facility level, reassurance about the privacy and confidentially and alternative ways to promote access and utilization of services by active involvement of young people is recommended. On the other hand, at outreach level, new technologies should be introduced to generate demand, intensive focus on adults in the community and integration of YIC with local governance and school environment is suggested so as to protect young people against poor health outcomes.

Fertigation for Environmentally Friendly Fertilizers Application: Constraints and Opportunities for Its Application in Developing Countries

There is an increasing concern about agriculture’s role in polluting the environment which makes farmers feel guilty about using fertilizers. Fertigation is proposed as a panacea to this dilemma, which by this practice reaffirms the principles of 4Rs which are the right source, at the right rate, right time and right place. The aim of this study was to explore constraints and opportunities for its application in developing countries for environmentally friendly fertilizers application. It is a review of literature from government reports, legislature and published material on fertilization and irrigation initiatives of developing countries which include Rwanda, Nepal, Suriname, Zambia, Panama, Tanzania, Sri Lanka and South Sudan in addition to the case presented of China during the “2016 Environmentally Friendly Fertilizer Production, Application and Demonstration from Developing Countries” training course. The study found that in developing countries there is potential to apply fertigation as a way of environmentally friendly fertilizers application as it has been adopted in China. These opportunities include the following: Abundant natural resources like land and water, less polluted environment, conducive agricultural policies, zero duties levied on imported irrigation equipment. However, a number of limitations also are highlighted including: Lack of investment, lack of infrastructure, lack of information, requires expertise on plant nutrition and management of fertigation system, require soil analysis and proper interpretation which is done by experts. This study provides relevant information for fertigation planning and application in respective developing countries.

Human Friendly Interface Design for Virtual Fitting Room Applications on Android Based Mobile Devices

This paper presents an image processing design flow for virtual fitting room (VFR) applications, targeting both personal computers and mobile devices. The proposed human friendly interface is implemented by a three-stage algorithm: Detection and sizing of the user's body, detection of reference points based on face detection and augmented reality markers, and superimposition of the clothing over the user's image. Compared to other existing VFR systems, key difference is the lack of any proprietary hardware components or peripherals. Proposed VFR is software based and designed to be universally compatible as long as the device has a camera. Furthermore, JAVA implementation on Android based mobile systems is computationally efficient and it can run in real-time on existing mobile devices.

Numerical Investigations on Supercritical Heat Transfer Characteristics of Environmental Friendly Refrigerants

The heat transfer of supercritical fluids is a vastly growing field, specifically to find suitable alternatives to replace conventional R134a, which can be beneficial for climate change. Most of the experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to explore supercritical water, carbon dioxide and R134a as heat transfer working fluids. Hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) and refrigerants blends have been considered the most environment-friendly refrigerants to replace Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrochlorofluoro-carbons (HCFCs) and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Their main advantage of zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and comparatively lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) have attracted growing amount of attention to mitigate environmental issues. This work adopts the computational method and takes the environmentally friendly refrigerants to investigate the heat transfer characteristics under widely used shear-stress transport (SST) model. A comprehensive comparison was performed at reduced pressure of 1.10 for supercritical fluids R515A, R1234ze(E) and R134a. The peaks of heat transfer coefficient occurred in the vicinity of pseudo critical temperature for all of these considered fluids;however, R134a resulted in higher heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds number and Prandtl number in comparison with R515A and R1234ze(E). The higher heat transfer coefficient of supercritical fluid R134a is owing to its thermophysical properties and the specific heat plays crucial role in the heat transfer of supercritical fluids. Owing to environmental issues, R515A can be a considerable replacement of R134a. R1234ze(E) is also promising alternative to R134a;however, safety issues should thoroughly concern its mild flammable characteristics.

Research and Application of an Environmental-Friendly Low-Damage and High Salt-Resistance Slick Water Fracturing Fluid System

The Sulige gas field is a typical low-pressure low-permeability tight sandstone gas reservoir. The reservoir has poor seepage capacity, strong heterogeneity, high mineralization of formation water and extremely scarce water resources on the site. These unfavorable factors have brought great difficulties to the on-site mining process. Now, a nano-composite green environmental protection slick water fracturing fluid system CQFR can be quickly dissolved because of the larger specific surface area, and the small molecular size makes the damage to the reservoir less than 5%, and the average drag reduction effect can reach more than 73%. It can quickly and well dissolve and maintain performance under high salinity conditions and fracturing flowback fluids. It responds well to the complex reservoir conditions on the construction site and makes the flowback fluid recyable, which greatly reduces the consumption of water resources on the construction site and effectively improves the construction efficiency and economic benefits.

旧词新义-friendly

英语词汇中有55%的新词由旧词通过复合法、派生法等构词法转换而来,其中,复合法更是占到了27%。复合构词法即两个或两个以上的词基结合生成新词,其构词力很强。近来我们经常遇到含有组合语素-friendly(常带连字符)的形容词。如:

“FRIENDLY”趣谈

friend在古英语中早已有之,而由"-friendly"构成的合成词(compound words)则是随着计算机的发展而出现的。计算机刚为世人所知时。

Synthesis and mechanism of environmentally friendly high temperature and high salt resistant lubricants

With the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas,high torque and high friction during the drilling of deep and ultra-deep wells become one of the key issues affecting drilling safety and drilling speed.Meanwhile,the high temperature and high salt problem in deep formations is prominent,which poses a major challenge to the lubricity of drilling fluids under high temperature and high salt.This paper reports an organic borate ester SOP as an environmentally friendly drilling fluid lubricant.The performance evaluation results show that when 1%lubricant SOP is added to the fresh water-based mud,the lubrication coefficient decreases from 0.631 to 0.046,and the reduction rate of lubrication coefficient is 92.7%.Under the conditions of 210℃ and 30%NaCl,the reduction rate of lubricating coefficient of the base slurry with 1%SOP was still remain 81.5%.After adding 1%SOP,the wear volume decreased by 94.11%compared with the base slurry.The contact resistance experiment during the friction process shows that SOP can form a thick adsorption film on the friction surface under high temperature and high salt conditions,thus effectively reducing the friction resistance.Molecular dynamics simulation shows that lubricant SOP can be physically adsorbed on the surface of drilling tool and borehole wall through hydrogen bond and van der Waals force.XPS analysis further shows that SOP adsorbs on the friction surface and reacts with metal atoms on the friction surface to form a chemically reactive film.Therefore,under high temperature and high salt conditions,the synergistic effect of physical adsorption film and chemical reaction film effectively reduces the frictional resistance and wear of the friction surface.In addition,SOP is non-toxic and easy to degrade.Therefore,SOP is a highly effective and environmentally friendly lubricant in high temperature and high salt drilling fluid.