Electroacupuncture was performed at the Wangu （GB 12） acupoint, whose position is similar to the cerebellar fastigial nucleus in rats with post-stroke depression. Results showed that the expression of nuclear factor...Electroacupuncture was performed at the Wangu （GB 12） acupoint, whose position is similar to the cerebellar fastigial nucleus in rats with post-stroke depression. Results showed that the expression of nuclear factor-κB and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β decreased. Simultaneously, the extent of edema in the hippocampus and frontal lobe decreased, and the morphology of the nerve cells recovered to near normal. In addition, fluoxetine treatment displayed a similar effect on post-stroke depression as electroacupuncture at GB 12 acupoint. The results indicate that electroacupuncture at GB 12 acupoint can reduce the levels of cytokines in the hippocampus and frontal lobe of rats with post-stroke depression, and thus provide a neuroprotective effect on post-stroke depression.展开更多
The rates of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) continue to parallel the rising rates of obesity in the United States, increasingly affecting adolescents as well as adults. Hippocampal and frontal lobe reductions have been found ...The rates of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) continue to parallel the rising rates of obesity in the United States, increasingly affecting adolescents as well as adults. Hippocampal and frontal lobe reductions have been found in older adults with type 2 diabetes, and we sought to ascertain if these brain alterations were also present in obese adolescents with T2DM. In a cross-sectional study we compared MRI-based regional brain volumes of 18 obese adolescents with T2DM and 18 obese controls without evidence of marked insulin resistance. Groups were matched on age, sex, school grade, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, body mass index, and waist circumference. Relative to obese controls, adolescents with T2DM had significantly reduced hippocampal and prefrontal volumes, and higher rates of global cerebral atrophy. Hemoglo-bin A1c, an index of long-term glycemic control, was inversely associated with prefrontal volume and positively associ-ated with global cerebral atrophy (both p < 0.05). Brain integrity is negatively impacted by T2DM already during ado-lescence, long before the onset of overt macrovascular disease. Paralleling the findings of greater vascular and renal complications among obese adolescents with severe insulin resistance and T2DM relative to their age-matched peers with type 1 diabetes, we find clear evidence of possible brain complications. Our findings call for aggressive and early intervention to limit the negative impact of obesity-associated insulin resistance leading to T2DM on the developing brains of adolescents.展开更多
Electroacupuncture （EA） has been clinically used to treat depression and has resulted in favorable effects in China. However, results from animal studies and pathology do not reflect the influence of electroacupunct...Electroacupuncture （EA） has been clinically used to treat depression and has resulted in favorable effects in China. However, results from animal studies and pathology do not reflect the influence of electroacupuncture treatment on in vivo physiological functions. To thoroughly and dynamically observe pathological changes during depression, the present study established EA ＋ fluoxetine and fluoxetine groups to observe depression in patients. 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy was utilized to determine the correlation between hippocampal frontal lobe metabolite changes and mental disorder scale. Results revealed significantly increased N-acetylaspartate （NAA）/creatine （Cr） in the bilateral hippocampus and right frontal lobe of depression patients treated with EA compared with fluoxetine. Changes in NAA/Cr in bilateral hippocampus and right frontal lobe in both groups, before and after treatment, negatively correlated with severity and curative effects. Choline/Cr changes in the bilateral frontal lobes of both groups were significant before and after treatment, but negatively correlated with curative effects. Choline/Cr changes in the bilateral hippocampus were significant in the EA ＋ fluoxetine group before and after treatment, but negatively correlated with severity and the curative effects of depression. These results demonstrate abnormal biochemical metabolism in bilateral frontal lobes and hippocampus of depression patients, and show that EA significantly altered biochemical indices in the frontal lobes and hippocampus compared with fluoxetine.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration is one unique...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration is one unique brain injury in neurosurgery department. It is characteristic of recessive attacking and develops quickly. The unilateral cerebral falx incision is a new minimally invasive surgery </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">can solve bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration in one surgery. However, it has some limitations in removal of contralateral frontal hematoma and hemostasis due to the limited field of view under the microscope. The unilateral bone window cerebral falx incision of bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration under a neuroendoscopy can acquire a good illumination and field of view. This is beneficial to complete removal of contralateral hematoma, effective hemostasis and retaining brain tissue functions to the maximum extent. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Case Presentation:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The patient, a 55-year-old man, was hospitalized for “consciousness disorder by 12 h because of car accident”. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Physical Examination: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Coma, GCS score of E1V2M5, bilateral pupil diameter of 2 mm, presence of light response, contusion of scalp at the left top, peripheral dysphoria and bilateral Bartter syndrome negative. The patient has a history of non-traumatic cerebral stroke 3 years ago.</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Head CT: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Longitudinal fracture of frontal parietal occipital bone, bilateral frontal lobes contusion and laceration, subarachnoid hemorrhage. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Diagnosis:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Bilateral frontal lobes contusion and laceration, longitudinal fracture of frontal parietal occipital bone, subarachnoid hemorrhage and hematoma of scalp. In emergency treatment, unilateral bone window cerebral falx incision of bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration under a neuroendoscopy was performed. The surgery has achieved satisfying effect. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Discussion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This case realized the goal of removing contralateral frontal hematoma through unilateral craniotomy under a neuroendoscopy. Due to the clear field of view, it retained extracerebral layer structures of contralateral olfactory nerve protection frontotemporal completely. Moreover, this surgical technique is conducive to intraoperative recognition of pericallosal</span><span style="background:yellow;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">arteries and lateral fractured blood vessels. It also involves protection, which conforms to the minimally invasive philosophy. The proposed surgical technology can eliminate contralateral frontal hematoma under a good field of view. However, it is suggested not to manage with the further operation on patients who have brain swelling and difficulties in exposure of cerebral falx. These patients need to determine causes of brain swelling and choose bilateral craniectomy if necessary. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Unilateral bone window cerebral falx incision of bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration under a neuroendoscopy is a new application of minimally invasive philosophy in craniocerebral injury operation. It still needs further clinical verifications and experience accumulation.展开更多
The aim of the present study is to investigate the brain functional network changes of patients with frontal lobe epilepsy(FLE)by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rsfMRI)and graph theoretical analys...The aim of the present study is to investigate the brain functional network changes of patients with frontal lobe epilepsy(FLE)by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rsfMRI)and graph theoretical analysis.rsfMRI is performed in 46 adult patients with FLE and 46 age matched healthy controls(HCs).A functional network is built from these subjects,and the topological properties of such network are analyzed quantitatively using graph theoretical methods.According to the results,both FLE patients and HCs exhibit prominent small world features.Compared with HCs,FLE shows a decrease in local efficiency(Eloc),clustering coefficient,nodal efficiency as well as nodal degree.Furthermore,FLE(seven)has fewer hubs than HCs(ten).The functional abnormalities in the network organization suggest functional disturbances in patients with FLE.This study helps to gain new insights into the functional disorder in patients with FLE.The networks built here can also be a set of potential biomarkers for the diagnosis,monitoring and the treatment of FLE.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） cannot be detected in the neurons and glial cells of normal rats, but iNOS can be found in some neurons and glial cells of rats following ischemic, traumatic, neur...BACKGROUND： Inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） cannot be detected in the neurons and glial cells of normal rats, but iNOS can be found in some neurons and glial cells of rats following ischemic, traumatic, neurotoxic or inflammatory damage. OBJECTIVE： To investigate iNOS expression and iNOS-positive cell types at various time points following damage to the rat frontal lobe using a sharp instrument. DESIGN： A nerve molecular biology, randomized, controlled study. TIME AND SETTING： This experiment was performed at the Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, between April 2006 and December 2007. MATERIALS： Rabbit anti-iNOS antibody （Santa Cruz, USA）, biotin labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody （Sigma, USA）, reverse transcription kit （Biouniquer, Hong Kong, China） and horseradish peroxidase labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody （Pierce, USA） were used for this study. METHODS： A total of 112 healthy rats aged 3 months were randomly assigned into a sham operation group （n = 28） and a damage group （n = 84）. Rat models of frontal lobe damage were induced in the damage group using a sharp instrument to make an incision in the frontal lobe cortex. In the sham operation group, the rat bone window was opened but brain tissues were left intact. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Parameters were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours following damage in both groups. Pathological changes were observed using Nissl staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of iNOS mRNA, iNOS protein and iNOS-positive cells were examined by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS： A large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated the damaged region 12 and 24 hours following damage, iNOS mRNA and iNOS protein expression increased in and around the damaged region 3 hours following damage, reached a peak at 24 hours, and then gradually decreased. The changes in iNOS-positive cell number reflected the changes in iNOS mRNA and iNOS protein expression after damage, iNOS was mainly found in neural cells at 3 and 6 hours, in macrophages at 12 and 24 hours, and in glial cells at 72 and 120 hours after damage. iNOS-positive cells were few in and surrounding the damaged region at 168 hours. There were a few iNOS-positive neural cells in the rat frontal lobe cortex in the sham operation group. CONCLUSION： Neurons, macrophages and glial cells can express iNOS following rat frontal lobe damage caused by a sharp instrument. The levels of iNOS expression, and the cell types expressing iNOS, change with time.展开更多
ALD, which is the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), is a rare inherited metabolic disease caused by an enzyme deficiency leading to accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA), especially in brai...ALD, which is the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), is a rare inherited metabolic disease caused by an enzyme deficiency leading to accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA), especially in brain and adrenal cortex. Its prevalence is currently estimated at 1:30,000 to 50,000 in males in Japan. We report a 34-year-old man, who acts of theft, peep and obscenity with adult onset cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). An elevated VLCFA and a point mutation in the ABCD1 gene confirmed the diagnosis of ALD. Diffusion-weighted MRI revealed a high intensity area in the white matter of the frontal lobes. T2-weighted image revealed diffuse high signal intensity in the deep white matter. MR diffusion-weighted image revealed high signal intensity area in the white matter of the frontal lobes.?Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy?(H-MRS) of the white matter of the frontal lobes revealed an extreme decrease of?N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and an increase of the choline (Cho)/creatinine (Cr) ratio. The mild?hypoperfusion was detected in the both cerebral hemispheres by the single photon emission CT (SPECT). The genetic phenotype was detected and he was diagnosed adult onset ALD. The only neurological sign was deviant behaviors as frontal lobe symptoms;despite a diffuse high signal intensity was detected in the deep white matter in the MRI examination. Psychiatric symptomatology is presented and may be one of the earliest manifestations of ALD. Psychiatrists as well as and physicians may encounter ALD.展开更多
Objective: This study aimed to carry out a topographical analysis of frontal lobe executive function components in post-stroke patients. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study. The assessment using the WCST (Wi...Objective: This study aimed to carry out a topographical analysis of frontal lobe executive function components in post-stroke patients. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study. The assessment using the WCST (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) included sixteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of CVA and frontal lobe impairment. Results from the two groups were compared (patients with right frontal lobe impairment and patients with left frontal lobe impairment). Statistical analysis was performed using the program “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” (SPSS) Version 20.0. For comparison between groups was used Mann-Whitney test and considered the alpha level of 0.05 on the statistically significant results. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups, thus showing that executive functions are symmetrically distributed across the frontal lobes. Conclusion: Executive functions are symmetrically organized across the two frontal lobes, since the comparison between the groups did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference for any of the variables of WSCT.展开更多
AIMTo apply the Frontal Assessment Battery to cirrhotic patients with or without overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) and controls. METHODSThe frontal assessment battery (FAB) was applied to 87 patients with liver cirrh...AIMTo apply the Frontal Assessment Battery to cirrhotic patients with or without overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) and controls. METHODSThe frontal assessment battery (FAB) was applied to 87 patients with liver cirrhosis (16 with and 71 without OHE) and 40 control subjects without cirrhosis treated at the alcohol and liver outpatient clinics and the gastroenterology ward of the Cassiano Antônio de Moraes University Hospital (Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio de Moraes - HUCAM), Espírito Santo, Brazil. RESULTSThe average FAB score was lower for the cirrhotic than for the non-cirrhotic patients (10.6 ± 3.67 vs 12.25 ± 2.72, P = 0.015). The FAB score was lower for the cirrhotic patients with OHE than for the patients without OHE (8.25 ± 4.55 vs 11.14 ± 3.25, P = 0.027). The total FAB score was lower for the cirrhotic patients without OHE than for the non-cirrhotic patients, although this difference was not significant (11.14 ± 3.25 vs 12.25 ± 2.72, P = 0.067). Nevertheless, the difference in the scores on the subtest that assessed the ability to inhibit a response previously conditioned to a stimulus was significant (1.72 ± 0.93 vs 2.2 ± 0.85, P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONThe present study indicates that the FAB is a promising tool for outpatient minimal HE screening and the assessment of HE severity.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81041058the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, No. 20092191
文摘Electroacupuncture was performed at the Wangu （GB 12） acupoint, whose position is similar to the cerebellar fastigial nucleus in rats with post-stroke depression. Results showed that the expression of nuclear factor-κB and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β decreased. Simultaneously, the extent of edema in the hippocampus and frontal lobe decreased, and the morphology of the nerve cells recovered to near normal. In addition, fluoxetine treatment displayed a similar effect on post-stroke depression as electroacupuncture at GB 12 acupoint. The results indicate that electroacupuncture at GB 12 acupoint can reduce the levels of cytokines in the hippocampus and frontal lobe of rats with post-stroke depression, and thus provide a neuroprotective effect on post-stroke depression.
文摘The rates of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) continue to parallel the rising rates of obesity in the United States, increasingly affecting adolescents as well as adults. Hippocampal and frontal lobe reductions have been found in older adults with type 2 diabetes, and we sought to ascertain if these brain alterations were also present in obese adolescents with T2DM. In a cross-sectional study we compared MRI-based regional brain volumes of 18 obese adolescents with T2DM and 18 obese controls without evidence of marked insulin resistance. Groups were matched on age, sex, school grade, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, body mass index, and waist circumference. Relative to obese controls, adolescents with T2DM had significantly reduced hippocampal and prefrontal volumes, and higher rates of global cerebral atrophy. Hemoglo-bin A1c, an index of long-term glycemic control, was inversely associated with prefrontal volume and positively associ-ated with global cerebral atrophy (both p < 0.05). Brain integrity is negatively impacted by T2DM already during ado-lescence, long before the onset of overt macrovascular disease. Paralleling the findings of greater vascular and renal complications among obese adolescents with severe insulin resistance and T2DM relative to their age-matched peers with type 1 diabetes, we find clear evidence of possible brain complications. Our findings call for aggressive and early intervention to limit the negative impact of obesity-associated insulin resistance leading to T2DM on the developing brains of adolescents.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30701122the Key Program of Beijing Natural Science Foundation,No.7051003
文摘Electroacupuncture （EA） has been clinically used to treat depression and has resulted in favorable effects in China. However, results from animal studies and pathology do not reflect the influence of electroacupuncture treatment on in vivo physiological functions. To thoroughly and dynamically observe pathological changes during depression, the present study established EA ＋ fluoxetine and fluoxetine groups to observe depression in patients. 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy was utilized to determine the correlation between hippocampal frontal lobe metabolite changes and mental disorder scale. Results revealed significantly increased N-acetylaspartate （NAA）/creatine （Cr） in the bilateral hippocampus and right frontal lobe of depression patients treated with EA compared with fluoxetine. Changes in NAA/Cr in bilateral hippocampus and right frontal lobe in both groups, before and after treatment, negatively correlated with severity and curative effects. Choline/Cr changes in the bilateral frontal lobes of both groups were significant before and after treatment, but negatively correlated with curative effects. Choline/Cr changes in the bilateral hippocampus were significant in the EA ＋ fluoxetine group before and after treatment, but negatively correlated with severity and the curative effects of depression. These results demonstrate abnormal biochemical metabolism in bilateral frontal lobes and hippocampus of depression patients, and show that EA significantly altered biochemical indices in the frontal lobes and hippocampus compared with fluoxetine.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration is one unique brain injury in neurosurgery department. It is characteristic of recessive attacking and develops quickly. The unilateral cerebral falx incision is a new minimally invasive surgery </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">can solve bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration in one surgery. However, it has some limitations in removal of contralateral frontal hematoma and hemostasis due to the limited field of view under the microscope. The unilateral bone window cerebral falx incision of bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration under a neuroendoscopy can acquire a good illumination and field of view. This is beneficial to complete removal of contralateral hematoma, effective hemostasis and retaining brain tissue functions to the maximum extent. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Case Presentation:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The patient, a 55-year-old man, was hospitalized for “consciousness disorder by 12 h because of car accident”. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Physical Examination: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Coma, GCS score of E1V2M5, bilateral pupil diameter of 2 mm, presence of light response, contusion of scalp at the left top, peripheral dysphoria and bilateral Bartter syndrome negative. The patient has a history of non-traumatic cerebral stroke 3 years ago.</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Head CT: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Longitudinal fracture of frontal parietal occipital bone, bilateral frontal lobes contusion and laceration, subarachnoid hemorrhage. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Diagnosis:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Bilateral frontal lobes contusion and laceration, longitudinal fracture of frontal parietal occipital bone, subarachnoid hemorrhage and hematoma of scalp. In emergency treatment, unilateral bone window cerebral falx incision of bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration under a neuroendoscopy was performed. The surgery has achieved satisfying effect. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Discussion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This case realized the goal of removing contralateral frontal hematoma through unilateral craniotomy under a neuroendoscopy. Due to the clear field of view, it retained extracerebral layer structures of contralateral olfactory nerve protection frontotemporal completely. Moreover, this surgical technique is conducive to intraoperative recognition of pericallosal</span><span style="background:yellow;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">arteries and lateral fractured blood vessels. It also involves protection, which conforms to the minimally invasive philosophy. The proposed surgical technology can eliminate contralateral frontal hematoma under a good field of view. However, it is suggested not to manage with the further operation on patients who have brain swelling and difficulties in exposure of cerebral falx. These patients need to determine causes of brain swelling and choose bilateral craniectomy if necessary. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Unilateral bone window cerebral falx incision of bilateral frontal lobes cerebral contusion and laceration under a neuroendoscopy is a new application of minimally invasive philosophy in craniocerebral injury operation. It still needs further clinical verifications and experience accumulation.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81422022, 81271553, 81201155, 81171328, 61131003, 81401402, and 81201161)the Grant for a Young Scholar of Jinling Hospital (No. 2015055)12.5 Key Grants (Nos. BWS11J063 and 10z026)
文摘The aim of the present study is to investigate the brain functional network changes of patients with frontal lobe epilepsy(FLE)by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rsfMRI)and graph theoretical analysis.rsfMRI is performed in 46 adult patients with FLE and 46 age matched healthy controls(HCs).A functional network is built from these subjects,and the topological properties of such network are analyzed quantitatively using graph theoretical methods.According to the results,both FLE patients and HCs exhibit prominent small world features.Compared with HCs,FLE shows a decrease in local efficiency(Eloc),clustering coefficient,nodal efficiency as well as nodal degree.Furthermore,FLE(seven)has fewer hubs than HCs(ten).The functional abnormalities in the network organization suggest functional disturbances in patients with FLE.This study helps to gain new insights into the functional disorder in patients with FLE.The networks built here can also be a set of potential biomarkers for the diagnosis,monitoring and the treatment of FLE.
基金Supported by:Natural Science Research Plan for Jiangsu Colleges,No. 05KJD180165
文摘BACKGROUND： Inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） cannot be detected in the neurons and glial cells of normal rats, but iNOS can be found in some neurons and glial cells of rats following ischemic, traumatic, neurotoxic or inflammatory damage. OBJECTIVE： To investigate iNOS expression and iNOS-positive cell types at various time points following damage to the rat frontal lobe using a sharp instrument. DESIGN： A nerve molecular biology, randomized, controlled study. TIME AND SETTING： This experiment was performed at the Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, between April 2006 and December 2007. MATERIALS： Rabbit anti-iNOS antibody （Santa Cruz, USA）, biotin labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody （Sigma, USA）, reverse transcription kit （Biouniquer, Hong Kong, China） and horseradish peroxidase labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody （Pierce, USA） were used for this study. METHODS： A total of 112 healthy rats aged 3 months were randomly assigned into a sham operation group （n = 28） and a damage group （n = 84）. Rat models of frontal lobe damage were induced in the damage group using a sharp instrument to make an incision in the frontal lobe cortex. In the sham operation group, the rat bone window was opened but brain tissues were left intact. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Parameters were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours following damage in both groups. Pathological changes were observed using Nissl staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of iNOS mRNA, iNOS protein and iNOS-positive cells were examined by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS： A large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated the damaged region 12 and 24 hours following damage, iNOS mRNA and iNOS protein expression increased in and around the damaged region 3 hours following damage, reached a peak at 24 hours, and then gradually decreased. The changes in iNOS-positive cell number reflected the changes in iNOS mRNA and iNOS protein expression after damage, iNOS was mainly found in neural cells at 3 and 6 hours, in macrophages at 12 and 24 hours, and in glial cells at 72 and 120 hours after damage. iNOS-positive cells were few in and surrounding the damaged region at 168 hours. There were a few iNOS-positive neural cells in the rat frontal lobe cortex in the sham operation group. CONCLUSION： Neurons, macrophages and glial cells can express iNOS following rat frontal lobe damage caused by a sharp instrument. The levels of iNOS expression, and the cell types expressing iNOS, change with time.
文摘ALD, which is the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), is a rare inherited metabolic disease caused by an enzyme deficiency leading to accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA), especially in brain and adrenal cortex. Its prevalence is currently estimated at 1:30,000 to 50,000 in males in Japan. We report a 34-year-old man, who acts of theft, peep and obscenity with adult onset cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). An elevated VLCFA and a point mutation in the ABCD1 gene confirmed the diagnosis of ALD. Diffusion-weighted MRI revealed a high intensity area in the white matter of the frontal lobes. T2-weighted image revealed diffuse high signal intensity in the deep white matter. MR diffusion-weighted image revealed high signal intensity area in the white matter of the frontal lobes.?Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy?(H-MRS) of the white matter of the frontal lobes revealed an extreme decrease of?N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and an increase of the choline (Cho)/creatinine (Cr) ratio. The mild?hypoperfusion was detected in the both cerebral hemispheres by the single photon emission CT (SPECT). The genetic phenotype was detected and he was diagnosed adult onset ALD. The only neurological sign was deviant behaviors as frontal lobe symptoms;despite a diffuse high signal intensity was detected in the deep white matter in the MRI examination. Psychiatric symptomatology is presented and may be one of the earliest manifestations of ALD. Psychiatrists as well as and physicians may encounter ALD.
文摘Objective: This study aimed to carry out a topographical analysis of frontal lobe executive function components in post-stroke patients. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study. The assessment using the WCST (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) included sixteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of CVA and frontal lobe impairment. Results from the two groups were compared (patients with right frontal lobe impairment and patients with left frontal lobe impairment). Statistical analysis was performed using the program “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” (SPSS) Version 20.0. For comparison between groups was used Mann-Whitney test and considered the alpha level of 0.05 on the statistically significant results. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups, thus showing that executive functions are symmetrically distributed across the frontal lobes. Conclusion: Executive functions are symmetrically organized across the two frontal lobes, since the comparison between the groups did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference for any of the variables of WSCT.
文摘AIMTo apply the Frontal Assessment Battery to cirrhotic patients with or without overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) and controls. METHODSThe frontal assessment battery (FAB) was applied to 87 patients with liver cirrhosis (16 with and 71 without OHE) and 40 control subjects without cirrhosis treated at the alcohol and liver outpatient clinics and the gastroenterology ward of the Cassiano Antônio de Moraes University Hospital (Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio de Moraes - HUCAM), Espírito Santo, Brazil. RESULTSThe average FAB score was lower for the cirrhotic than for the non-cirrhotic patients (10.6 ± 3.67 vs 12.25 ± 2.72, P = 0.015). The FAB score was lower for the cirrhotic patients with OHE than for the patients without OHE (8.25 ± 4.55 vs 11.14 ± 3.25, P = 0.027). The total FAB score was lower for the cirrhotic patients without OHE than for the non-cirrhotic patients, although this difference was not significant (11.14 ± 3.25 vs 12.25 ± 2.72, P = 0.067). Nevertheless, the difference in the scores on the subtest that assessed the ability to inhibit a response previously conditioned to a stimulus was significant (1.72 ± 0.93 vs 2.2 ± 0.85, P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONThe present study indicates that the FAB is a promising tool for outpatient minimal HE screening and the assessment of HE severity.
