Discussion on applying an analytical method to optimize the anti-freeze design parameters for underground water pipelines in seasonally frozen areas

Adopting the quasi-three-dimensional （Quasi-3D） numerical method to optimize the anti-freeze design parameters of an underground pipeline usually involves heavy numerical calculations. Here, the fitting formulae between the safe con-veyance distance （SCD） of a water pipeline and six influencing factors are established based on the lowest water temper-ature （LWT） along the pipeline axis direction. With reference to the current widely used anti-freeze design approaches for underground pipelines in seasonally frozen areas, this paper first analyzes the feasibility of applying the maximum frozen penetration （MFP） instead of the mean annual ground surface temperature （MAGST） and soil water content （SWC） to calculate the SCD. The results show that the SCD depends on the buried depth if the MFP is fixed and the variation of the MAGST and SWC combination does not significantly change the SCD. A comprehensive formula for the SCD is estab-lished based on the relationships between the SCD and several primary influencing factors and the interaction among them. This formula involves five easy-to-access parameters： the MFP, buried depth, pipeline diameter, flow velocity, and inlet water temperature. A comparison between the analytical method and the numerical results based on the Quasi-3D method indicates that the two methods are in good agreement overall. The analytic method can be used to optimize the anti-freeze design parameters of underground water pipelines in seasonally frozen areas under the condition of a 1.5 safety coefficient.

The protective performance of a molten salt frozen wall in the process of fluoride volatility of uranium

The fluoride volatility method (FVM) is a technique tailored to separate uranium from fuel salt of molten salt reactors. A key challenge in R&D of the FVM is corrosion due to the presence of molten salt and corrosive gases at high temperature. In this work, a frozen-wall technique was proposed to produce a physical barrier between construction materials and corrosive reactants. The protective performance of the frozen wall against molten salt was assessed using FLiNaK molten salt with introduced fluorine gas, which was regarded as a simulation of the FVM process. SS304, SS316L, Inconel 600 and graphite were chosen as the test samples. The extent of corrosion was characterized by an analysis of weight loss and scanning electron microscope studies. All four test samples suffered severe corrosion in the molten salt phase with the corrosion resistance as: Inconel 600>SS316L>graphite>SS304. The presence of the frozen wall could protect materials against corrosion by molten salt and corrosive gases, and compared with materials exposed to molten salt, the corrosion rates of materials protected by the frozen wall were decreased by at least one order of magnitude.

Numerical analyses of pile performance in laterally spreading frozen ground crust overlying liquefiable soils

Lateral spread of frozen ground crust over liquefied soil has caused extensive bridge foundation damage in the past winter earthquakes.A shake table experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of a model pile in this scenario and revealed unique pile failure mechanisms.The modelling results provided valuable data for validating numerical models.This paper presents analyses and results of this experiment using two numerical modeling approaches： solid-fluid coupled finite element（FE） modeling and the beam-on-nonlinear-Winkler-foundation（BNWF） method.A FE model was constructed based on the experiment configuration and subjected to earthquake loading.Soil and pile response results were presented and compared with experimental results to validate this model.The BNWF method was used to predict the pile response and failure mechanism.A p-y curve was presented for modelling the frozen ground crust with the free-field displacement from the experiment as loading.Pile responses were presented and compared with those of the experiment and FE model.It was concluded that the coupled FE model was effective in predicting formation of three plastic hinges at ground surface,ground crust-liquefiable soil interface and within the medium dense sand layer,while the BNWF method was only able to predict the latter two.

Average temperature calculation for straight single-row-piped frozen soil wall

The average temperature of frozen soil wall is an essential parameter in the process of design, construction, and safety manage- ment of artificial ground freezing engineering. It is the basis of calculating frozen soil＇s mechanical parameters, fiarther prediction of bearing capacity and, ultimately, safety evaluation of the frozen soil wall. Regarding the average temperature of sin- gle-row-piped frozen soil wall, this paper summarizes several current calculation methods and their shortcomings. Furthermore, on the basis of Bakholdin＇s analytical solution for the temperature field under straight single-row-piped freezing, two new calcula- tion models, namely, the equivalent trapezoid model and the equivalent triangle model, are proposed. These two approaches are used to calculate the average temperature of a certain cross section which indicates the condition of the whole frozen soil wall. Considering the possible parameter range according to the freezing pipe layout that might be applied in actual construction, this paper compares the average temperatures of frozen soil walls obtained by the equivalent trapezoid method and the equivalent tri- angle method with that obtained by numerical integration of Bakholdin＇s analytical solution. The results show that the discrepancies are extremely small and these two new approaches are better than currently prevailing methods. However, the equivalent triangle method boasts higher accuracy and a simpler formula compared with the equivalent trapezoid method.

Non-Dimensional Values for Convergence of Lift Prediction Using Panel Method

This paper presents an implementation and posterior analysis of the convergence of the panel method. The implemented panel method is based on vortex lines and an unsteady wake on a flat plate as a wing. The main goal of the study was to discover parameters and their values range to obtain convergence of the solution. Results of lift convergence in function of control panel’s position, the effect of the size of the wake panels, the dimension of the wake, and the computation time are quantitatively described. The lift results are similar to the predictions by the lifting-line theory and the wake exhibited an expected shape, showing wingtip, and start vortices. Geometric parameters and non-dimensional values were developed to increase accuracy and stability of the method.

Artificial Sun synchronous frozen orbit control scheme design based on J_2 perturbation

Sun synchronous orbit and frozen orbit formed due to J 2 perturbation have very strict constraints on orbital parameters,which have restricted the application a lot.In this paper,several control strategies were illustrated to realize Sun synchronous frozen orbit with arbitrary orbital elements using continuous low-thrust.Firstly,according to mean element method,the averaged rate of change of the orbital elements,originating from disturbing constant accelerations over one orbital period,was derived from Gauss＇ variation of parameters equations.Then,we proposed that binormal acceleration could be used to realize Sun synchronous orbit,and radial or transverse acceleration could be adopted to eliminate the rotation of the argument of the perigee.Finally,amending methods on the control strategies mentioned above were presented to eliminate the residual secular growth.Simulation results showed that the control strategies illustrated in this paper could realize Sun synchronous frozen orbit with arbitrary orbital elements,and can save much more energy than the schemes presented in previous studies,and have no side effect on other orbital parameters＇ secular motion.

冷冻食品中冰晶检测技术的研究进展

冷冻加工过程中冰晶的形成与生长会对食品的品质造成极大影响。快速而准确地检测冷冻食品中的冰晶,以有效控制和调节其成核和生长,具有重要的科学价值。该文在总结冰结晶过程及其对冷冻食品品质影响的基础上,概述了近年来冷冻食品中冰晶检测技术的相关研究进展,并对未来发展趋势和面临的挑战进行了分析和展望。其中,基于光学、电学、磁学、声学等物理方法的新型冰晶检测技术具有无损在线检测的潜力,且可以结合人工智能技术,极大地提高冰晶检测的准确性和效率,是未来该领域的重要发展趋势。

多冷媒非均质人工冻结壁弹塑性应力分析

【目的】受制冷媒介温度差异以及被冻地层与冻结管距离差异的影响,多冷媒联合双排管冻结壁的非均匀性较为显著,为了合理评价该类冻结壁的安全性,需开展考虑非均质性的多冷媒人工冻结壁弹塑性应力分析。【方法】选取距离1/4管距处的冻结壁作为特征截面,将该截面上的温度分布曲线等效成三段一次函数形式,并将冻结壁视为随温度成线性变化的非均质材料,分别基于4种冻土屈服准则,推导得出多冷媒联合双排管非均质冻结壁弹塑性应力解析表达式。基于该解析表达式,对多冷媒冻结壁的受力特性进行计算,并将该计算结果与均质冻结壁计算得出的结果进行对比。【结果和结论】研究发现:(1)在盐水-二氧化碳联合双排管冻结壁中,径向应力随着相对半径r的增加而上升,环向应力在不同冻结区间(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)表现出不同的变化趋势。(2)基于均质冻结壁计算理论,弹性极限状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在冻结壁内侧,弹塑性状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在弹塑性分界面处,塑性极限状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在冻结壁最外侧;而基于非均质冻结壁计算理论,冻结壁环向应力最大值始终出现在冻结壁分区界线(r=2)处。(3)在考虑非均质特性后,冻结壁的弹性极限承载力降低1.8%,而塑性极限承载力提高8.1%。在弹塑性状态下,对应相同塑性区相对半径,非均质冻结壁具有更高的承载力,且这种现象随着塑性区相对半径的增大而愈发明显。研究成果对富水地层多冷媒联合冻结帷幕的设计具有重要的参考价值。

上海软土地层中地铁联络通道冻结法施工的温度场发展特性

[目的]为了在冻结法施工前预先判断冻结壁的发展情况,验证设计的合理性,从而科学地指导工程施工,需要研究上海地铁联络通道在软土地层中冻结法施工的温度场发展规律,并提出检验指标及经济指标。[方法]以上海轨道交通15号线某区间联络通道为背景,对冻结壁厚度、土层温度、盐水温度及冻结过程进行分析,通过ABAQUS有限元软件建立全地层三维数值模型,预测冻结温度场发展特性,并与现场实测温度数据进行验证。[结果及结论]黏土层冻结帷幕平均发展速度为54.535 mm/d,粉质黏土层冻结帷幕平均发展速度为52.450 mm/d,黏土层比粉质黏土层冻结效果好;由于冻结管端头截面冻结效果较弱,以该截面处弱侧冻结壁厚度和平均温度作为冻结效果的检验指标,降低强度破坏可能性;盐水温度对冻结壁厚度发展的影响随温度的降低而减弱,其中-35~-30℃时经济效益最高;模拟结果与实测数据总体降温趋势一致,可较为真实地反映实际工程。

基于有限体积法碱金属高温热管冷态启动流动换热数值研究

为建立碱金属高温热管启动瞬态和运行稳态工作特性预测方法,本研究采用有限体积法(FVM)建立管壁导热模型、吸液芯流动传热模型和蒸气区模型。基于C语言开发并验证了碱金属高温热管的冷态启动瞬态分析程序,最大相对偏差为9.8%。仿真模拟了单根水平钠热管启动瞬态并开展敏感性分析,结果显示:对于本研究中使用的热管,在固定输入功率为1 000 W的环境条件下,启动开始后700 s热管蒸气区完全进入连续流态,到达稳态总用时为3 000 s,启动过程中工质熔化阶段吸液芯内部压力相对值逐渐增大,熔化完成后压力相对值略有降低;稳态运行下热管等温性良好,外壁面轴向温差稳定在22.5 K,吸液芯内部压降约为47 Pa;环境温度升高会延长热管到达稳态所需时间,并对稳态蒸气压力和流速分布产生一定影响;绝热段长度增加同样延长了热管启动到达稳态时间,同时对吸液芯内流体压力和速度分布存在一定影响。

基于CFD-DEM的流态化速冻影响因素研究

利用Fluent多孔介质理论建立了速冻流化床等效流域模型;以表观气速、入口温度、脉动频率为试验因素,根据CFD-DEM数值模拟方法对典型颗粒形状物料的流态化和冻结进行单因素试验分析,探究了各试验因素对物料冻结的影响规律;基于单因素试验结果,以平均降温速率为评价指标,进行三因素、四水平的正交试验,试验结果表明,在进风量一定的情况下,影响程度由强到弱依次为入口温度、脉动频率、表观气速。以期分析结果对脉冲气流式速冻工程实践具有一定的参考作用。

不同复热方式对添加甘薯蛋白水解物的冷冻预烤制面包品质的影响

前期研究表明,添加甘薯蛋白水解物(SPPH)能有效改善冷冻面团的品质。本研究在此基础上,以面包的损失率、含水量、硬度和色差为考察指标,在解冻或非解冻的条件下,探究微波、蒸汽和烘烤3种复热方式下SPPH对冷冻预烤制面包品质的影响。结果表明,与解冻组相比,非解冻复热后的面包品质均显著高于进行解冻前处理的面包。在相同复热条件下,SPPH组的冷冻预烤制面包具有更低的复热损失率,更高的含水量和更小的硬度,其中蒸汽复热组的品质最好,复热后的损失率仅降低了4.29%,水分质量分数由36.98%增加至39.38%,面包皮的硬度仅增加了0.27%。从色泽上看,烘烤复热组的面包表皮深褐色加深最为明显。综合各项指标,非解冻处理SPPH组的蒸汽复热方式复热效果最佳。SPPH的添加能够改善冷冻预烤制面包及其复热后的品质。

不同解冻方式对速冻黄桃品质的影响研究

为探究不同解冻方式对速冻黄桃品质的影响,本研究对比分析了低温空气解冻(4℃)、常温空气解冻(25℃)、微波解冻(解冻模式,700 W)、超声波辅助水解冻(40 kHz,200 W)4种解冻方式下速冻黄桃汁液流失率、水分含量、质构、色泽、风味和营养物质含量的差异。结果表明,相较于其他处理组,微波解冻速率最高,解冻时间为5.3 min,汁液流失率最大(16.45%),解冻后黄桃综合品质下降最显著(P<0.05);低温空气解冻耗时最长(470 min),黄桃汁液流失率最低(3.78%),质地和色泽品质变化最小,但营养物质损失较高;超声波辅助水解冻时间较短(5.5 min),汁液流失率较小,总酚和黄酮类物质流失最严重;常温空气解冻耗时65 min,总酚、类胡萝卜素和维生素C含量保留率最高。电子鼻分析显示,不同解冻处理下黄桃风味差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,微波解冻和超声波辅助水解冻效率较高,但低温空气解冻更利于速冻黄桃感官品质的保持,常温空气解冻更利于其营养品质的保持。本研究结果可为速冻黄桃解冻方式的选择提供理论与技术支撑。

人工冻土冻胀引发上覆地层与结构变形计算方法研究

人工冻结法在地下特殊施工中的冻胀风险引发广泛关注,上覆地表变形可能造成城市道路、建筑结构变形,继而引发破坏,需要对地表及结构变形进行预测。瞄准冻胀的实质是冻土中水分迁移引起的宏观表现,基于Peck公式计算思路,对冻胀引起的上覆地层变形进行公式推导和参数取值,得出适合计算冻胀变形的冻隆公式,以求解冻结过程中上覆地层产生的冻胀量。通过水分迁移试验测定冻结水分迁移速度,推导和归纳冻结外锋面半径经验计算方法,得出冻土体积增加量计算公式。以郑州某冻结工程实测数据,计算土体冻结过程中的水分体积增加率,冻隆公式计算值与实测值接近,满足施工过程中安全评价分析的需求。研究成果可为人工冻结技术在高风险地下工程领域的技术研究应用提供理论基础和计算参考。

国家冰冻人血清总蛋白标准物质在参考方法量值传递中的应用

目的评价以冰冻人血清总蛋白标准物质为校准品的参考方法测量结果的准确性。方法分别以SRM927e、SRM927f、GBW09186~188为校准品测量国际比对样本RELA 22A、22B,选出合适的校准品测量国际比对样本RELA 23A、23B、18A、18B、17A、17B和53份临床剩余单人份血清。参考美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)EP09-A3文件对结果进行比对。结果以SRM927f为校准品,RELA 22A、22B的测量结果超出国际临床化学和检验医学联合会(IFCC)等效限,以SRM927e为校准品的测量结果在等效限范围内。以冰冻人血清总蛋白标准物质GBW09186~188为校准品的测量结果均在IFCC等效限范围内,其中以GBW09188的测量偏移最小;以GBW09188为校准品测量3年国际比对样本的测量偏移为-0.45%~0.45%,均在等效限范围内。以SRM927e、GBW09188为校准品的Bland-Altman一致性分析结果显示,所有数据均在95%可信区间(CI)内,2个校准品有较好的一致性;4种回归分析结果显示,各医学决定水平处的偏移均在临床可接受范围内。结论以冰冻人血清总蛋白标准物质GBW09188为校准品的血清总蛋白参考方法的测量结果准确可靠。

预醒发冷冻生胚馒头熟制工艺优化

为提高冷冻生胚馒头的品质,该文探究预醒发时间、解冻方式和蒸制方式对馒头比容、感官评分和质构特性的影响,结合单因素和Box-Behnken响应面法,优化预醒发冷冻生胚馒头熟制工艺。通过差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜和面包图像分析仪,分析对照生胚面团与最优工艺条件下预醒发冷冻生胚馒头面团可冻结水含量、微观结构以及馒头孔隙分布的变化。结果表明,最佳预醒发冷冻生胚馒头熟制工艺为预醒发时间22 min,醒发箱解冻时间58 min,蒸箱蒸制时间18 min,该条件下馒头具有最优的感官品质,且不发生起泡收缩现象,馒头品质得到明显改善。

隧道-逃生井平面斜交联络通道冻结施工温度场发展规律

结合台北市地铁某联络通道冻结工程,运用COMSOL有限元软件建立三维数值瞬变模型,针对该工程冻土帷幕和温度场的发展规律展开深入的研究,并对温度场的变化过程进行动态模拟。仿真模拟结果表明,当冻结管呈放射状排列时,冻结管的密度对冻结效果的影响非常显著,冻结管越密集的地方其冻结效果越出色;冻结壁的交圈时间成为冻胀变形迅速增加的决定性时刻,在设计冻结方案下,冻结壁交圈时间是第15天左右;通过模拟冻土帷幕的发育过程,整个冻土帷幕发展最薄弱的区域是逃生井右侧的冻结区域,建议增加冻结管的数量来加强该区域的冻结效果;3条路径测温点(DJ-1、DJ-2、DJ-3,路径DJ-1位于冻结区域之外,路径DJ-2位于冻结管附近,DJ-3位于冻结帷幕区域内部)的降温曲线表明,离冻结管距离越远冻结效果越差,温度下降速度越慢。整个冻土帷幕的平均厚度和平均温度满足冻结设计要求,验证采用联络通道冻结法是合理的。

冷媒温度和渗流速度对富水砂层冻结温度场的影响规律研究

针对天津地区地铁隧道施工中存在富水砂层等复杂水文地质条件下的冻结问题,通过室内模型试验和数值模拟的结合,研究了冷媒温度和渗流速度对砂土冻结温度场、交圈时间和冻结壁发展的影响。研究结果表明:随着冷媒温度降低,冻结管附近的温度梯度越陡,冻结壁也变得更厚。渗流存在时,渗流水将冷量从上游带到下游,阻碍了冻结壁在上游方向的发展,同时在一定程度上推动了冻结壁在下游方向的发展,导致冻结壁厚度不均匀。最终,冻结壁的形状从静水时的圆形发展为心形。在实际工程中,采用注浆等手段减缓渗流速度,并降低冷媒温度,可缩短交圈时间,确保冻结进程顺利进行。

中心城区不同高程管道侧接联通施工技术研究

在上海市中心城区施工暗挖管道及其工作井多位于市政道路上,地下管线错综复杂,常常存在不同方向管道汇流处存在高差的难题。故结合龙华污水处理厂初期雨水调蓄工程LH1.2标的7号工作井及与管道连接的工艺,提出一种不同高程管道侧接联通工艺。在有限元模拟和受力分析结果可行基础上,从施工技术角度具体分析一座占地面积小的钢壳沉井联通不同高程上的顶管管道和盾构管道的施工方法,实现不同高程管道的联通,从而创建一种中心城区应用于狭窄道路上管道联通的绿色施工技术。

不同解冻方法对3种速冻柑橘果肉品质特性的影响

为探究解冻方法对秭归脐橙、宜昌蜜桔、椪柑3个品种速冻柑橘果肉品质的影响,采用冰箱解冻、自然解冻、流水解冻、水浴解冻、超声波解冻和微波解冻6种方法对柑橘果肉进行处理,测定了速冻柑橘果肉的解冻时间、汁液流失率、常规品质指标、色泽、硬度、总酚含量、抗氧化活性的变化,并进行感官评价。结果表明,不同解冻处理对秭归脐橙、宜昌蜜桔和椪柑果肉品质的影响呈现显著差异(P<0.05)。秭归脐橙、宜昌蜜桔、椪柑3个品种微波解冻的时间最短,分别是0.82、0.89、0.81 min;汁液流失率最低,分别是0.25%、0.16%、0.15%;微波和超声波解冻的常规品质指标保存的较好;微波解冻的色泽影响最小,ΔE分别为8.48、7.52、4.71,且硬度损失率最小,分别降低了36.10%、52.03%和36.48%;总酚含量、抗氧化活性较高,感官方面与新鲜果肉样品最接近。以上结果表明,相比于其他5种解冻方式,微波解冻可以在1 min内完成果肉的解冻,有效减缓果肉颜色变化和硬度损失,较好地保留速冻柑橘果肉的食用品质和营养品质。