Accumulated chilling hours during endodormancy impact blooming and fruit shape development in peach(Prunus persica L.)

Winter chill is essential for the growth and development of deciduous species. To understand the relationship between accumulated chilling hours during endodormancy and blooming and fruit shape development, we controlled chilling hours and investigated their effects on blooming date and fruit shape of peaches. The results showed that the number of days to full bloom date and the heat requirement for blooming were negatively correlated with accumulated chilling hours. Accumulated chilling hours were significantly negatively correlated with fruit shape index and fruit tip lengths, suggesting that the number of chilling hours affect the fruit shape development. Fewer accumulated chilling hours may be the major reason for longer fruit shape and protruding fruit tips. In conclusion, our results indicate specifically that decreased winter chilling hours can delay the bloom date and may lead to aberrant fruit shape development in peaches. Our study provides preliminary insights into the response of temperate fruit species to global climate change.

QTL Mapping for Cucumber Fruit Size and Shape with Populations from Long and Round Fruited Inbred Lines

To gain insight into the molecular and genetic basis of fruit size and shape in cucumber,we conducted Quantitative Trait Locus(QTL)mapping with F2 and BC1F1 populations derived froma cross between the Northern-China type inbred line CNS21 and the Southern-China type inbred line RNS7.Populations were evaluated during two developmental stages,ovary at anthesis and commercial fruit(immature fruit).A total of 13 major-effect QTLs(R2>10%)were detected for six traits,and one of them,fruit shape index 2.1,explained more than 50%of phenotypic variation.All QTLs distributed on chromosome(chr)1 and 2.We constructed a physical map containing almost all of the QTLs with their physical location from previous studies.For fruit size and shape,the highest number of QTLs were mapped on chr1 and chr6,and the fewest number were mapped on chr2 and chr7.At least one consensus region was presented on each chromosome.In addition,three candidate genes were predicted between the long-fruited and round-fruited inbred lines by comparing the sequences of the consensus region of chr3,where many QTLs for marketable fruit length had been detected.Our results provide a base for additional QTLs and molecular markers for fruit size and shape in cucumber breeding.

Origin of the Domesticated Horticultural Species and Molecular Bases of Fruit Shape and Size Changes during the Domestication, Taking Tomato as an Example

Domestication of crop plants is the foundation of modern agriculture, which brings forth desirable changes in cultivated species that distinguish them from their wild relatives. This resulted in the origin of crop species at known geographical locations coinciding with the transition of human societies from hunter-gather to agrarian civilizations. Fruit size and shape are very important traits for horticulture industry, as well as for studying the domestication of the horticultural species. In this review, we have summarized the origin of some widely-grown horticultural crops and also the molecular bases of the fruit size and shape changes of the horticultural crops during the domestication, taking tomato as an example.

Effects of Special Plant Nutritional Elements on Honey Pomelo Fruits

[Objective] The effects of special plant nutritional elements on honey pomelo fruits were investigated. [Method] After the honey pomelo flowers faded, the special plant nutritional elements （SPNE） were sprayed on the honey pomelo plants. After an interval of 20 d or more, the SPNE were sprayed again. A total of 4 times of spraying were carried out before the harvesting. Then difference in yield, quality, fruit weight, fruit appearance, ball weight and internal characteristics were compared between the SPNE treatment group and the control group. [Result] Compared to that of the control group, the fruit number per plant of the SPNE treatment group was more, and the average fruit weight was higher, resulting in the higher yield in the SPNE treatment group. At the same time, the vitamin C and soluble solids con- tent in honey pomelo fruits of the treatment group was higher than that of the con- trol group. The quality of honey pomelo fruits was higher in the SPNE treatment group. The honey pomelo fruits treated with SPNE were bigger, more shining and cleaner. The fruits in the treatment group had no scar, but had more beautiful shape. The exocarp of the treatment group was thinner than that of the control group. The ball weight of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group. Moreover, the ball appearance of the treatment group was cleaner. In the treatment group, the pulp segments were bigger and more consistent in size. In ad- dition, there were no internal cracks in the pulp segments. The fruits of the treat- ment group were more sparkling and more transparent. They tasted better. [Con- clusion] We hoped to provide a theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-yield- ing production of honey pomelo.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of shortened fruit mutant in woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) using RNA-Seq

Genes controlling fruit appearance determine fruit shape and size. In ethylmethane sulfonate （EMS）-mutagenized lines of Fragaria vesca accession Yellow Wonder （YW）, two fruit shapes are observed： wild-type long fruit and mutated shortened fruit （sf）. In this study, we first characterized sf based on morphology, histology, cytology and physiology. The sf was identified as a gibberellin （GA）-deficient mutant, and four complementary DNA （cDNA） libraries separately constructed from flower buds and small green fruits of YW and sfwere sequenced to comparatively analyze transcriptome differences. A total of 29 differentially expressed GA pathway genes were identified by comparisons between YWl and sfl, and 28 differentially expressed GA pathway genes were identified between YW2 and sf2. In addition, the expression patterns of 45 differentially expressed genes were validated by quantificational real-time PCR （qRT-PCR）, and the results were highly concordant with the RNA-Seq results.＇ This transcriptome analysis provides valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanisms of fruit development of strawberry.

两种催花剂处理对“台农4号”菠萝催花效果的影响

针对生产上“台农4号”菠萝诱导催花通常采用电石处理2~3次,操作复杂,且不利于绿色安全生产,采用植物生长调节剂乙烯利进行“台农4号”菠萝诱导催花处理,测定比较不同浓度乙烯利和电石处理的结果性状和果实内外品质。结果表明,“台农4号”菠萝对乙烯利催花较敏感,较低浓度(30 mg/kg)乙烯利处理的抽蕾率可以达到99%以上,而高浓度(960 mg/kg和480 mg/kg)乙烯利和电石处理的平均单果质量无显著性差异,均在1.08 kg以上,低浓度(240、30 mg/kg)乙烯利处理的单果质量较低。在果实外观方面,480、960 mg/kg乙烯利催花处理的圆筒果率显著高于其他处理,均超过94%,较1.25%电石灌心2次处理高32%,说明高浓度乙烯利处理可以显著提高圆筒果率。在果实内在品质方面,乙烯利催花处理的维生素C含量、总糖含量、糖酸比、可溶性固形物含量显著高于电石催花处理。相关性分析表明,乙烯利催花处理浓度与果实维生素C含量、总糖含量、糖酸比和可溶性固形物呈极显著正相关,而与柠檬酸含量呈极显著负相关。综合来看,“台农4号”菠萝采用960 mg/kg乙烯利(40%乙烯利水剂500倍液)+0.2%尿素灌心催花处理效果较佳,抽蕾率99.69%,圆筒果率99.38%,平均单果质量1.22 kg,维生素C 40.45 mg/100 g,可溶性固形物17.93%,总糖17.84%,柠檬酸0.61%,糖酸比29.51,建议生产上可替代电石催花。

贵州不同产区蜂糖李果实糖酸组分差异及品质评价

【目的】探明贵州不同产区蜂糖李果实的糖酸品质特征,为提高蜂糖李果品质量整体水平和促进产业可持续发展提供参考。【方法】以贵州安顺4个种植区(AZNL、AZND、AZNJ和AZYH)、黔南州3个种植区(QNLF、QNLM和QNHD)以及贵阳(GXFS)、黔西南州(QXQG)、铜仁市(TYHG)和遵义市(ZSYX)种植的蜂糖李新鲜成熟果实为材料,考察果形指数和硬度等外观品质,检测分析果实糖酸组分及含量、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量等主要风味指标,并对果品品质22个指标进行主成分分析和系统聚类分析。【结果】11份蜂糖李果实糖含量为102.29~160.71 mg/g,糖组分以蔗糖含量最高,平均56.21 mg/g,山梨醇含量最低,仅20.71 mg/g;有机酸含量为5.29~7.89 mg/g,有机酸组分以苹果酸含量最高,平均达5.31 mg/g,抗坏血酸含量最低,仅0.04 mg/g。主成分分析共提取5个主成分,累积贡献率达92.89%,获得品质评价函数:F=0.361 F_(1)+0.241 F_(2)+0.153 F_(3)+0.107 F_(4)+0.066 F5。聚类分析显示,QXQG和AZNL各为一类,其余9个样品聚为一类,其中,AZNL和QXQG综合得分较高,品质最佳。【结论】贵州11份不同种植区蜂糖李果实品质依次为AZNL> QXQG> QNLF> AZNJ> AZND> QNLM> AZYH> QNHD> GXFS> ZSYX>TYHG。

灵武长枣两种光泽度果实外形特征性状比较分析

【目的】探究灵武长枣两种光泽度果实,即高光泽度果实(S果)和低光泽度果实(R果)的光泽度及外形特征性状关系的差异,为灵武长枣优质高效栽培提供参考与指导。【方法】采集6、9和12 a生灵武长枣的两种光泽度果实(S/R果)作为试验材料,测定其光泽度、单果质量、果实横纵径、果实硬度、果皮厚、果肉厚、核纵横径、单核质量、可食率和含仁率等果实外形特征性状,并对其进行了比较和相关性分析。【结果】1)3个树龄的R果的单果质量、果实横纵径、果皮厚、核纵横径、含仁率均极显著大于S果的(P<0.01),其中6、9和12 a生灵武长枣R果的含仁率分别是S果的28.04、15.49、14.99倍,并且R果的光泽度极显著小于S果的(P<0.01),仅为S果的63.1%~67.1%,R果的果肉厚、单核质量均显著大于S果的(P<0.05);12 a生的R果的可食率最小,且9、12 a生的均显著小于同年份的S果的可食率;2)不同树龄灵武长枣,于高光泽度果实(S果)而言:在光泽度、单果质量、果实横纵径、果实硬度、果肉厚、核纵径、单核质量、可食率在树龄上存在显著差异(P<0.05);于低光泽度果实(R果)而言:其果实纵径、果实硬度、果皮厚、核纵横径、单核质量、可食率存在显著差异(P<0.05),且与S果表现均不相同;3)不同树龄植株灵武长枣S、R果实的光泽度均与单果质量、果实纵径呈极显著正相关;S果的树龄与单果质量、果实横纵径、果肉厚、枣核纵径、单核质量、可食率呈显著或极显著负相关;R果的树龄与果实纵径、可食率呈显著或极显著负相关,与果实硬度、果皮厚、核横径、单核质量呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】不同树龄灵武长枣两种光泽度果实的光泽度及外形特征性状均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),并且在树龄、光泽度及其各项外形特征性状之间存在着显著相关性(P<0.05)。

不同辣椒种质资源品质性状分析

对36份山东地方辣椒种质资源的品质性状进行了不同果形和聚类类别的方差分析、变异系数分析、隶属度分析和聚类分析。结果表明,不同辣椒种质资源材料间品质性状变异系数为14.37%~110.26%,其中辣椒素含量变异系数最大(110.26%);不同果形中,粗纤维含量平均值组间差异达显著水平(P=0.013^(∗)),其中线形椒变异系数最大(165.22%);5个品质指标的平均隶属度在0.18~0.65,综合品质存在较大差异,平均隶属度超过0.60且排名前3的辣椒种质资源按由大到小为L949(0.65)=L958(0.65)>L951(0.64)>L933(0.61)=L945(0.61)=LP220(0.61);该6个辣椒种质材料品质性状表现较好,可应用于药用、饲用及食品加工业等。

玉露香梨两种树形光照分布与果实产量及品质的比较

以树龄4 a玉露香梨为试材,研究倒伞形和圆柱形两种树形冠层内的光照分布及其对果实产量及品质的影响。研究表明,两种树形冠层内相对光照强度变化一致,都是从上层至下层,从外围至内膛逐渐减弱。两种树形的果形指数相近,单果质量、果肉硬度和石细胞含量也一致,都从树冠上层至下层逐渐降低,果形指数逐渐增高,可溶性固形物均表现为树冠中层>上层>下层。但圆柱形树体果实产量低于倒伞形树形,硬度和石细胞含量低于倒伞形树形;单果质量、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸都高于倒伞形树形。综和评价,圆柱形树形更适宜西北高原环境,生产实践中应结合修剪调整产量。

甜瓜果形基因CmSUN25-26-27a的鉴定和分子标记

【目的】挖掘甜瓜果形相关基因,为甜瓜果实形状的遗传改良提供理论基础。【方法】通过全基因组鉴定,系统发育分析,结合表达量与果形的关联分析来鉴定参与甜瓜果形调控的CmSUN基因,并利用候选基因在自然群体中的序列变异开发相关分子标记。【结果】通过全基因组鉴定及系统发育分析,鉴定到甜瓜CmSUN家族的CmSUN25-26-27a基因。该基因在开花当天的雌花中有显著的表达,并且在不同果形甜瓜中的表达量与果形指数(fruit shape index,FSI)呈正相关关系;对200份自然群体的序列分析发现,CmSUN25-26-27a基因编码区存在一个SNP-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism(A/G),导致了编码氨基酸的非同义突变,含有CmSUN25-26-27a^(A)等位基因的厚皮甜瓜的FSI显著高于含CmSUN25-26-27a^(G)等位基因的厚皮种质。该SNP位点将厚皮甜瓜按果形大致分为FSI>1.5(A)和FSI<1.5(G)两种类型。根据该SNP位点设计了用于区分甜瓜果形的dCAPS标记。【结论】CmSUN25-26-27a同源基因广泛参与葫芦科作物的果形调控,该基因在甜瓜中的表达量及序列变异与甜瓜FSI具有显著相关性。

辣椒重组自交系群体果实和叶形性状的遗传分析

通过朝天椒D71和甜椒D72组合构建辣椒重组自交系(recombiant inbred line,RIL),测定2种不同生长环境下RIL群体的单果质量、果长、果肩宽、果宽、果实硬度、果肉厚、果柄粗、叶宽和叶长共9个性状,分析其遗传规律。结果表明,多数性状在2种生长环境下的偏度系数和峰度系数的绝对值均小于1,表明这些性状具有典型的数量性状特征,说明群体各性状受多基因控制的影响。各性状变异系数平均值为16.73%~52.06%,其中单果质量的变异系数平均值最大,为52.06%,而叶长最小,仅为16.73%。群体性状遗传力范围为42.03%~51.21%,其中果实多个性状间均呈显著或极显著正相关,而果实硬度与其他性状呈显著或极显著负相关。在不同生长环境下,群体在E1下性状表现力要好于E2,变异现象分析说明该RIL群体内部有丰富的遗传变异,遗传力分析表明辣椒果实性状受到基因型和环境型共同作用的影响,且受环境型影响略高于基因型影响。RIL群体在2种生长环境下的各性状分布均呈正态分布或近似正态分布,这些性状属于典型的数量性状遗传。以上结果可为辣椒新品种的选育提供参考。

不同砧木对多主干树形‘瑞香红’苹果幼树树体生长及果实品质的影响

【目的】探究在多主干树形整形条件下,不同砧木对‘瑞香红’苹果树体生长及果实品质的影响,为‘瑞香红’苹果生产筛选适宜砧木和多主干树形推广应用提供理论依据。【方法】以3年生‘瑞香红’/青砧1号、‘瑞香红’/圆叶海棠、‘瑞香红’/M9T337为试材,结合多主干树形整形。于2023年4月至2024年3月对不同砧穗组合的树体结构、枝类组成、一年生枝生长、光合特性、矿质元素含量及果实品质进行测定分析。【结果】结果表明,‘瑞香红’/圆叶海棠苹果接穗的树高、亲和性、枝量、一年生枝生长量和光合特性都显著高于‘瑞香红’/青砧1号和‘瑞香红’/M9T337,营养生长旺盛。‘瑞香红’/青砧1号树体长势略低于‘瑞香红’/圆叶海棠,但高于‘瑞香红’/M9T337,能较好保持‘瑞香红’果形,硬度高、耐贮存,但单株结果量少、果实偏酸。‘瑞香红’/M9T337树体短枝占比高、树冠各部位营养生长均衡,且果实单株产量高、果实品质好。在春梢和秋梢生长期,3种砧穗组合新梢叶片的矿质元素含量存在差异。圆叶海棠和青砧1号接穗叶片的N、Mg、Fe、B及春梢生长期Mn、Zn含量均显著高于M9T337,而P、K、Mo、Cu及秋梢生长期Mn、Zn含量为M9T337高于圆叶海棠和青砧1号。【结论】M9T337砧木结合多主干树形整形的树体矮化效果最好,单株结果多、果实品质好,但树势弱、抗逆性差。圆叶海棠砧木亲和性高、长势旺盛,结合多主干树形整形密植效果好、抗逆性强、果实品质较好。

不同施肥处理对5年树龄不同澳洲坚果品种果实发育的影响

为探究5年树龄澳洲坚果最优配方肥施肥量。试验以JW、OC、桂热1号和695等5年树龄结果树为研究对象,通过对花芽分化期、开花期、坐果期、果实膨大期和硬核期等不同果实发育期,施用配方肥,分析不同配方肥对不同品种5年树龄果实生理指标的影响。结果表明,配方肥T5处理组合配比,增产效果较好。在实际生产中,产量随着不同时期配方肥施用量的增加而增加,与施肥量呈正相关。合理科学施肥,澳洲坚果青果会变大,单果重明显提高,果形变得更加圆润,果皮会变薄,鲜种质量有增加,能促进澳洲坚果产量提升。

贡水白柚果实分级标准研究

果实科学分级对于保证果实品质,提高鲜果附加值,促进贡水白柚产业发展是必不可少的。贡水白柚是宣恩县农业主导产业之一,本研究以随机选取的210份贡水白柚果实为材料,进行果形指标、质构、糖度及其相关性分析。结果表明,贡水白柚全果及果肉质量差异明显,全果质量为734~2 178 g,平均1 128.64 g;果肉质量440~731 g,平均564.61 g,根据全果及果肉质量可分为4级。全果质量、果肉质量及横径与果皮顶距、底距、中距、纵径、糖度等各性状指标呈明显的相关关系,可作为主要分级指标。因此,建议将贡水白柚全果质量作为主要分级指标,果实横径作为第二分级指标进行综合分级,对提高贡水白柚的经济效益意义重大。

‘京白梨’果形及果重差异影响因素分析

为解决‘京白梨’品质退化的问题,以北京地区‘京白梨’结果树为试材,比较不同秋子梨授粉品种、坐果序位和立地条件(丘陵和平地果园)对‘京白梨’果形和果重的影响。结果表明,利用‘子母梨’、‘山梨’、‘鸭广梨’、‘金香水’和‘寒红’分别给‘京白梨’授粉,‘山梨’、‘寒红’授粉效果最佳,获得的‘京白梨’果重分别为113.60、110.80 g,果形指数均为0.82;3~5序位坐果率高、果重大,优于1~2序位和6~9序位坐果;山地丘陵果园‘京白梨’果重100.77 g、果形指数0.82,而平地果园果重125.08 g、果形指数0.87,果形指数受立地条件影响。综上所述,为保证‘京白梨’果形的典型性,可配置‘山梨’和‘寒红’为授粉品种,疏果保留3~5序位,并在冷凉山区环境种植。

树形对促早栽培桃冠层结构、光合特性及果实品质的影响

【目的】研究不同树形对促早栽培桃树冠层光照及果实品质的影响,为筛选出适宜桃促早栽培的高光效省力化树形提供理论参考。【方法】以4年生中农早珍珠容器栽培苗为试材,研究主干形、水平中心干多直立主枝形、对向V形、水平中心干多对向V形4种树形对冠层相对光照度、冠层结构、光合日变化和果实品质的影响。【结果】各树形冠层平均相对光照度由高到低依次是对向V形、水平中心干多对向V形、水平中心干多直立主枝形、主干形,对向V形有效光区占比最大,为77.73%。对向V形的光能截获率和叶片一天光合净积累量最高,分别为92.70%和1768.97 mmol·m^(-2)。对向V形、水平中心干多对向V形的果香型挥发物酯类、内酯类物质及具有花香型香气特性的芳樟醇含量均高于其他2种树形。【结论】对4种树形的11个指标进行主成分分析,综合多方面的因素得出,4种树形的优劣顺序依次为:对向V形、水平中心干多对向V形、主干形、水平中心干多直立主枝形。对向V形综合得分最高,果实品质较好,是比较适宜促早栽培模式下中农早珍珠桃的优良树形。

基于果形对草莓品种遗传多样性SSR分析

本研究利用SSR分子标记技术对国家果树种质北京草莓圃的173份草莓品种进行区分,根据果形利用PopGene软件对其做了聚类分析。结果显示,长圆锥形、短圆锥形、阔圆锥形、圆锥形/长楔形、圆锥形/平楔形、长楔形、近圆形、圆球形/卵圆形的观测纯合度都为0.846 2,扁球形、圆球形/半圆球形、短圆锥形/短楔形的观测纯合度都在0.923 1~0.948 7之间,但是短圆形纯合度最低,为0.692 3,由此发现与其他形状的亲缘关系较远,其余形状相互之间的亲缘关系较近。根据果形分析SSR扩增等位基因的多态性发现,173份草莓品种整体纯合体偏多,其中楔形/长圆锥形的无杂合体,而短圆形的纯合体最少,草莓品种整体亲缘关系较近。

基于 YOLOv8 和 PSP-Ellipse 的火龙果成熟度识别

[目的]提高火龙果成熟度检测准确率及鲁棒性。[方法]采用YOLOv8目标检测模型与PSP-Ellipse分割算法相结合的策略,提出一种高效且准确的火龙果成熟度自动识别方法。先利用YOLOv8的实时目标检测功能对火龙果进行初步定位和识别,再通过PSP-Ellipse的形状识别能力,对火龙果的形状和成熟度进行进一步的精细分类。[结果]火龙果成熟度分类准确率为97.6%,鲁棒性较强。[结论]该方法在复杂背景和多种光照条件下能够显著提高火龙果的自动化分级效率。

浙北山地桃树不同树形对产量、品质和成本的影响

桃树是浙北山地地区主栽的经济性果树树种,而树形的选择对于桃树产量、品质以及经济效益的提升有着重要意义。本试验通过选择传统的三主枝自然开心形(开心形)和主干形的两种树形进行比较试验,以期为山地地区选择树形提供依据。结果表明,采摘时期主干形桃树早于开心形8 d,产量上主干形桃树投产快,第三年产量即高出开心形桃树60.6%;可溶性固形物含量方面,主干形桃树高于开心形,但是开心形果实较为鲜艳;从成本上,修剪成本开心形桃树是主干形的1.95倍,而田间管理费用开心形桃树是主干形桃树的2.48倍,山地条件下主干形行距宽适合小型机械使用。