Fuel load and flight ranges of blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla in northern Iberia during autumn and spring migrations

Fuel accumulation, mainly as fatty acids, is one of the main characteristics of migratory, birds. Studying to what extent each population or species manages fuel load and how it varies along routes of migration or between seasons （autumn and spring migrations） is crucial to our understanding of bird migration strategies. Our aim here was to analyse whether migratory blackcaps Sylvia atrieapilla passing through northern Iberia differ in their mean fuel loads, rate of fuel accumulation and ＇ potential＇ flight ranges between migration seasons. Blackcaps were mist netted for 4 h-periods beginning at dawn from 16 September to 15 November 2003 - 2005, and from 1 March to 30 April 2004 - 2006 in a European Atlantic hedgerow at Loza, northern Iberia. Both fuel load and fuel deposition rate （this latter assessed with difference in body mass of within-season recaptured individuals） were higher in autumn than in spring. Possible hypotheses explaining these results could be seasonal-associated variations in food availability （likely lower during spring than during autumn）, the fact that a fraction of the migrants captured in spring could breed close to the study area and different selective pressures for breeding and wintering

DYNAMIC PREDICION OF FOREST FUEL LOADS BY GREY VERHULST MODEL

The variation of fuel loads after a fire for three forest types, phododendron -Larix gmetinii forest, herb--Larix gmelinii forest and herb--Betula plalyphlla forest , in the northern forest area of Daxing’anling region was discussed. The dynamic models were developed by gray theory for estimating the fuels loads of arbor- shrub, herbs’ grass, litter, and semi-decomposed litter, inflamma ble fuel and the total fuels in each forest type. After a fire, the inflammabIe fuel loads in phododendron-- Larix gmelinii forest and in the herb- - Betula platyphlla fores was estimated at 10.958 t/hm2and 10.473 t/hm2 respectively’ by 13 years later. and that was 12.297 t/hm 2 in herb--Larix gmeliniiforest by 7 years later.. It was predicated that a big fire may occur after 10 years based on inflammable fuel biomass accumulated.

Fuel loading pattern optimization of a pressurized water reactor by varying internal weights-based particle swarm optimization

Fuel reload pattern optimization is essential for attaining maximum fuel burnup for minimization of generation cost while minimizing power peaking factor(PPF).The aim of this work is to carry out detailed assessment of particle swarm optimization(PSO) in the context of fuel reload pattern search. With astronomically large number of possible loading patterns, the main constraints are limiting local power peaking factor, fixed number of assemblies,fixed fuel enrichment, and burnable poison rods. In this work, initial loading pattern of fixed batches of fuel assemblies is optimized by using particle swarm optimization technique employing novel feature of varying inertial weights with the objective function to obtain both flat power profile and cycle k_(eff)>1. For neutronics calculation, PSU-LEOPARD-generated assembly depletiondependent group-constant-based ADD files are used. The assembly data description file generated by PSU-LEOPARD is used as input cross-section library to MCRAC code, which computes normalized power profile of all fuel assemblies of PWR nuclear reactor core. The standard PSO with varying inertial weights is then employed to avoid trapping in local minima. A series of experiments havebeen conducted to obtain near-optimal converged fuelloading pattern of 300 MWe PWR Chashma reactor. The optimized loading pattern is found in good agreement with results found in literature. Hybrid scheme of PSO with simulated annealing has also been implemented and resulted in faster convergence.

Fuel characteristics, loads and consumption in Scots pine forests of central Siberia

Forest fuel investigations in central and southern Siberian taiga of Scots pine forest stands dominated by lichen and feather moss ground vegetation cover revealed that total aboveground biomass varied from 13.1 to 21.0 kg/m 2.Stand biomass was higher in plots in the southern taiga,while ground fuel loads were higher in the central taiga.We developed equations for fuel biomass(both aerial and ground)that could be applicable to similar pine forest sites of Central Siberia.Fuel loading variability found among plots is related to the impact and recovery time since the last wildfi re and the mosaic distribution of living vegetation.Fuel consumption due to surface fi res of low to high-intensities ranged from 0.95 to 3.08 kg/m 2,that is,18–74%from prefi re values.The total amount of fuels available to burn in case of fi re was up to 4.5–6.5 kg/m 2.Moisture content of fuels(litter,lichen,feather moss)was related to weather conditions characterized by the Russian Fire Danger Index(PV-1)and FWI code of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System.The data obtained provide a strong foundation for understanding and modeling fi re behavior,emissions,and fi re eff ects on ecosystem processes and carbon stocks and could be used to improve existing global and regional models that incorporate biomass and fuel characteristics.

Characteristics of Dynamic Load Response of a Fuel Cell with a Dead-ended Anode

The dynamic load characteristics of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell（PEMFC） with a dead-ended anode were studied. In a 70 h experiment, the effects of anode pressure, operating temperature, and relative humidity of the cathode on the performances of the fuel cell were investigated. The obtained results show that, with different relative humidity of the cathode at 65 ℃, dynamic loading has little effect on the performances of fuel cell and the electrochemically active surface area（ECSA）. However, the fuel cell operating under dynamic load is unstable when the relative humidity is 50%, and at 50 ℃ with 100% relative humidity, applying a dynamic load has a significant influence on the fuel cell performances. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） showed that both the upstream and middle catalyst layers of the cell were unchanged, whereas the downstream cathode catalyst layer thinned as a response to dynamic load.

In-core fuel management strategy for the basket-fuel-assembly molten salt reactor

Molten salt reactor, with good economics and inherent reliability, is one of the six types of Generation IV candidate reactors. The Basket-Fuel-Assembly Molten Salt Reactor(BFAMSR) is a new concept design based on fuel assemblies composed of fuel pebbles made of TRISOcoated particles. Four refueling patterns, similar to the fuel management strategy for water reactors, are designed and analyzed for BFAMSR in terms of economy and security.The MCNPX is employed to calculate the parameters, such as the total duration time, cycle length, discharge burnup,total discharge quantity of ^(235)U, total discharge quantity of ^(239)Pu, neutron flux distribution and power distribution. The in–out loading pattern has the highest burnup and duration time, the worst neutron flux and power distribution and the lowest neutron leakage. The out–in pattern possesses the most uniform neutron flux distribution, the lowest burnup and total duration time, and the highest neutron leakage.The out–in partition alternate pattern has slightly higher burnup, longer total duration time and smaller neutron leakage than that of the out–in loading pattern at the cost of sacrificing some neutron flux distribution and power distribution. However, its alternative distribution of fuelelements cut down the refueling time. The low-leakage pattern is the second highest in burnup, and total duration time, and its neutron flux and power distributions are the second most uniform.

Effect of electrode Pt-loading and cathode flow-field plate type on the degradation of PEMFC

The electrode Pt-loading has an effect on the number of active sites and the thickness of catalyst layer,which has huge influence on the mass transfer and water management during dynamic process in PEMFCs. In this study, membrane electrode assemblies with different Pt-loadings were prepared, and PEMFCs were assembled using those membrane electrode assemblies with traditional solid plate and water transport plate as cathode flow-field plates, respectively. The performance and electrochemical surface area of cells were characterized to evaluate the membrane electrode assemblies degradation after rapid currentvariation cycles. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to investigate the decay of catalyst layers and Pt/C catalyst. With the increase of Pt-loading, the performance degradation of membrane electrode assemblies will be mitigated. But higher Pt-loading means thicker catalyst layer, which leads to a longer pathway of mass transfer, and it may result in carbon material corrosion in membrane electrode assemblies. The decay of Pt/C catalyst in cathode is mainly caused by the corrosion of carbon support, and the degradation of anode Pt/C catalyst is a consequence of migration and aggregation of Pt particles. And using water transport plate is beneficial to alleviating the age of cathode Pt/C catalyst.

Lightweight Design of Automobile Drive Shaft Based on the Characteristics of Low Amplitude Load Strengthening

There are two kinds of internationally recognized approaches in terms of lightweight design.One is based on fatigue accumulated damage theory to achieve better reliability by optimal structural design; another is to use high performance lightweight materials.The former method takes very few considerations on the structural strengthening effects caused by the massive small loads in service.In order to ensure safety,the design is usually conservative,but the strength potential of the component is not fully exerted.In the latter method,cost is the biggest obstacle to lightweight materials in automotive applications.For the purpose of light weighting design on a fuel cell vehicle,the new design method is applied on drive shafts.The method is based on the low amplitude load strengthening characteristics of the material,and allows the stress,corresponding to test load,to enter into the strengthened range of the material.Under this condition,the light weighting design should assure that the reliability of the shaft is not impaired,even maximizes the strength potential of machine part in order to achieve the weight reduction and eventually to reduce the cost.At last,the feasibility of the design is verified by means of strength analysis and modal analysis based on the CAD model of light weighted shaft.The design applies to the load case of half shaft in independent axle,also provides technological reference for the structural lightweight design of vehicles and other machineries.

风电接入远海油气平台的规划方法

海上风电直供远海油气平台可降低发电成本和碳排放,但传统规划方法不适用于远海油气平台的负荷特性。在考虑海上油田电力系统燃气透平机组与负荷特性的基础上,建立计及风-燃-荷功率动态匹配特性的扩展概率潮流模型,提出适用于远海油气平台的风机规划方法。采用所提潮流计算方法,在满足远海油田电力系统的电压、线路载流量等约束条件下,以年发电成本与年碳排放量的综合成本最低为目标建立规划模型,并采用粒子群优化算法对模型进行求解。以我国某远海油田电力系统为例,提出针对远海油田电力系统特点的风电接入方案,算例结果表明,所提规划方法具有可行性。

Optimization of Load Assignment to Boilers in Industrial Boiler Plants

Along with the increasing importance of sustainable energy, the optimization of load assignment to boilers in an industrial boiler plant becomes one of the major projects for the optimal operation of boiler plants. Optimal load assignment for power systems has been a long-lasting subject, while it is quite new for industrial boiler plants. The existing methods of optimal load assignment for boiler plants are explained and analyzed briefly in the paper. They all need the fuel cost curves of boilers. Thanks to some special features of the curves for industrial boilers, a new model referred to as minimized departure model (MDM) of optimization of load assignment for boiler plants is developed and proposed in the paper. It merely relies upon the accessible data of two typical working conditions to build the model, viz. the working conditions with the highest efficiency of a boiler and with no-load. Explanation of the algorithm of computer program is given, and effort is made so as to determine in advance how many and which boilers are going to work. Comparison between the results using MDM and the results reported in references is carried out, which proves that MDM is preferable and practicable.

Platinum nanoparticles coated by graphene layers: A low-metal loading catalyst for methanol oxidation in alkaline media

Platinum catalysts play a major role in the large scale commercialization of direct methanol fuel cells(DMFC).Here,we present a procedure to create a nanostructural graphene-platinum(Gr Pt)composite containing a small amount(5.3 wt%)of platinum nanoparticles coated with at least four layers of graphene.The composite,as Gr Pt ink,was deposited on a glassy carbon electrode and its electrocatalytic activity in a methanol oxidation reaction(MOR)was evaluated in a 1 M CH3OH/1 M NaOH solution.The results indicated an enhanced catalytic performance of GrPt towards MOR in alkaline media compared with the Pt/C material.Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(recorded before and after the electrochemical assays)were employed to analyze the changes in the chemical composition of the nanomaterial and to explain the transformations that took place at the electrode surface.Our findings suggest that growing of graphene on platinum nanoparticles improve the catalytic performance of platinum-graphene composites towards MOR in alkaline media.

农用拖拉机发动机负荷和燃料消耗特性研究

农用拖拉机负荷是影响其发动机工作性能的主要参数指标,直接影响拖拉机的田间工作效率及性能。相关研究表明:拖拉机发动机功率至少使用80%,且发动机转速较低时可以实现拖拉机高效运行。为此,对麦赛福格森-MF 8480的发动机在田间作物收获时的发动机负载参数进行了控制测试,构建相关数学模型反映发动机功率、发动机转速和燃料消耗特性之间的关系,并给出拖拉机运行期间不同发动机转速下的工作时间和油耗分布图,揭示了拖拉机田间运行效率及发动机各个参数运行关系。研究结果可为研究农用拖拉机发动机运行参数关系及提高田间运行效率提供理论依据及参考。

超临界660 MW机组直流锅炉动态特性仿真研究

为提升煤电机组灵活性,锅炉需具备良好的可控性和适应负荷快速变化的能力。锅炉灵活性与控制系统性能密切相关,而后者是基于动态特性设计的。为研究锅炉的动态特性,在Dymola平台中建立了某超临界660 MW机组直流锅炉的动态模型。结果表明:当锅炉入口参数发生扰动时,蒸汽温度的响应时间比蒸汽流量更长;当给水温度、给水量与燃料量分别阶跃增加5%时,主蒸汽温度分别变化10.2℃、-28.5℃和35.7℃;在锅炉的水煤配比调节过程中,给水量和燃料量变化时间不同会对主蒸汽温度产生不同的影响;当给水量比燃料量延迟约100 s作用时,主蒸汽温度在瞬态过程中的最大偏差相对于二者同时变化的情况减少了27.4℃;当变负荷幅度相同时,变负荷速率越大,主蒸汽参数的波动越剧烈,趋于稳定所需的时间越长。

计及热负荷柔性的户用氢能系统运行优化研究

针对风电/光伏出力的随机性和间歇性给户用氢能系统热电联供可靠性带来的挑战,提出基于热负荷柔性松弛运行约束的户用氢能系统热电联供优化策略。首先,搭建包含不同模块的户用氢能系统基础架构,并详细说明该系统的运行原理;其次,建立系统中关键环节的数学模型,确定电解槽平均氢/热比和燃料电池在不同温度下电/热比的范围;然后,为了兼顾用户的舒适度和热负荷的灵活性,根据热感觉平均标度预测指标对户用氢能系统的热负荷需求进行调整;最后,综合考虑储氢罐的容量限制、氢能设备的电/热功率和用户侧柔性热能需求等约束条件,以总投资成本最少和新能源弃电率最低为目标,建立户用氢能系统优化运行模型。仿真结果表明:引入柔性热负荷进行运行调节时,不仅增强了可再生能源的消纳能力,还显著降低了系统的运行成本。

Economic Dispatch with Multiple Fuel Options Using CCF

This paper presents an efficient analytical approach using Composite Cost Function (CCF) for solving the Economic Dispatch problem with Multiple Fuel Options (EDMFO). The solution methodology comprises two stages. Firstly, the CCF of the plant is developed and the most economical fuel of each set can be easily identified for any load demand. In the next stage, for the selected fuels, CCF is evaluated and the optimal scheduling is obtained. The Proposed Method (PM) has been tested on the standard ten-generation set system;each set consists of two or three fuel options. The total fuel cost obtained by the PM is compared with earlier reports in order to validate its effectiveness. The comparison clears that this approach is a promising alterna-tive for solving EDMFO problems in practical power system.

燃料电池氢气流量控制系统变负载匹配设计与仿真

针对车载质子交换膜燃料电池供氢系统负载工况多变时的氢气流量控制问题,提出一种基于比例减压阀与流量控制阀的氢气流量负载匹配控制系统架构与方法。建立了从高压储氢瓶至燃料电池堆的供氢系统整体模型,基于该模型设计了比例减压阀、流量控制阀与氢气循环泵的控制策略,并就某一型号电堆的变负载工况对系统模型与控制策略进行仿真验证。结果表明:电堆阳极压力可快速跟踪给定压力,响应时间约2~3s;氢气流量可适应负载变化需求,其瞬时超调量与压力响应速度成正相关;稳态时氢气利用率维持在95%以上,供氢过量比维持在1.27以上,供气氮含量维持在5%以下,满足电堆性能需求。

飞机燃油箱水污染物数值建模

为系统研究初始温度、初始相对湿度、载油率和溶解水相对饱和度对溶解水、冷凝水、析出水和游离水生成量的影响,基于传热传质方程建立水污染物生成模型。研究结果表明:在这4种因素中,初始温度对水污染物生成的影响最大,随着初始温度的增加,冷凝水呈现先减少后增多的趋势,游离水呈现增多的趋势,初始温度310 K生成的游离水较270 K增加了177%;初始相对湿度的影响最小,随着初始相对湿度的增加,冷凝水呈现增多的趋势,初始相对湿度100%时生成0.68 L冷凝水,为初始相对湿度40%时0.619 L的1.1倍;载油率的增加会导致燃油在下降阶段产生“回吸现象”,且随着载油率的增加“回吸现象”加强,冷凝水量呈现减少的趋势,而游离水量呈现增加的趋势,载油率100%时共生成游离水1.009 L,为40%时0.561 L的1.79倍;溶解水相对饱和度的增加会导致析出水量的增多,从而使游离水总量增加,溶解水相对饱和度100%总共生成游离水0.793 L为初始溶解度40%时0.335 L的2.37倍。

新型热管堆装料及外推临界实验技术研究

热管堆为当前先进核动力的研究热点。由于新型热管堆采用少量大块燃料,传统的外推临界实验技术适应性差,使其在装料及外推临界过程中面临安全挑战。本文结合该反应堆的特点,确定了先装配块状燃料,再逐步提升侧反射层达临界的方案。基于蒙特卡罗程序,计算分析了堆芯装配过程中的临界安全,确定了安全可控的初始堆芯装配方案;确定了中子源和探测器的布置;开展外推临界实验技术研究,针对直接外推侧反射层体积造成外推曲线上凸的问题,提出了以侧反射层的反应性价值为权重因子对体积进行加权处理的修正方法。利用此技术模拟了外推过程,结果表明本文确定的外推临界实验方案是可行的。本文结果可为新型热管堆装料及外推临界提供指导。

进气相对湿度对变载工况下PEMFC电堆性能的影响

为了探究进气相对湿度对质子交换膜燃料电池电堆变载工况性能的影响,设计了一个动态循环工况,包括电流密度从0.10到0.35 A/cm^(2)、从0.10到1.00 A/cm^(2)的2种阶跃工况和电流密度分别为0.10、0.35、1.00 A/cm^(2)的稳定工况,进行了相对湿度分别为20%、30%、50%、70%、80%的5组试验.结果表明:恒流状态时,电堆在不同电流密度下对相对湿度的敏感性不同,在大电流密度下相对湿度对电堆性能影响较大;变载过程中,电堆电压出现下冲和过冲现象,加载过程的电压下冲量与变载幅度和相对湿度有关,电堆单电池电压一致性变差,电压一致性与进气相对湿度有关.

若尔盖县主要林分可燃物载量特征及林火防控分析

按照《全国森林和草原火灾风险普查四川省试点调查技术指南》,分气候区、森林起源、龄组、郁闭度、优势树种对森林可燃物调查类型进行调查,分析确定火灾风险。根据林分型分层结果、面积比例和标准地数量要求,确定各类型布设调查标准地数量,再把各类型标准地分别布设在森林植被分布图上。按标准设置正方形标准地,开展乔木、灌木、草本、枯落物、腐殖质等可燃物载量调查。结果表明:各层次可燃物载量如下,乔木层153.04~302.28 t/hm^(2);灌木层8.30~19.03 t/hm^(2);草本层0.69~2.32 t/hm^(2);枯落物层3.33~4.74 t/hm^(2);腐殖层2.47~4.72 t/hm^(2);根据总可燃物载量比较,相同林分型中,随着林龄的增加,可燃物载量整体呈现上升趋势。云杉、桦木的成过熟林总可燃物载量比近熟林有所下降,这可能与当地人为砍伐等破坏有关;林分中最易引起火灾的可燃物为地表可燃物和草本植物。4种林分型下,平均死可燃物载量为5.66~9.18 t/hm^(2),发生较大火灾的可能性较小。但近熟林和成过熟林中的死可燃物载量较大,应重点关注。森林火灾引发的影响因子较多,应根据林分可燃物特征、立地条件、人文情况等实际情况,提出符合防火实情的防火区划和防火减灾策略。