Experimental study on energy characteristics and ignition performance of recessed multichannel plasma igniter

In the extreme conditions of high altitude,low temperature,low pressure,and high speed,the aircraft engine is prone to flameout and difficult to start secondary ignition,which makes reliable ignition of combustion chamber at high altitude become a worldwide problem.To solve this problem,a kind of multichannel plasma igniter with round cavity is proposed in this paper,the three-channel and five-channel igniters are compared with the traditional ones.The discharge energy of the three igniters was compared based on the electric energy test and the thermal energy test,and ignition experiments was conducted in the simulated high-altitude environment of the component combustion chamber.The results show that the recessed multichannel plasma igniter has higher discharge energy than the conventional spark igniter,which can increase the conversion efficiency of electric energy from 26%to 43%,and the conversion efficiency of thermal energy from 25%to 73%.The recessed multichannel plasma igniter can achieve greater spark penetration depth and excitation area,which both increase with the increase of height.At the same height,the inlet flow helps to increase the penetration depth of the spark.The recessed multichannel plasma igniter can widen the lean ignition boundary,and the maximum enrichment percentage of lean ignition boundary can reach 31%.

航空发动机五头部燃烧室中的喷雾与点火研究

多头部点火是航空发动机贫燃预混预蒸发(LPP)燃烧室开发的关键过程.为探究五头部燃烧室点火初期至火焰完全传播至整个燃烧室的点火联焰机制,建立了一套包含5个直线阵列LPP喷嘴的可视化燃烧实验系统.基于高重频高能脉冲串激光系统,采用10 Hz PLIF/PMIE和10 kHz PIV及2 kHz OH*自发光高速成像等可视化测量技术,研究了空气流量(110~250 g/s)和油气比(0.032~0.066)对喷雾流场特征和点火联焰特性的影响规律.结果表明,燃油压力和空气流量的变化显著影响喷雾场的MIE、LIF信号分布及燃油雾化效果.随着燃油压力的增加,喷雾液滴粒径与数密度上升,液滴速度脉动减弱导致湍动能降低.相反,空气流量增加促进了燃油雾化,降低液滴间速度差,进而减小湍动能.在点火及联焰过程中,空气和燃料的流量是关键参数,空气流量250 g/s时火焰传播迅速,多头部火焰能在150 ms内迅速被全部点燃;而流量降低至200 g/s时,火焰传播速度较慢,多头部联焰时间大于500 ms,并且存在无法全部点燃的风险.

Ignition and Lean Blowout Characteristics of a Reverse-Flow Combustor for an Ultra-Compact Gas Turbine Engine

The flame stability limit and propagation characteristics of a reverse-flow combustor without any flame-stabilized device were experimentally investigated under room temperature and pressure.The results indicate that it is feasible to stabilize the flame in the recirculation zones constructed by the impact jet flow from the primary holes and dilution holes.The flame projected area is mainly distributed in the recirculation zone upstream of the primary holes,whose presence and absence mark the ignition and extinction.During the ignition process,the growth rate and value of the flame projected area first increase and then decrease with the inlet velocity increasing from 9.4 m/s to 42.1 m/s.A rapid reduction followed by a slow reduction of ignition and lean blowout equivalence ratios is achieved by the increased inlet velocity.Then the non-reacting fluid structure in three sections was measured,and detailed velocity profiles were analyzed to improve the understanding of the flame stabilization mechanism.The results are conducive to the design of an ultra-compact combustor.

Numerical simulation on optimization of structure and operating parameters of a novel lean coal decoupling burner

Due to its low volatile characteristics of lean coal,it is difficult to catch fire and burn out.Therefore,high temperature is needed to maintain combustion efficiency,while,this leads to high nitrogen oxide emission.For power plant boilers burning lean coal,stable combustion with lower nitrogen oxide emission is a challenging task.This study applied the 3D numerical simulation on the analysis of a novel de-coupling burner for low-volatile coal and its structure and operation parameters optimization.Results indicate that although it was more difficult for lean coal decoupling burner to ignite lean coal than high volatile coal,the burner formed a stepwise ignition trend,which promoted the rapid ignition of lean coal.Comparison of three central partition plate structure shows that in terms of characteristics of the flow field distribution,rich and lean separation and combustion,the structure with an inclination of 0°showed good performance,with its rich-lean air ratio being 0.85 and concentration ratio being 22.94,and there was an apparent decoupling combustion characteristic.Finally,the structure of the selected burner was optimized for its operational conditions.The optimal operating parameters was determined as the primary air velocity of 24.9 m·s^-1 and the mass flow rate of pulverized coal of 2.5 kg·s^-1,in which the pyrolysis products were utilized as reductive agent more fully.Eventually,the nitrogen oxide was efficiently reduced to nitrogen,which emission concentration was 61.88%lower than that in the design condition.

预燃室湍流射流点火甲醇发动机稀薄燃烧和排放特性试验研究

基于一台四冲程单缸发动机开展预燃室湍流射流点火(turbulent jet ignition,TJI)甲醇发动机燃烧特性、性能表现和排放特性的试验研究。结果表明,TJI燃烧模式燃烧速率较快,放热率(heat release rate,HRR)峰值明显较高,且具有更短的滞燃期和燃烧持续期。随着过量空气系数变大,缸内压力和放热率峰值变小,TJI和火花塞点火(spark ignition,SI)燃烧模式滞燃期和燃烧持续期均变长。此外,TJI燃烧模式可有效提升甲醇发动机的稀薄燃烧稳定性,可将稀燃极限拓展至过量空气系数2.0。TJI燃烧模式下平均指示压力略低于SI模式;然而对于过量空气系数大于1.1的稀燃工况,TJI燃烧模式指示燃油消耗率更低,在过量空气系数1.3时低于570 g/(kW·h),说明其具有更好的燃油经济性。TJI燃烧模式下氮氧化物排放量明显低于SI燃烧模式,过量空气系数1.1时降低约37.2%,并且在过量空气系数大于1.3的极稀燃工况具有相对较低的甲醛CH_(2)O和碳氢化合物排放。

稀燃条件下甲烷-空气预混射流的着火特性

基于可控热氛围燃烧试验系统,探究射流当量比、射流速率和协流速率对甲烷-空气预混射流着火特性的影响。根据试验规律对天然气发动机稀薄燃烧的控制策略提出优化建议,以减少失火现象的发生。结果表明:随着协流温度的升高,甲烷-空气预混射流的稀燃极限降低而富燃极限升高,符合大多数碳氢燃料预混合气的着火界限分布规律。不同的射流速率和协流速率下均存在临界当量比,当低于临界当量比时,着火温度随射流当量比的升高而显著降低,当高于临界当量比时,着火温度趋于稳定。在较低的射流当量比工况(0.20~0.62)下,提高射流速率可以降低着火温度从而优化着火性能。

Goldilocks focal zone in femtosecond laser ignition of lean fuels

Laser ignition of lean fuels offers a promising route for green combustion with high combustion efficiency and low exhaust emissions. The fundamental limitations which apply to femtosecond laser ignition(fs-LI) of lean fuels are the inferior energy deposition and low thermodynamic temperature. However, it was discovered recently that the fs laser filamentation can induce 100% success rate of fs-LI with ultralow sub-m J minimum ignition energy, exhibiting distinct contrast to the general understanding that it is hard to achieve fs-LI. The present contribution examines the extent to which the minimum ignition energies depend on filamentation formation, and explores the key factors for the success of fs-LI. We perform fs-LI of a lean-fuel CH;/air mixture using a femtosecond near-infrared(~40 fs, 800 nm) pulse at different external focal conditions, and find a Goldilocks focal zone to facilitate fs-LI. In this special zone, a crucial balance between the length of igniting “line” kernel and the plasma density of the fs laser filament is achieved, which determines not only the total amount of resultant OH radicals, but also their distribution along the plasma filament. Our finding provides a viable strategy with clear guidelines for fs-LI, and also opens up an avenue of exploring unprecedented ultrafast ignition dynamics after fs-laser-fuel interactions towards gaining deeper insights into reaction intermediates and combustion processes.

Distributed Gas Ignition Using Injection Strategy for High Efficiency and Clean Combustion Under Lean Condition

Jet ignition is an efficient way to achieve lean burn of the engine and a promising strategy to meet the stringent emission regulations in the future.This paper presents a distributed gas ignition(DGI)combustion concept and realizes a DGI combustion mode using a newly designed DGI igniter.The igniter integrates a fuel injector and a spark plug to achieve minimum volume and easy installation.As the mixture preparation within the jet chamber is essential for the performance of the igniter,different jet chamber injection strategies were tested with varying excess air-fuel ratio ranging from 1.4 to 2.0.By addressing the dual injection strategy,the ignition delay and combustion duration were improved evidently.Compared with the single injection strategy,dual injection strategy improves the flexibility when preparing the mixture inside the jet chamber and therefore retains more fuel.The increased energy density of the jet chamber helps to generate more energetic jets under dual injection strategy,resulting in the improvement of ignition and combustion performance with lean burn.A higher thermal efficiency and a leaner limit of the engine are attained with dual injection than that with single injection.Dual injection exhibits its potential in reducing CO and THC emissions to an acceptable level with leaner mixture.Based on dual injection strategy,the maximum indicated thermal efficiency of 45%is achieved.

甲烷/氢气混合燃料贫预混旋流燃烧特性数值研究

采用数值模拟的方法,对燃气轮机燃烧室使用甲烷/氢气混合燃料时的混合比例对燃烧室的燃烧特性和污染物排放特性的影响开展了研究.结果表明:由于燃烧化学反应的作用,冷态和热态流场结构存在一定的差异,热态流场流速增高,回流区变大.氢气含量对燃烧室内热态流场的结构和温度分布特性会产生明显影响,氢气含量小于20%时形成中心回流区,可以维持稳定燃烧;氢气含量大于40%时,中心回流区消失,角回流区延长,出现了不同程度的自燃和回火现象;燃烧室进气温度越高自燃现象越明显,进气温度越低回火现象越明显;NO_(x)排放量随着氢气含量增加而增大,CO排放量随着氢气含量增加而减少,CO集中分布在主燃级燃烧区.

基于射流点火和气道喷水技术的缸内直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧特性研究

在一台4缸涡轮增压汽油机的基础上,增加预燃室和进气道喷水系统,在最佳油耗工况附近(转速2500 r/min,平均有效压力为0.8~1.2 MPa)开展了试验,研究和分析了汽油机稀薄燃烧特性,以及射流点火和进气道喷水技术对稀薄燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,稀薄燃烧可以将有效热效率从当量燃烧的39.5%提高到42.4%左右,但是当过量空气系数超过1.4以后,燃烧稳定性和碳氢排放变差。采用射流点火技术可以将稳定燃烧的过量空气系数拓展到1.7以上,热效率增加至43.0%以上,燃烧持续期最大缩短37.6%,循环波动不超过1.3%。在此基础上增加进气道喷水,对于平均有效压力在1.1 MPa以上的负荷,抑制爆震效果明显,喷水脉宽达到4 ms时,爆震限制的燃烧重心可以提前到活塞上止点后8°左右,同时最大热效率超过44%,循环波动不超过3%;但是对于平均有效压力低于1.1 MPa的负荷,爆震现象不严重,喷水反而会降低燃烧速率和热效率,同时燃烧稳定性和未燃碳氢排放也随之恶化。

Experimental Investigation on Ignition and Lean Blow-out Performance of a Multi-sector Centrally Staged Combustor

Improvement on extinction and pollution emission have become one of the most prominent research topics in gas turbine.It is widely recognized that the fuel/air mixture distribution in the recirculation zone is a critical factor in improving lean blow-out(LBO) and ignition.This paper proposed a new low emission scheme with fuel staged centrally and hybrid injector to improve flameout and emission.A relative small amount of fuel enters into central pilot airblast atomizer burner and then atomized by inner swirl air.The remaining majority of fuel is directly injected into vane channels of the primary swirler through a series of holes located on the sidewall of the main stage.Only pilot stage is fueled under ignition and lean flameout condition.The uniformity of fuel/air mixture distribution in the primary zone of the new design decreases NOX emission,meanwhile the fuel air mixture in pilot recirculation zone is locally rich to improve flameout and ignition.Experimental investigation was conducted to compare the new scheme with baseline design of dual-swirler in terms of LBO and ignition characteristics under the same condition in a multi-sector combustor.It is found that the fuel-air ratio of ignition limit and LBO decrease with the reference velocity increasing.The experimental results also show that the new scheme successfully improve lean blow-out and broaden the operation range of the combustor.The experimental results indicated that the centrally staged scheme can widen the operation boundary of the combustor and can provide guidance for design and optimization of combustion chamber.

旋流器构型对全环燃烧室性能的影响

为研究旋流器构型对燃烧室性能的影响,针对配装双级轴向旋流器和双级径向旋流器的全环燃烧室开展了实验研究。结果表明,在本文研究范围内,地面点火状态下,轴向方案和径向方案点火油气比分别为0.011~0.022和0.015~0.026,轴向方案比径向方案具有更宽的点火边界。轴向方案贫油熄火油气比为0.009~0.020,径向方案贫油熄火油气比为0.006~0.019,径向方案比轴向方案具有更宽的贫油熄火边界。在地面慢车和空中慢车状态下,轴向方案比径向方案具有更好的出口温度分布品质。轴向旋流器对应的燃烧室压力脉动强度显著强于径向涡流器:油气比为0.011时,轴向方案和径向方案的燃烧室主频分别为525 Hz和555 Hz,相对压力脉动分别为1.9%和0.3%;油气比为0.018时,轴向方案的燃烧室主频为475 Hz,相对压力脉动为1.1%,而径向方案无明显主频。

凹腔油气匹配对驻涡燃烧室点火性能影响试验

针对一种以煤油为燃料的驻涡燃烧室,在前期研究的基础上对其前体油气匹配进行几种结构改变,探讨驻涡燃烧室头部油气匹配及后体气量变化时对其点火熄火的影响。对仅采用凹腔供油的驻涡燃烧室的贫油点火及贫油熄火特性进行了试验研究表明,随后体气量增加,总的贫油点火油气比先下降后上升,绝大部分工况下,总的贫油点火油气比在0.04以下;贫熄总油气随主流气量的减小先增大后减小;各个方案熄火总油气比都在0.004以下;凹腔前体进气温度的提高有利于驻涡燃烧室的点火熄火性能。

新型两阶段点火系统对稀燃效率的影响

基于自行开发的两阶段点火系统,采用准纳秒级伏安特性测试和发动机试验,研究了系统的放电特性、各阶段能量分配规律和在稀燃工况下的表现.结果表明:该系统放电过程主要由击穿阶段、高功率阶段和辉光阶段构成;高功率阶段可在持续时间约为20,μs内释放150~550,m J能量,约占整体释放能量的80%,~90%,,且受到气压变化的影响较小;击穿阶段持续时间约为10,ns,能量占比小于1%,,击穿能量随气压升高而增加;发动机对比测试显示两阶段点火可以使稀燃边界从过量空气系数φa=1.36提升至φa=1.70;结合稀薄燃烧,与普通点火相比相对热效率可提升最高10%.

中心分级燃烧室点火性能试验研究

对中心分级燃烧室常温常压和常温低压下的点火性能进行了试验研究。在进口压力分别为0.1,0.035,0.03MPa,进口温度为常温的条件下,试验研究了不同空气压降（0.5%~6%）下的贫油点火油气比,获得了其点火边界曲线。试验结果表明：随着压力降增加,在各种燃烧室进口压力下的贫油点火油气比具有一个最低值;随着进口压力减小,这个最低值所对应的压降不断降低,同时贫油点火油气比升高。通过分析进口空气条件、燃烧室参考速度和燃油SMD对点火性能的影响,得到了其点火模型。

采用蒸发管供油的驻涡燃烧室点火及贫油熄火特性

为了研究驻涡燃烧室拓宽燃烧边界的能力,设计了一种驻涡燃烧室实验件,并对其点火性能和贫油熄火特性进行了实验研究.驻涡燃烧室采用汽化器和蒸发管的组合作为供油方式,以煤油为燃料,实验中改变燃烧室的进口条件,测试其点火极限和贫熄极限.实验结果表明,采用蒸发管供油驻涡燃烧室具有良好的点火特性和贫油熄火性能.

增压稀燃天然气发动机排放特性

为了研究增压稀燃天然气发动机的排放特性,对发动机进行了空燃比和点火提前角调整试验、十三工况排放等试验,并在增加氧化型催化转化器后进行了相关试验,对试验结果进行研究分析,获得了天然气发动机的排放规律。结果表明：NMHC排放随空燃比增大先减少后增加,NOx排放随空燃比增大先增加后减少,在空燃比19～21左右达到最大值。NMHC比排放随转速升高略有降低,NOx排放随转速升高先减小后增加,发动机最低NOx排放点所对应的发动机转速为1600～1800 r/min。定MAP下,NMHC排放随点火提前角增大先降低后增加,NOx排放随点火提前角增大而增大。加I型氧化催化器后发动机NOx、CH4、CO、NMHC排放值分别减少了15%、97%、78%6、0%。试验结果表明,增压稀燃和氧化型催化转化器相结合是天然气发动机一种有效方案。

三级旋流器旋流角匹配影响双环预混旋流燃烧室燃烧性能试验

为研究地面用燃气轮机以0号柴油为燃料时的燃烧特性,对装有值班级直射式喷嘴和5种旋流器组合方案的双环预混旋流(Twins Annular Premixing Swirler,TAPS)燃烧室的特性进行了实验测试,获得了5种旋流器组合方式下燃烧室的流阻性能和燃烧性能。研究结果表明:双环预混旋流燃烧室的总压恢复系数都在0.97以上,高于经典的单环腔燃烧室;值班级采用直射式喷嘴会导致燃烧室的点火和CO排放性能下降,点火油气比在0.04以上,CO排放高于36g/kg;随值班级旋流角增大,可改善点火性能,最低点火油气比可达到0.04左右,加宽贫油熄火边界,慢车贫油熄火边界可低至0.0058;燃烧室入口温度升高可以使燃烧室点火油气比下降30%,贫油熄火油气比下降35%;5种旋流器组合方式下,NO_x和UHC的排放最低达到了1.1g/kg和3.85g/kg,满足低排放燃烧室的要求,冒烟指数达到了无烟燃烧室的标准,CO排放最高达到了51.84g/kg远高于要求值,燃烧效率最高为0.987,低于先进燃气轮机对燃烧效率的要求。

分级燃烧室预燃级旋流组织对点熄火性能影响的试验研究

为了有效拓宽多级旋流分级燃烧室的稳定工作边界,在模型燃烧室上开展了分级燃烧室点火和熄火特性试验研究,采用平面激光测量技术获得了燃烧室冷态流场结构和燃油浓度分布,分析了双级旋流预膜式空气雾化预燃级设计参数(两级旋流旋向、旋流强度)对流场结构、燃油浓度分布和燃烧稳定性的影响,并阐明了燃烧室点火和熄火特性与流场结构和燃油浓度分布的内在关联机制。结果表明,预燃级两级旋流反旋、适当减小内级旋流强度和增大外级旋流强度有利于改善这类分级燃烧室的点火和熄火特性。相关研究结论能够应用于分级燃烧室预膜式空气雾化预燃级设计。

微波辅助点火对甲烷预混球形火焰的影响

基于微波等离子体辅助点火可视化试验台架和分离影响因素的研究思路,试验了不同脉冲频率和峰值功率下微波辅助火花塞的放电特性,以及当量比为0.6~1.0、环境压力为0.1~0.7 MPa下的甲烷-空气预混球形火焰的着火及传播特性.干放电试验结果表明:微波脉冲频率为1 kHz时,由于第一个微波脉冲正处于放电电子密度高峰时刻,微波对火花塞放电核心膨胀的加速作用最明显,随着微波脉冲频率的增大,微波强化放电的效果减弱;随微波源的峰值功率增大,微波脉冲对放电的强化作用愈发明显.点火试验结果表明:频率为1 kHz、峰值功率为1 kW微波脉冲的馈入,使当量比为0.6、环境压力为0.1 MPa下的早期火核生长速度提升了60%,随着当量比的增加,微波对火焰发展的增强幅度减小;随着环境压力的增加,微波对点火的增强作用减弱.总之,微波对火焰发展的增强作用主要是对初始火核发展的促进;在火焰后期,燃料燃烧的热能远大于微波能量,导致微波的馈入对后期燃烧过程没有明显影响.