Use of fully covered self-expanding metal stents in benign biliary diseases

Biliary fully covered self-expanding metal stents (FCSEMS) are now being used to treat several benign biliary conditions. Advantages include small predeployment and large postexpansion diameters in addition to an easy insertion technique. Lack of imbedding of the metal into the bile duct wall enables removability. In benign biliary strictures that usually require multiple procedures, despite the substantially higher cost of FCSEMS compared with plastic stents, the use of FCSEMS is offset by the reduced number of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography interventions required to achieve stricture resolution. In the same way, FCSEMS have also been employed to treat complex bile leaks, perforation and bleeding after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy and as an aid to maintain permanent drainage tracts obtained by means of Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided biliary drainage. Good success rates have been achieved in all these conditions with an acceptable number of complications. FCSEMS were successfully removed in all patients. Comparative studies of FCSEMS and plastic stents are needed to demonstrate efficacy and cost-effectiveness

Evaluation of fully covered self-expanding metal stents in benign biliary strictures and bile leaks

AIM: To investigate the use of fully covered metal stents in benign biliary strictures (BBS) and bile leaks. METHODS: We studied 17 patients, at Harbor-UCLA Medical center (Los Angeles), with BBS (n=12) and bile leaks (n=5) from July 2007 to February 2012 that had received placement of fully covered self-expanding metal stents (FCSEMs). Fourteen patients had endoscopic placement of VIABIL (Conmed, Utica, New York, United States) stents and three had Wallflex (Boston Scientific, Mass) stents. FCSEMS were 8 mm or 10 mm in diameter and 4 cm to 10 cm in length. Patients were followed at regular intervals to evaluate for symptoms and liver function tests. FCSEMS were removed after 4 or more weeks. Resolution of BBS and leak was documented cholangiographically following stent removal. Stent patency can be defined as adequate bile and contrast flow from the stent and into the ampulla during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) without clinical signs and/or symptoms of biliary obstruction. Criterion for bile leak resolution at ERCP is defined as absence of contrast extravasation from the common bile duct, cystic duct remanent, or gall blad-der fossa. Rate of complications such as migration, and instent occlusion were recorded. Failure of endoscopic therapy was defined as persistent biliary stenosis or continuous biliary leakage after 12 mo of stent placement. RESULTS: All 17 patients underwent successful FC- SEMS placement and removal. Etiologies of BBS included: cholecystectomies (n=8), cholelithiasis (n=2), hepatic artery compression (n=1), pancreatitis (n=2), and Whipple procedure (n=1). All bile leaks occurred following cholecystectomy. The anatomic location of BBS varied: distal common bile duct (n=7), common hepatic duct (n=1), hepaticojejunal anastomosis (n=2), right intrahepatic duct (n=1), and choledochoduo-denal anastomatic junction (n=1). All bile leaks were found to be at the cystic duct. Twelve of 17 patients had failed prior stent placement or exchange. Resolution of the biliary strictures and bile leaks was achieved in 16 of 17 patients (94%). The overall median stent time was 63 d (range 27-251 d). The median stent time for the BBS group and bile leak group was 62 ± 58 d (range 27-199 d) and 92 ± 81 d (range 48-251 d), respectively. All 17 patients underwent successful FCSEMS removal. Long term follow-up was obtained for a median of 575 d (range 28-1435 d). Complications occurred in 5 of 17 patients (29%) and included: migration (n=2), stent clogging (n=1), cholangitis (n=1), and sepsis with hepatic abscess (n=1). CONCLUSION: Placement of fully covered self-expanding metal stents may be used in the management of benign biliary strictures and bile leaks with a low rate of complications.

Drug-eluting fully covered self-expanding metal stent for dissolution of bile duct stones in vitro

BACKGROUND The treatment of difficult common bile duct stones(CBDS)remains a big challenge around the world.Biliary stenting is a widely accepted rescue method in patients with failed stone extraction under endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.Fully covered self-expanding metal stent(FCSEMS)has gained increasing attention in the management of difficult CBDS.AIM To manufacture a drug-eluting FCSEMS,which can achieve controlled release of stone-dissolving agents and speed up the dissolution of CBDS.METHODS Customized covered nitinol stents were adopted.Sodium cholate(SC)and disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA disodium,EDTA for short)were used as stone-dissolving agents.Three different types of drug-eluting stents were manufactured by dip coating(Stent I),coaxial electrospinning(Stent II),and dip coating combined with electrospinning(Stent III),respectively.The drugrelease behavior and stone-dissolving efficacy of these stents were evaluated in vitro to sort out the best manufacturing method.And the selected stonedissolving stents were further put into porcine CBD to evaluate their biosecurity.RESULTS Stent I and Stent II had obvious burst release of drugs in the first 5 d while Stent III presented controlled and sustainable drug release for 30 d.In still buffer,the final stone mass-loss rate of each group was 5.19%±0.69%for naked FCSEMS,20.37%±2.13%for Stent I,24.57%±1.45%for Stent II,and 33.72%±0.67%for Stent III.In flowing bile,the final stone mass-loss rate of each group was 5.87%±0.25%for naked FCSEMS,6.36%±0.48%for Stent I,6.38%±0.37%for Stent II,and 8.15%±0.27%for Stent III.Stent III caused the most stone mass-loss no matter in still buffer or in flowing bile,which was significantly higher than those of other groups(P<0.05).In vivo,Stent III made no difference from naked FCSEMS in serological analysis(P>0.05)and histopathological examination(P>0.05).CONCLUSION The novel SC and EDTA-eluting FCSEMS is efficient in diminishing CBDS in vitro.When conventional endoscopic techniques fail to remove difficult CBDS,SC and EDTA-eluting FCSEMS implantation may be considered a promising alternative.

Fully covered self-expandable metal stents for treatment of malignant and benign biliary strictures

AIM:To present a series of covered self-expandable metal stents(CSEMS) placed for different indications and to evaluate the effectiveness,complications and extractability of these devices.METHODS:We therefore retrospectively reviewed the courses of patients who received CSEMS due to malignant as well as benign biliary strictures and postsphincterotomy bleeding in our endoscopic unit between January 2010 and October 2011.RESULTS:Twenty-six patients received 28 stents due to different indications(20 stents due to malignant biliary strictures,six stents due to benign biliary strictures and two stents due to post-sphincterotomy bleeding).Biliary obstruction was relieved in all cases,regardless of the underlying cause.Hemostasis could be achieved in the two patients who received the stents for this purpose.Complications occurred in five patients(18%).Two patients(7%) developed cholecystitis,stents dislocated/migrated in other two patients(7%),and in one patient(3.6%) stent occlusion was documented during the study period.Seven stents were extracted endoscopically.Removal of stents was easily possible in all cases in which it was desired using standard forceps.Twelve patients underwent surgery with pylorus preserving duodenopancreatectomy.In all patients stents could be removed during the operation without difficulties.CONCLUSION:Despite the higher costs of these devices,fully covered self-expanding metal stents may be suitable to relief biliary obstruction due to bile duct stenosis,regardless of the underlying cause.CSEMS may also represent an effective treatment strategy of severe post-sphincterotomy bleeding,not controlled by other measures.

Fully covered metal biliary stents: A review of the literature

Fully covered self-expandable metal stents(FCSEMS)represent the latest advancement of metal biliary stents used to endoscopically treat a variety of obstructive biliary pathology.A large stent diameter and synthetic covering over the tubular mesh prolong stent patency and reduce risk for tissue hyperplasia and tumor ingrowth.Additionally,FCSEMS can be easily removed.All these features address issues faced by plastic and uncovered metal stents.The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review the application of FCSEMS in benign and malignant biliary strictures,biliary leak,and post-sphincterotomy bleeding.

Placement of a fully covered self-expandable metal stent in a young patient with chronic pancreatitis

Plastic stent insertion is a treatment option for pancreatic duct stricture with chronic pancreatitis.However, recurrent stricture is a limitation after removing the plastic stent.Self-expandable metal stents have long diameters and patency.A metal stent has become an established management option for pancreatic duct stricture caused by malignancy but its use in benign stricture is still controversial.We introduce a young patient who had chronic pancreatitis and underwent several plastic stent insertions due to recurrent pancreatic duct stricture.His symptoms improved after using a fully covered self-expandable metal covered stent and there was no recurrence found at follow-up at the outpatient department.

Angle of covered self-expandable metallic stents after placement is a risk factor for recurrent biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND Studies have shown that covered self-expandable metallic stents(CSEMS)with a low axial forces after placement can cause early recurrent biliary obstruction(RBO)due to precipitating sludge formation.AIM To ascertain whether the angle of CSEMS after placement is a risk factor for RBO in unresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction(MBO).METHODS Between January 2010 and March 2019,261 consecutive patients underwent selfexpandable metallic stent insertion by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at our facility,and 87 patients were included in this study.We evaluated the risk factors for RBO,including the angle of CSEMS after placement as the primary outcome.We measured the obtuse angle of CSEMS after placement on an abdominal radiograph using the SYNAPSE PACS system.We also evaluated technical and functional success,adverse events,time to RBO(TRBO),non-RBO rate,survival time,cause of RBO,and reintervention procedure as secondary outcomes.RESULTS We divided the patients into two cohorts based on the presence or absence of RBO.The angle of CSEMS after placement(per 1°and per 10°)was evaluated using the multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis,which was an independent risk factor for RBO in unresectable distal MBO[hazard ratio,0.97 and 0.71;95%confidence interval(CI):0.94-0.99 and 0.54-0.92;P=0.01 and 0.01,respectively].For early diagnosis of RBO,the cut-off value of the angle of CSEMS after placement using the receiver operating characteristic curve was 130°[sensitivity,50.0%;specificity 85.5%;area under the curve 0.70(95%CI:0.57-0.84)].TRBO in the<130°angle group was significantly shorter than that in the≥130°angle group(P<0.01).CONCLUSION This study suggests that the angle of the CSEMS after placement for unresectable distal MBO is a risk factor for RBO.These novel results provide pertinent information for future stent management.

Case of arterial hemorrhage after endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation for choledocholithiases using a covered self-expandable metallic stent

A 78-year-old male was admitted to our hospital because of choledocholithiasis.ERC demonstrated choledocholithiases with a maximum diameter of 13 mm, and we performed endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation(EPLBD) with a size of 15 mm.Immediately following the balloon deflation, spurting hemorrhage occurred from the orifice of the duodenal papilla.Although we performed endoscopic hemostasis by compressing the bleeding point with the large balloon catheter, we could not achieve hemostasis.Therefore, we placed a 10 mm fully covered selfexpandable metallic stent(SEMS) across the duodenal papilla, and the hemorrhage stopped immediately.After 1 wk of SEMS placement, duodenal endoscopy revealed ulcerative lesions in both the orifice of the duodenal papilla and the lower bile duct.A direct peroral cholangioscopy using an ultra-slim upper endoscope revealed a visible vessel with a longitudinal mucosal tear in the ulceration of the lower bile duct.We believe that the mucosal tear and subsequent ruptured vessel were caused by the EPLBD procedure.

Biliary metal stents should be placed near the hilar duct in distal malignant biliary stricture patients

BACKGROUND Endoscopic biliary drainage using a self-expandable metallic stent(SEMS)has been widely performed to treat distal malignant biliary obstruction(DMBO).However,the optimal position of the stent remains unclear.AIM To determine the ideal position for SEMS placement.METHODS In total,135 DMBO patients underwent SEMS(uncovered or covered)placement over a ten-year period.A total of 127 patients with biliary obstruction between the junction of the cystic duct and Vater’s papilla were enrolled.An SEMS was placed through the upper common bile duct 2 cm from the biliary hilar duct in 83 patients(Hilar group)or near the top of the biliary obstruction in 44 patients(Lower group).Technical and functional success,adverse events,and risk factors for SEMS dysfunction were evaluated.RESULTS The stent patency period was significantly longer in the Hilar group than in the Lower group(P value<0.01).In multivariate analysis,the only statistically significant risk factor for SEMS dysfunction was being in the Lower group(hazard ratio:9.94,95%confidence interval:2.25–44.0,P<0.01).CONCLUSION A longer patency period was achieved by positioning the SEMS near the biliary hilar duct.

Endoscopic multiple metal stenting for the treatment of enteral leaks near the biliary orifice: A novel effective rescue procedure

Between April 2013 and October 2015, 6 patients developed periampul ary duodenal or jejunal/biliary leaks after major abdominal surgery. In all patients, percutaneous drainage of the collection or re-operation with primary surgical repair was attempted at first but failed. A fully covered enteral metal stent was placed in all patients to seal the leak. Subsequently, we cannulated the common bile duct and, in some cases, and the main pancreatic duct inserting hydrophilic guidewires through the stent after dilating the stent mesh with a dilatation balloon or breaking the meshes with Argon Plasma Beam. Finally, we inserted a fully covered biliary metal stent to drain the bile into the lumen of the enteral stent. In cases of normal proximal upper gastrointestinal anatomy, a pancreatic plastic stent was also inserted. Oral food intake was initiated when the abdominal drain outflow stopped completely. Stent removal was scheduled four to eight weeks later after a CT scan to confirm the complete healing of the fistula and the absence of any perilesional residual fluid collection. The leak resolved in five patients. One patient died two days after the procedure due to severe, pre-existing, sepsis. The stents were removed endoscopically in four weeks in four patients. In one patient we experiencedstent migration causing small bowel obstruction. In this case, the stents were removed surgically. Four patients are still alive today. They are still under follow-up and doing well. Bilio-enteral fully covered metal stenting with or without pancreatic stenting was feasible, safe and effective in treating postoperative enteral leaks near the biliopancreatic orifice in our small series. This minimally invasive procedure can be implemented in selected patients as a rescue procedure to repair these challenging leaks.

Metal stent combined with ileus drainage tube for the treatment of delayed rectal perforation: A case report

BACKGROUND Acute iatrogenic colorectal perforation(AICP)is a serious adverse event,and immediate AICP usually requires early endoscopic closure.Immediate surgical repair is required if the perforation is large,the endoscopic closure fails,or the patient's clinical condition deteriorates.In cases of delayed AICP(>4 h),surgical repair or enterostomy is usually performed,but delayed rectal perforation is rare.CASE SUMMARY A 53-year-old male patient underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)at a local hospital for the treatment of a laterally spreading tumor of the rectum,and the wound was closed by an endoscopist using a purse-string suture.Unfortunately,the patient then presented with delayed rectal perforation(6 h after ESD).The surgeons at the local hospital attempted to treat the perforation and wound surface using transrectal endoscopic microsurgery(TEM);however,the perforation worsened and became enlarged,multiple injuries to the mucosa around the perforation and partial tearing of the rectal mucosa occurred,and the internal anal sphincter was damaged.As a result,the perforation became more complicated.Due to the increased bleeding,surgical treatment with suturing could not be performed using TEM.Therefore,the patient was sent to our medical center for follow-up treatment.After a multidisciplinary discussion,we believed that the patient should undergo an enterostomy.However,the patient strongly refused this treatment plan.Because the position of the rectal perforation was relatively low and the intestine had been adequately prepared,we attempted to treat the complicated delayed rectal perforation using a self-expanding covered mental stent(SECMS)in combination with a transanal ileus drainage tube(TIDT).CONCLUSION For patients with complicated delayed perforation in the lower rectum and adequate intestinal preparation,a SECMS combined with a TIDT can be used and may result in very good outcomes.

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流瘘道置入全覆膜金属支架治疗胆肠吻合口狭窄

目的 评价经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(PTCD)瘘道置入全覆膜金属支架(FCMS)治疗胆肠吻合口狭窄的效果。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月至2023年12月同济大学附属东方医院胆石病中心接受经PTCD瘘道置入FCMS治疗的12例胆肠吻合口狭窄患者的临床资料,总结治疗体会。结果 超声引导下PTCD成功率66.7%(8/12),超声联合X线引导下PTCD成功率100%(4/4),PTCD引导下经皮空肠穿刺引流(PJD)成功率100%(7/7)。肝总管长度≥1 cm者5例,经PTCD瘘道成功置入FCMS;肝总管长度<1 cm者7例,经PTCD瘘道成功置入FCMS的同时经PJD瘘道置入塑料支架。12例患者均经FCMS管腔置入单猪尾PTCD管固定FCMS,术后未发生急性胆管炎、出血、胆漏等并发症。FCMS留置6~9个月,未发生急性胆管炎、梗阻性黄疸、FCMS移位等并发症。5例FCMS直接经PTCD瘘道取出,7例FCMS及塑料支架通过经皮空肠胆道镜(PJCS)取出。经皮经肝胆道镜(PTCS)或PJCS观察见吻合口上方局部胆管壁呈增生性改变,胆肠吻合口通畅,黏膜移行良好,未见明显瘢痕。拔除PTCD及PJD引流管后随访5~29个月,未发现狭窄复发患者。结论 经PTCD瘘道置入FCMS是治疗胆肠吻合口狭窄的一种安全、可行、有效的方法,经FCMS管腔置入单猪尾PTCD管可预防FCMS移位,经PJD瘘道置入胆管塑料支架可预防FCMS置入术后急性胆管炎。

内镜逆行胰胆管造影联合胆管支架治疗胆总管囊肿切除术后慢性胰腺炎

目的 评估内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)联合胆管支架治疗胆总管囊肿切除术后慢性胰腺炎(CP)的效果。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2023年12月复旦大学附属浦东医院普通外科及同济大学附属东方医院胆石病中心采取ERCP治疗胆总管囊肿切除术后CP的35例患者临床资料,总结治疗体会。结果35例CP患者中,经ERCP诊断为高位胰胆合流异常(PBM)27例,其中胆总管残端结石合并胆管括约肌狭窄20例,单纯性胆管括约肌狭窄5例,胰管狭窄2例;经ERCP诊断为低位PBM 8例,其中乳头括约肌狭窄5例,胰管括约肌狭窄2例,胰管括约肌狭窄并胰管结石1例。35例先行ERCP治疗,结石取净2例,未取净19例;狭窄解除8例,未解除27例。后置入胆管支架,其中22例狭窄置入全覆膜金属支架(FCMS),5例狭窄置入塑料支架。术后腹痛缓解率100%(35/35),急性胰腺炎发生率5.7%(2/35),高淀粉酶血症发生率14.3%(5/35)。27例支架留置3~7个月后均成功取出,狭窄解除率92.6%(25/27),其中FCMS狭窄解除率100%(22/22),塑料支架狭窄解除率60%(3/5);19例结石取净率100%(19/19),其中结石消失率63.2%(12/19),结石溶解率100%(19/19)。术后随访4~63个月,胰腺炎复发率11.4%(4/35),再次接受ERCP治疗,均存在胰管狭窄,重新留置胰管支架。结论 结石和狭窄是胆总管囊肿切除术后CP的主要病因,ERCP置入FCMS不仅能解除狭窄,还能促进结石的溶解和排出。

全覆膜金属支架在胆总管囊肿切除术后胆总管残端结石治疗中的应用

目的 评估全覆膜金属支架(FCMS)在胆总管囊肿切除术后胆总管残端结石治疗中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2022年12月同济大学附属东方医院采取内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)置入FCMS治疗的22例胆总管囊肿切除术后胆总管残端结石患者的临床资料,观察FCMS首次置入成功率、FCMS二次置入成功率、FCMS留置时间、并发症发生率、胆总管狭窄解除率、FCMS取出成功率,胆总管残端结石消失率、溶解率及清除率,以及结石复发率。结果 FCMS首次置入成功率为72.7%(16/22)、二次置入成功率为100.0%(6/6),FCMS留置92~205 d,中位时间176 d,术后未发生急性胰腺炎、出血、支架移位等并发症,狭窄解除率为90.9%(20/22),FCMS取出成功率为100%(22/22),胰管结石消失率为68.2%(15/22),胰管结石溶解率为85.7%(6/7),胰管结石清除率为100%(7/7)。随访16~50个月,胆总管残端结石复发率为4.5%(1/22),再次行ERCP成功取出结石。结论 FCMS治胆总管囊肿切除术后胆总管残端结石安全、有效,在解除胆总管狭窄的同时可引起结石的溶解、消失,进而提高结石清除率。

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流联合经皮空肠穿刺引流治疗胆总管囊肿切除术后肝内胆管结石

目的 评估经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(PTCD)联合经皮空肠穿刺引流(PJD)治疗胆总管囊肿切除术后肝内胆管结石的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析2022年1月至2023年12月同济大学附属东方医院采取PTCD联合PJD治疗的16例胆总管囊肿切除术后肝内胆管结石患者的临床资料,总结治疗体会。结果 16例患者中,诊断为肝内胆管结石6例,肝内胆管结石合并胆肠吻合口狭窄7例,肝内胆管结石合并左肝管狭窄3例;7例因梗阻性黄疸于外院行PTCD,7例未能找到确切的胆肠吻合的空肠襻,2例引流管穿刺进十二指肠。在我院的9例患者均成功实施PTCD,其中左肝管3例,右肝管6例,未发生出血、胆漏、气胸等并发症。16例患者在PTCD引导下成功实施PJD并完成瘘道扩张术,未发生出血、肠漏等并发症。经皮空肠胆道镜(PJCS)下球囊扩张解除胆肠吻合口及左肝管狭窄,经过3~6次胆道镜操作取净肝内胆管结石。5例胆肠吻合口狭窄患者及3例左肝管狭窄经PTCD瘘道置入全覆膜金属支架(FCMS),FCMS留置6~9个月无移位,经PTCD瘘道取出FCMS后,行经皮经肝胆道镜(PTCS)或PJCS检查见吻合口通畅、吻合口黏膜移行良好。随访5~16个月未发现狭窄复发病例。结论 PJD为胆总管囊肿切除术后肝内胆管结石的胆道镜治疗提供了一条便捷路径,PTCD引导不仅能增加PJD成功率,还能降低FCMS的移位率。

全覆膜金属支架在无法行外科手术的胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤患者中的应用

目的探讨全覆膜金属支架在治疗无法行外科手术的胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)患者中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2015年12月-2020年6月在江苏省苏北人民医院内镜诊治中心行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP),在胰管留置全覆膜金属支架的9例IPMN患者的临床资料。结果9例患者均行ERCP,术中见乳头呈鱼嘴样开口,插管后均可见胶冻状液体流出,造影见主胰管局部或弥漫扩张,分枝胰管呈囊状扩张,5例置入10 mm×80 mm、4例置入10 mm×60 mm全覆膜金属支架,2例术中同时置入胆道支架。术后患者腹痛和恶心呕吐等症状明显缓解,2例术后出现高淀粉酶血症,给予对症治疗后缓解,无胰腺炎、胆管炎、出血和穿孔等并发症发生。术后随访12~24个月,无腹痛和复发,无支架移位,合并糖尿病患者血糖控制稳定,无新发糖尿病,1例随访至16个月时,支架堵塞,行胰管清理及支架更换。出院当天生活质量卡氏评分为(96.67±3.54)分,较术前的(82.78±3.63)分明显提高,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后3和6个月生活质量卡氏评分为(94.82±3.87)和(91.33±2.50)分,与出院当天比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于无法行外科手术的IPMN患者,内镜下胰管全覆膜金属支架置入术安全有效,能有效延缓疾病进展,减少胰腺炎复发和手术频次,提高患者生活质量,值得临床进一步推广。

全覆膜自膨式金属支架在胆、胰疾病中的应用

目的探讨全覆膜自膨式金属支架(FCSEMS)在胆、胰疾病中的应用价值及其安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年6月接受内镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)置入FCSEMS治疗的56例胆、胰管疾病患者临床资料,根据病情选择不同长度及类型的FCSEMS置入。内镜下择期拔除支架,随访患者终点疗效、支架移除率及相关并发症情况。结果使用FCSEMS治疗良性狭窄49例,包括肝移植术后吻合口狭窄32例、医源性胆管狭窄12例、慢性胰腺炎相关胰胆管狭窄5例;随访5～38个月[平均(15±8.6)个月],支架放置时间1～15个月[平均(8.4±5.3)个月],治疗有效率为89.8%(44/49)。FCSEMS治疗胆道并发症7例,包括内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)术后难治性出血4例,EST术后穿孔1例,肝移植术后胆漏2例;随访1～12个月[平均(5±3.7)个月],支架放置时间1～8个月[平均(1.8±0.5)个月],治疗有效率为100%(7/7)。FCSEMS回收过程均顺利。与支架相关的不良事件包括:早期并发症5例(8.9%),包括ERCP术后胰腺炎2例、早期胆管炎2例、胆囊炎1例;远期并发症7例(12.5%),包括支架滑脱2例、支架移位3例、支架相关性胆管炎2例。结论 FCSEMS除了治疗传统意义上的胆、胰良性狭窄外,在处理胆道并发症方面也是潜在可替代手术的方法,且安全、有效。

超声内镜引导下经胃穿刺胆道覆膜金属支架引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿患者的护理

目的探讨应用超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)引导下经胃穿刺胆道覆膜自膨式金属支架引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿患者的护理方法。方法回顾性分析并总结2013年9月至2014年10月在第二军医大学长海医院接受超声内镜引导下经胃穿刺胆道覆膜自膨式金属支架引流术的12例胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料。结果 12例患者均完成经胃穿刺、全覆膜金属支架置入引流术,手术成功率为100%;3例患者并发感染,1例患者发生支架移位,无出血、穿孔、病死病例;其中7例已完成支架拔除术,囊肿均完全消失。结论 EUS引导下经胃穿刺胆道覆膜金属支架引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿是一项安全有效的治疗方法,而围术期的精心护理是保证手术顺利进行及手术疗效的必要条件。

直肠癌术后吻合口良性狭窄原因分析及治疗

目的:探讨直肠癌术后吻合口良性狭窄的原因及诊疗方案。方法:回顾性分析天津市人民医院2013年—2018年收治的75例直肠癌术后吻合口良性狭窄患者的临床资料,不同病例接受了不同治疗方法,包括手法扩张,内镜下球囊扩张术,内镜下支架置入术,及手术治疗(狭窄环切开术、肠管切除术及结肠造口术)。归纳总结吻合口狭窄的规范化治疗方案。结果:吻合口狭窄原因包括炎性增生(52.0%)、吻合口瘘(9.3%)、瘢痕形成(37.3%)及放射性肠炎(1.3%)。23例患者吻合口狭窄为齿线上5 cm内狭窄采用手法扩张有效。48例狭窄环位于齿线上5~15 cm行内镜下球囊扩张后,29例治疗有效,19例联合肠镜下支架置入术后梗阻缓解。1例狭窄环长度<1 cm患者接受狭窄环切开+预防性末端回肠造口术,2例吻合口距齿线>10 cm且狭窄环长度>1 cm接受狭窄肠管切除术+预防性末端回肠造口术,1例低位重度狭窄患者行降结肠造口+远端肠管封闭术。吻合口狭窄患者随访时间为12个月,复查均吻合口通畅。结论:炎性增生、吻合口瘘、瘢痕形成为直肠癌术后吻合口良性狭窄的常见原因,预防是关键;根据吻合口不同狭窄原因及程度部位选择不同方法解除梗阻。

全覆膜自膨式可回收金属支架在治疗肝移植术后胆管吻合口狭窄中的应用价值

目的评价经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)下放置全覆膜自膨式可回收金属支架(fully-covered self-expandable metal stents,FCSEMS)治疗肝移植术后胆管吻合口狭窄(anastomotic biliary strictures,ABSs)的效果。方法采用回顾性横断面研究方法,收集2015年1月至2017年4月首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院行肝移植(166例次肝移植)术后(3~60个月)出现ABSs、并于北京大学第一医院外科内镜中心进行内镜下FCSEMS治疗的12例病人资料,统计手术成功率、临床缓解率和并发症发生率等,总结及评价FCSEMS治疗肝移植术后ABSs的安全性及有效性。结果 12例病人中,接受FCSEMS治疗14例次获得成功:其中2例病人术后经2次支架治疗。1例病人内镜插管失败,结合经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTCD)穿刺通过导丝插管成功,手术成功率为92.8%(13/14);临床缓解率为100%;术后发生急性胰腺炎1例,高淀粉酶血症3例,手术并发症发生率为28.6%(4/14);12例病人支架取出顺利,均无支架脱落及支架移位;所有病人FCSEMS植入术后无严重的手术并发症及死亡发生。结论肝移植术后ABSs采用FCSEMS治疗,安全性及有效性均较高,可作为目前肝移植术后ABSs的一线治疗方法。