The selection and scaling of ground motion records is considered a primary and essential task in performing structural analysis and design.Conventional methods involve using ground motion models and a conditional spec...The selection and scaling of ground motion records is considered a primary and essential task in performing structural analysis and design.Conventional methods involve using ground motion models and a conditional spectrum to select ground motion records based on the target spectrum.This research demonstrates the influence of adopting different weighted factors for various period ranges during matching selected ground motions with the target hazard spectrum.The event data from the Next Generation Attenuation West 2(NGA-West 2)database is used as the basis for ground motion selection,and hazard de-aggregation is conducted to estimate the event parameters of interest,which are then used to construct the target intensity measure(IM).The target IMs are then used to select ground motion records with different weighted vector-valued objective functions.The weights are altered to account for the relative importance of IM in accordance with the structural analysis application of steel moment resisting frame(SMRF)buildings.Instead of an ordinary objective function for the matching spectrum,a novel model is introduced and compared with the conventional cost function.The results indicate that when applying the new cost function for ground motion selection,it places higher demands on structures compared to the conventional cost function.Moreover,submitting more weights to the first-mode period of structures increases engineering demand parameters.Findings demonstrate that weight factors allocated to different period ranges can successfully account for period elongation and higher mode effects.展开更多
A mature mathematical technique called copula joint function is introduced in this paper, which is commonly used in the financial risk analysis to estimate uncertainty. The joint function is generalized to the n-dimen...A mature mathematical technique called copula joint function is introduced in this paper, which is commonly used in the financial risk analysis to estimate uncertainty. The joint function is generalized to the n-dimensional Frank’s copula. In addition, we adopt two attenuation models proposed by YU and Boore et al, respectively, and construct a two-dimensional copula joint probabilistic function as an example to illustrate the uncertainty treatment at low probability. The results show that copula joint function gives us a better prediction of peak ground motion than that resultant from the simple linear weight technique which is commonly used in the traditional logic-tree treatment of model uncertainties. In light of widespread application in the risk analysis from financial investment to insurance assessment, we believe that the copula-based technique will have a potential application in the seismic hazard analysis.展开更多
The battery management system(BMS)is the main safeguard of a battery system for electric propulsion and machine electrifcation.It is tasked to ensure reliable and safe operation of battery cells connected to provide h...The battery management system(BMS)is the main safeguard of a battery system for electric propulsion and machine electrifcation.It is tasked to ensure reliable and safe operation of battery cells connected to provide high currents at high voltage levels.In addition to efectively monitoring all the electrical parameters of a battery pack system,such as the voltage,current,and temperature,the BMS is also used to improve the battery performance with proper safety measures within the system.With growing acceptance of lithium-ion batteries,major industry sectors such as the automotive,renewable energy,manufacturing,construction,and even some in the mining industry have brought forward the mass transition from fossil fuel dependency to electric powered machinery and redefned the world of energy storage.Hence,the functional safety considerations,which are those relating to automatic protection,in battery management for battery pack technologies are particularly important to ensure that the overall electrical system,regardless of whether it is for electric transportation or stationary energy storage,is in accordance with high standards of safety,reliability,and quality.If the system or product fails to meet functional and other safety requirements on account of faulty design or a sequence of failure events,then the environment,people,and property could be endangered.This paper analyzed the details of BMS for electric transportation and large-scale energy storage systems,particularly in areas concerned with hazardous environment.The analysis covers the aspect of functional safety that applies to BMS and is in accordance with the relevant industrial standards.A comprehensive evaluation of the components,architecture,risk reduction techniques,and failure mode analysis applicable to BMS operation was also presented.The article further provided recommendations on safety design and performance optimization in relation to the overall BMS integration.展开更多
It has been a period of time since the concept of scenario earthquake was proposed, but this concept has rarely been used in seismic safety evaluation in China since then. Meanwhile, because of the uncertainties of ma...It has been a period of time since the concept of scenario earthquake was proposed, but this concept has rarely been used in seismic safety evaluation in China since then. Meanwhile, because of the uncertainties of magnitudes-distances pairs, there is large arbitrariness while determining the envelope function of time histories in seismic hazard analysis. In this paper, we describe a method to control the envelope functions of the time histories by introducing the most-likely combinations of magnitude and distance of the scenario earthquakes based on a probabilistic method, revise the software of the ellipse model for seismic hazard analysis, and give a computation example.展开更多
目的:观察基于危害分析及关键控制点(hazard analysis and critical control point,HACCP)原则的集束化护理在高血压脑出血患者中的应用效果。方法:选取2019年3月至2021年10月于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院诊治的132例高血压脑出血患...目的:观察基于危害分析及关键控制点(hazard analysis and critical control point,HACCP)原则的集束化护理在高血压脑出血患者中的应用效果。方法:选取2019年3月至2021年10月于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院诊治的132例高血压脑出血患者为研究对象。按照随机数字表法,分为研究组与对照组,每组66例。对照组给予常规护理,研究组给予基于HACCP原则的集束化护理。出院前,比较2组护理前后舒张压、收缩压、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表(Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale,FMAS)评分及并发症发生率。结果:护理前,2组患者的舒张压、收缩压相比,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);护理后,2组患者的舒张压、收缩压明显降低,且研究组明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。护理前,2组患者的FMAS评分相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);护理后,2组FMAS评分明显升高,且研究组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者的并发症发生率为12.12%,明显低于对照组的31.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:基于HACCP原则的集束化护理应用于高血压脑出血患者中可有效改善血压状况及运动功能,同时能降低并发症发生率,值得应用推广。展开更多
基金financial support from Teesside University to support the Ph.D. program of the first author.
文摘The selection and scaling of ground motion records is considered a primary and essential task in performing structural analysis and design.Conventional methods involve using ground motion models and a conditional spectrum to select ground motion records based on the target spectrum.This research demonstrates the influence of adopting different weighted factors for various period ranges during matching selected ground motions with the target hazard spectrum.The event data from the Next Generation Attenuation West 2(NGA-West 2)database is used as the basis for ground motion selection,and hazard de-aggregation is conducted to estimate the event parameters of interest,which are then used to construct the target intensity measure(IM).The target IMs are then used to select ground motion records with different weighted vector-valued objective functions.The weights are altered to account for the relative importance of IM in accordance with the structural analysis application of steel moment resisting frame(SMRF)buildings.Instead of an ordinary objective function for the matching spectrum,a novel model is introduced and compared with the conventional cost function.The results indicate that when applying the new cost function for ground motion selection,it places higher demands on structures compared to the conventional cost function.Moreover,submitting more weights to the first-mode period of structures increases engineering demand parameters.Findings demonstrate that weight factors allocated to different period ranges can successfully account for period elongation and higher mode effects.
基金Project of Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration (ZDJ2007-1)One Hundred Individual Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (99M2009M02) National Natural Science Foundation of China (40574022)
文摘A mature mathematical technique called copula joint function is introduced in this paper, which is commonly used in the financial risk analysis to estimate uncertainty. The joint function is generalized to the n-dimensional Frank’s copula. In addition, we adopt two attenuation models proposed by YU and Boore et al, respectively, and construct a two-dimensional copula joint probabilistic function as an example to illustrate the uncertainty treatment at low probability. The results show that copula joint function gives us a better prediction of peak ground motion than that resultant from the simple linear weight technique which is commonly used in the traditional logic-tree treatment of model uncertainties. In light of widespread application in the risk analysis from financial investment to insurance assessment, we believe that the copula-based technique will have a potential application in the seismic hazard analysis.
基金supported by Azure Mining Technology,CCTEG,and the University of Wollongong.
文摘The battery management system(BMS)is the main safeguard of a battery system for electric propulsion and machine electrifcation.It is tasked to ensure reliable and safe operation of battery cells connected to provide high currents at high voltage levels.In addition to efectively monitoring all the electrical parameters of a battery pack system,such as the voltage,current,and temperature,the BMS is also used to improve the battery performance with proper safety measures within the system.With growing acceptance of lithium-ion batteries,major industry sectors such as the automotive,renewable energy,manufacturing,construction,and even some in the mining industry have brought forward the mass transition from fossil fuel dependency to electric powered machinery and redefned the world of energy storage.Hence,the functional safety considerations,which are those relating to automatic protection,in battery management for battery pack technologies are particularly important to ensure that the overall electrical system,regardless of whether it is for electric transportation or stationary energy storage,is in accordance with high standards of safety,reliability,and quality.If the system or product fails to meet functional and other safety requirements on account of faulty design or a sequence of failure events,then the environment,people,and property could be endangered.This paper analyzed the details of BMS for electric transportation and large-scale energy storage systems,particularly in areas concerned with hazardous environment.The analysis covers the aspect of functional safety that applies to BMS and is in accordance with the relevant industrial standards.A comprehensive evaluation of the components,architecture,risk reduction techniques,and failure mode analysis applicable to BMS operation was also presented.The article further provided recommendations on safety design and performance optimization in relation to the overall BMS integration.
基金sponsored under the keyresearch project of social development of Zhejiang Province(2005C23075)
文摘It has been a period of time since the concept of scenario earthquake was proposed, but this concept has rarely been used in seismic safety evaluation in China since then. Meanwhile, because of the uncertainties of magnitudes-distances pairs, there is large arbitrariness while determining the envelope function of time histories in seismic hazard analysis. In this paper, we describe a method to control the envelope functions of the time histories by introducing the most-likely combinations of magnitude and distance of the scenario earthquakes based on a probabilistic method, revise the software of the ellipse model for seismic hazard analysis, and give a computation example.
文摘目的:观察基于危害分析及关键控制点(hazard analysis and critical control point,HACCP)原则的集束化护理在高血压脑出血患者中的应用效果。方法:选取2019年3月至2021年10月于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院诊治的132例高血压脑出血患者为研究对象。按照随机数字表法,分为研究组与对照组,每组66例。对照组给予常规护理,研究组给予基于HACCP原则的集束化护理。出院前,比较2组护理前后舒张压、收缩压、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表(Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale,FMAS)评分及并发症发生率。结果:护理前,2组患者的舒张压、收缩压相比,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);护理后,2组患者的舒张压、收缩压明显降低,且研究组明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。护理前,2组患者的FMAS评分相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);护理后,2组FMAS评分明显升高,且研究组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者的并发症发生率为12.12%,明显低于对照组的31.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:基于HACCP原则的集束化护理应用于高血压脑出血患者中可有效改善血压状况及运动功能,同时能降低并发症发生率,值得应用推广。
