Esophageal nasopharyngeal catheter in the wake-up anesthesia of the brain function area operations

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the self developed sound outside the ventilation device-esophageal nasopharynx catheter in brain functional areas surgery applications. Methods 13 patients involved functional areas of brain surgery were chosed. After induction of general anesthesia,the catheters were placed in the esophagus,then connected to anesthesia machines to an external

Three Types of Spatial Function Zoning in Key Ecological Function Areas Based on Ecological and Economic Coordinated Development: A Case Study of Tacheng Basin, China

Three types of spatial function zoning is an effective measure for regional environmental protection and orderly development.For ecological and economic coordinated development, spatial function zones should be divided scientifically to clear its direction of development and protection. Therefore, based on ecological constraints, a beneficial discussion would be about the key ecological function areas adopting the concept of ecological protection restriction and supporting socioeconomic development for spatial function zoning. In this paper, the researchers, taking Tacheng Basin, Xinjiang of China as an example, choose township as basic research unit and set up an evaluation index system from three aspects, namely, ecological protection suitability, agricultural production suitability, and urban development suitability, which are analyzed by using spatial analysis functions and exclusive matrix method. The results showed that: 1) This paper formed a set of multilevel evaluation index systems for three types of spatial function zoning of the key ecological function areas based on a novel perspective by scientifically dividing Tacheng Basin into ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space,which realized the integration and scientific orientation for spatial function at the township scale. 2) Under the guidance of three types of spatial pattern, the functional orientation and suggestions of development and protection was clearly defined for ecological protection zones,ecological economic zones, agricultural production zones, and urban development zones. 3) A new idea of space governance is provided to promote the coordinated and sustainable development between ecology and economy, which can break the traditional mode of thinking about regional economic development, and offers a scientific basis and reference for macro decision-making.

Multi-source Data-driven Identification of Urban Functional Areas:A Case of Shenyang,China

Urban functional area(UFA)is a core scientific issue affecting urban sustainability.The current knowledge gap is mainly reflected in the lack of multi-scale quantitative interpretation methods from the perspective of human-land interaction.In this paper,based on multi-source big data include 250 m×250 m resolution cell phone data,1.81×105 Points of Interest(POI)data and administrative boundary data,we built a UFA identification method and demonstrated empirically in Shenyang City,China.We argue that the method we built can effectively identify multi-scale multi-type UFAs based on human activity and further reveal the spatial correlation between urban facilities and human activity.The empirical study suggests that the employment functional zones in Shenyang City are more concentrated in central cities than other single functional zones.There are more mix functional areas in the central city areas,while the planned industrial new cities need to develop comprehensive functions in Shenyang.UFAs have scale effects and human-land interaction patterns.We suggest that city decision makers should apply multi-sources big data to measure urban functional service in a more refined manner from a supply-demand perspective.

Soil Conservation of National Key Ecological Function Areas

Soil erosion is a significant factor in the deterioration of the ecological environment and soil conservation is an important ecological service of National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Here, climate, terrain, soil and vegetation cover, soil erosion and soil conservation spatial data in 25 National Key Ecological Function Areas in 2010 were analyzed using the Universal Soil Loss Equation by Arc GIS tool. We found that soil conservation effects due to vegetation cover and soil conservation measures are obvious and that micro and slight erosion areas in National Key Ecological Function Areas have increased by 26.2%. The area of intensive erosion decreased by 25.1%, and the soil conservation amount in southern National Key Ecological Function Areas is high. The conservation amount of soil nutrients within National Key Ecological Function Areas is related to amount of soil conservation and content of each nutrient element in soil. The sequence of nutrient conservation amounts from high to low is soil organic carbon, total K, total N and total P in soil. The conservation amount of various soil nutrient elements in the Alkin Grassland function area and Yunnan and Sichuan function area was highest. Based on our findings, we recommend the strengthening of vegetation protection and management in the areas with high per unit area soil erosion, enhancement of vegetation cover and improvement of soil conservation measures in order to improve soil conservation functions and reduce soil nutrient losses. Vegetation protection and soil conservation measures should be consolidated in the areas with high potential erosion to prevent further deterioration.

Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China

Ecosystem services are transferred from the service-providing area to the service-benefiting area to satisfy human needs through some substance, energy or information. Most studies focus on the provision of ecosystem services and few focus on the demands on ecosystem services and their spatial distribution. Here, on the basis of the flow of water conservation services from the providing area to the benefiting area, the benefits produced by water conservation service are investigated and the benefiting areas are identified. The results indicate that in 2010 the water conservation service of key ecological function areas provided irrigation water for 1.67×105 km2 of paddy fields and 1.01×105 km2 irrigated fields, domestic water to urban residents and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises of 2.64×104 km2 urban construction land and domestic water to rural residents across 3.73×104 km2 of rural settlements and formed 6.64×104 km2 of inland water which can be used for freshwater aquaculture, downstream regions comprise 1.31×104 km of navigable river, which can be used for inland shipping. The benefit areas of the key function areas located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are greater and more influential benefit areas. To protect these key function areas, more attention should be paid to the maintenance and improvement of water conservation. Some benefit areas have access to the benefits produced by water conservation of nine key ecological function areas and cover 17% of the overall benefit area and the length of their channels benefited accounts for 7%. Multiple key ecological function areas should be taken into account equally in the formulation of ecological compensation policies. These research findings can serve as a scientific basis for the compensated use of and ecological compensation for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function areas.

Major Problems and Countermeasures for the Establishment of Ecological Compensation Systems for National Key Ecological Function Areas

At the end of the 1990 s China started to construct an ecological compensation system for national key ecological function areas. An eco-compensation system focusing on the ＂Transfer Payment of National Key Ecological Function Areas＂ has been established. The current eco-compensation system has played a positive role in improving the ecological environment of national key ecological function areas; but the ecological effect is weakening due to existing problems in the eco-compensation system such as unreasonable calculation of compensation standards, poor expression of rights and interests of stakeholders, simple sources of capital and modes of compensation. For better development, the eco-compensation system should be improved by（i） adhering to the combination of vertical compensation（oriented） and horizontal compensation（auxiliary） on the whole and establishing a transfer payment system of eco-compensation at national scale;（ii） defining the compensation standard according to ecological protection costs, development opportunity costs and ecological service values and adding indicators that reflect economic green transformation to evaluate compensation effects;（iii） gradually building a utilization system of eco-compensation funds in which multi-stakeholders participate and establishing a green development-oriented system to evaluate the performance of local governments; and（iv） cultivating a new business pattern where ecological services are the product, to grow the ecological service industry.

An New Area Function for Sharp Indenter Tips in Nanoindentation

A new area function is introduced and applied to a Berkovich tip in order tocharacterize the contact projected area between an indenter and indented material. The function canbe related directly to tip-rounding, thereby having obviously physical meaning. Nanoindentationexperiments are performed on a commercial Nano Indenter XP^R system. The other two area functionsintroduced by Oliver and Pharr and by Thurn and Cook respectively are involved in this paper forcomparison. By comparison from experimental results among different area functions, the indenter tipdescribed by the proposed area function here is very close to the experimental indenter.

AREA FUNCTIONS ON HARDY SPACES ASSOCIATED TO SCHRDINGER OPERATORS

In this paper, the author gives a characterization of atomic Hardy spaces associated to Schrodinger operators by using area functions, and hence gets the dual spaces of atomic Hardy spaces.

Division of carbon sink functional areas and path to carbon neutrality in coal mines

Remote sensing image data of typical mining areas in the Loess Plateau from 1986 to 2018 were used to analyze the evolution of land use,explore the division of carbon sink functional areas,and propose carbon neutrality paths to provide a reference for the coal industry carbon peak,carbon-neutral action plan.Results show that(1)land use has changed signifcantly in the Pingshuo mining area over the past 30 years.Damaged land in industrial,opencast,stripping,and dumping areas comprises 4482.5 ha of cultivated land,1648.13 ha of grassland,and 963.49 ha of forestland.(2)The carbon sink functional areas of the Pingshuo mining land is divided into invariant,enhancement,low carbon optimization,and carbon emission control areas.The proportion of carbon sinks in the invariant area is decreasing,whereas the proportion in enhancement,low carbon optimization,and carbon emission control areas is gradually increasing.(3)The carbon neutrality of the mining area must be reduced from the entire process of stripping–mining–transport–disposal–reclamation,and carbon emissions and carbon sink accounting must start from the life cycle of coal resources.Therefore,carbon neutrality in mining areas must follow the 5R principles of reduction,reuse,recycling,redevelopment,and restoration,and attention must be paid to the potential of carbon sinks in ecological protection and restoration projects in the future.

Intraoperative awake anesthesia applied for tumor excision in cerebral functional areas

Objective:To observe the feasibility and safety of awake anesthesia for tumor excisions in pa- tients with brain tumors involving cerebral functional areas.Methods:Fifty patients with brain tumors in- volving cerebral functional areas,ASAⅠ-Ⅱgrade,were enrolled in this study.Propofol and remifentanil were used for total intravenous anesthesia,and a laryngeal mask airway(LMA)was inserted for the air- way opening and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation(SIMV).At the surgeon's request for an intraoperative wake-up test,the propofol infusion was stopped advance of 10-15 min,the remifentanil in- fusion rate was decreased to 0.050-0.075μg/kg from 0.10-0.20μg/kg per min for easing surgical pain. The LMA was removed until the patient awakened.The anesthesiologist then kept up an on-going neuro- logical examination.After that,anesthesia was re-deepened and LMA was re-inserted until the whole surgery was accomplished.Results:Forty-six of 50 patients(92%)were successfully awakened and 4 (8%)failed to complete the intraoperative wake-up test because of dyspnea,over-sedation,or severe hy pertension.No severe complications occurred during the whole process.Conclusions:During the awake anesthetic period,the intraoperative wake-up test combined with navigation,evoked potential and ultra- sound techniques can help surgeons excise maximumly and precisely the brain tumors near to or in the functional areas.

AREA INTEGRAL FUNCTIONS FOR SECTORIAL OPERATORS ON L^p SPACES

Area integral functions are introduced for sectorial operators on L^p-spaces. We establish the equivalence between the square and area integral functions for sectorial operators on L^p spaces. This follows that the results of Cowling, Doust, McIntosh, Yagi, and Le Merdy on H^∞ functional calculus of seetorial operators on LP-spaces hold true when the square functions are replaced by the area integral functions.

Time function of surface subsidence based on Harris model in mined-out area

The surface subsidence is a common environmental hazard in mined-out area. Based on careful analysis of the regularity of surface subsidence in mined-out area, we proposed a new time function based on Harris curve model in consideration of the shortage of current surface subsidence time functions. By analyzing the characteristics of the new time function, we found that it could meet the dynamic process, the velocity change process and the acceleration change process during surface subsidence. Then its rationality had been verified through project cases. The results show that the proposed time function model can give a good reflection of the regularity of surface subsidence in mined-out area and can accurately predict surface subsidence. And the prediction data of the model are a little greater than measured data on condition of proper measured data quantity, which is safety in the engineering. This model provides a new method for the analysis of surface subsidence in mined-out area and reference for future prediction, and it is valuable to engineering application.

Activation of brain areas following ankle dorsiflexion versus plantar flexion Functional magnetic resonance imaging verification

Changes in activated areas of the brain during ankle active dorsiflexion and ankle active plantar flexion were observed in six healthy subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Excited areas of ankle active dorsiflexion involved the bilateral primary motor area and the primary somatosensory area, as well as the bilateral supplementary sensory area, the primary visual area, the right second visual area, and the vermis of cerebellum. Excited areas of ankle active plantar flexion included the ipsilateral supplementary motor area, the limbic system, and the contralateral corpus striatum. Fine movements of the cerebral cortex control the function of the ankle dorsiflexion to a larger extent than ankle plate flexion, and the function of ankle plate flexion is more controlled by the subcortical area.

Functional MRI activation of primary and secondary motor areas in healthy subjects

BACKGROUND： Functional MRI （fMRI） demonstrates the localization of hand representation in the motor cortex, thereby providing feasible noninvasive mapping of functional activities in the human brain. OBJECTIVE： To observe cortical activation within different cortical motor regions during repetitive hand movements in healthy subjects through the use of fMRI. DESIGN： An observational study, with each subject acting as his own control. SETTING： Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. PARTICIPANTS： Seven healthy volunteers, 4 males and 3 females, aged 19 to 38 years, participated in the study. All subjects were right-handed, with no neurological or psychological disorders. Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects, and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. METHODS： The study was performed at the Department of Radiology between June-August 2005. A 1.5 Tesla Siemens MRI scanner （Symphony, Germany） was used to acquire T1-weighted structural images, which were oriented parallel to the line running through the anterior and the posterior commissures. Subjects were instructed on a task and were allowed to practice briefly prior to the imaging procedure. The motor activation task consisted of the right hand performing a clenching movement. The T1-W images were acquired from six alternating epochs of rest and activation from all seven healthy subjects. Data were collected with echoplanar imaging of brain oxygen level dependent （BOLD） sequence. Each series comprised six cycles of task performance （30 seconds）, alternating with rest （30 seconds） periods, and 3-second time intervals. The differences between active and baseline fMRI imaging were calculated using the student t-test. Differential maps were overlaid on the high resolution TI-W structural image for neuroanatomical correlation of activation areas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The omega-shaped hand knobs were recognized on T1-W structural images. Active signal changes in the primary （M1） and secondary motor （M2） areas, as well as the relationship between the hand knobs and M1 area activation, were analyzed. Region of interest was selected for signal change quantitative graphic analysis. RESULTS： All 7 enrolled volunteers were included in the final analysis. In the present study, hand knob structures were recognized on T1-weighted images in all subjects and were omega-shaped in the axial plane. Significant functional activations were observed in the contralateral primary motor area of all subjects. Activation signals were distributed mainly in the central sulcus around the hand knob. The contralateral primary sensory （S1） cortex was activated in most cases, and ipsilateral M1 was activated in 3 subjects. Contralateral or bilateral supplementary motor area （SMA） was also activated in 6 cases. Premotor area, or super parietal lobe, was activated in two subjects. Three-dimensional reconstruction demonstrated that the active signal of M1 was primarily located at the middle-lateral surface of the contralateral precentral gyrus in Brodman＇s area 4, and the signal of SMA activation was located in the mesial surface of the premotor area. CONCLUSION： The knob structure of the precentral gyrus is the representative motor area for hand movement. The cerebral cortical motor network was extensively activated during voluntary hand movements in normal subjects. In alert, conscious human subjects, the activated fMRI signal safely and non-invasively localized and lateralized the motor cortical activity associated with simple voluntary repetitive hand movements. Whether higher cognitive functions, such as perception and speech, can be similarly mapped using the fMRI technique and the BOLD method remains to be determined in future well-designed human studies.

AREA INTEGRAL FUNCTIONS AND H∞ FUNCTIONAL CALCULUS FOR SECTORIAL OPERATORS ON HILBERT SPACES

Area integral functions are introduced for sectorial operators on Hilbert spaces. We establish the equivalence relationship between the square and area integral functions. This immediately extends McIntosh/Yagi＇s results on H∞ functional calculus of sectorial operators on Hilbert spaces to the case when the square functions are replaced by the area integral functions.

Functional Characteristics of Beijing Subway Stations Based on POI Data:Taking Beijing Metro Line 6 as An Example

Urban subway station is a key node related to urban social,political,economic and cultural activities.There are some differences in the location,function orientation,land use and flow characteristics of different types of stations in the city.This paper mainly used Tyson’s edge,kernel density analysis,chart analysis and other methods to classify the functional types of 412,393 POI data of 26 stations along Metro he results showed that the spatial distribution of Beijing Metro Line 6 was mainly divided into 3 categories,subway stations were divided into 4 categories.Among them,type A sites were divided into composite and single types,and the distribution characteristics of the 6 types of sites were quite different.Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of POI point data,this method can quickly classify and analyze the characteristics of stations along Line 6 in Beijing,which also has theoretical and practical value for the planning of urban subway lines.

Territorial suitability assessment and function zoning in the Jiuzhaigou earthquake-stricken area

An earthquake in the Jiuzhaigou area caused numerous secondary disasters, such as rolling stones, land collapse, landslides and debris flow, which badly affected the safety of human settlements and influenced the spatial layout of the post-disaster reconstruction. Therefore, carrying out assessments of land and identifying a suitable zone for human habitats were very important. This research creates the territorial suitability assessment and function zoning conceptual model in the earthquake-stricken area, and the new methods of the territorial suitability evaluation system were used to divide the spatial functional zones of the earthquake stricken area, which provide a theoretical guidance and decisionmaking basis for the reconstruction of the disaster area. The results showed that:(1) The Jiuzhaigou earthquake-stricken area comprises of an ecological area that has a high level of importance to the ecosystem. In the earthquake-stricken area, 65% of national land is at an altitude of 3000-4000 m, and therefore not suitable for a high level of intensive reconstruction, but reconstructed in an eco-friendly manner.(2) The zone suitable for reconstruction comprises mainly of the river valley and the flat terrain of western parts. The land with low suitability is mainly located on steep terrain, such as highmountains and low gullies. The geographic and geomorphic conditions limit the spread of a suitable reconstruction zone.(3) The earthquake-stricken area mainly comprises of a tourism industry gathering area, population gathering area, agriculture and animal husbandry development area, and ecological preservation area with areas of 76 km^2, 44 km^2, 1591 km^2 and 7512 km^2, respectively. Scientifically zoning the reconstruction areas using scientific evaluation may provide guidance for the location of reconstruction sites.

Constrained Delaunay Triangulation for Grouping Functional Areas by Land Use

Functional land use maps are used for land evaluation, environmental analysis, and resource conservation. Spatial data clustering identifies the sparse and crowded places, thus discovering the overall distribution pattern of the dataset. Some clustering methods represent an attribute-oriented approach to knowledge discovery. Other methods rely on natural notions of similarities （e.g., Euclidean distances）. These are not appropriate for constructing functional areas. We propose a similarity value to evaluate the closeness between a pair of points based on the total functional area and the proportion of the main land use type for the entire functional area. We develop constrained attributes employing this similarity value and a DT （Delaunay triangulation） criterion function when merging clusters. Four thresholds are set to ensure that functional areas have acceptable proportions, regular shapes, and no overlap. An experimental study was conducted with cadastral data for Chengdu, China, from 2009. The results show the advantages for objectivity and efficiency in using the proposed algorithm to define functional areas. The areas are created dynamically at any convenient time.

Study on Temporal-spatial Distribution of Heavy Rain and Rainstorm in Different Functional Areas of Chongqing

To discuss response ability of five functional areas to rainstorm flood in Chongqing,by taking 8 districts（ counties） as research object,monthly occurrence times of heavy rain and rainstorm in different functional areas over the years and appearance month of the maximum rainfall were conducted statistics. Results showed that frequency distribution of heavy rain in whole year in different functional areas was different,but it was similar in the same functional zone. Temporal-spatial distribution of rainstorm was more independent,and there were different performances in various districts of each functional area. In urban functional core area and urban functional expansion area,rainstorm times was more,and the maximum precipitation was larger. In urban development new district,rainstorm times and the maximum precipitation were relatively smaller in whole Chongqing. In ecological conservation development area of northeast Chongqing,rainstorm duration was longer,and we needed prevention and control during June- September. In ecological protection area of southeast Chongqing,although rainstorm occurrence times was the most in Chongqing,the heavy rainstorm was less.

S-wave velocity structure inferred from receiver function inversion in Tengchong volcanic area

Tengchong volcanic area is located near the impinging and underthrust margin of India and Eurasia plates. The volcanic activity is closely related to the tectonic environment. The deep structure characteristics are inferred from the receiver function inversion with the teleseismic records in the paper. The results show that the low velocity zone is influenced by the NE-trending Dayingjiang fault. The S-wave low velocity structure occurs obviously in the southern part of the fault, but unobviously in its northern part. There are low velocity zones in the shallow po-sition, which coincides with the seismicity. It also demonstrates that the low velocity zone is directly related to the thermal activity in the volcanic area. Therefore, we consider that the volcano may be alive again.