Influence of ecological function protection zone on the water conservation in Gansu-Qinghai Contiguous Region of the upper Yellow River

The implementation of Ecological Function Protection Zone(EFPZ)policy is significant for the ecological restoration and conservation of soil and water in the territory space.This manuscript analyzed and quantified the impact of EFPZ on the regional water conservation function,based on land use data from 2005,2008,2010,2015 and 2020,by conducting a counterfactual simulation along with the GeoSOS-FLUS model and the InVEST model.The results demonstrate that the delineation of EFPZ can significantly influence the water conservation.(1)From 2010 to 2020,as the EFPZ was implemented,the water conservation in the study area was increasing year by year,with a growth rate of 0.03×10^(8) m^(3)∙a^(-1).On the other hand,the simulated water conservation capacity without the implementation of EFPZ decreased year by year,with a decrease rate of 0.01×10^(8) m^(3)∙a^(-1).(2)The EFPZ accounts for only 23%of the total area,but the contribution rate of water conservation reaches 80%.The actual values of water conservation and average water yield per unit pixel in the EFPZ show an increasing trend both internally and externally,while the counterfactual simulation values exhibit a decreasing trend.(3)The water conservation is much higher within the EFPZ than without EFPZ.The implementation of EFPZ has a significant effect on the improvement of the water conservation capacity in Maqu EFPZ and Yellow River Source EFPZ.The protection effectiveness should be enhanced in Qilian Mountain EFPZ and afforestation activities need to be carefully considered in Loess Plateau EFPZ.

Comparative study of functional optical zone:small incision lenticule extraction versus femtosecond laser assisted excimer laser keratomileusis

AIM:To investigate the size of functional optical zone(FOZ)after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)versus femtosecond laser assisted excimer laser keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)for myopia correction and potential associated factors for FOZ.METHODS:A total of 133 patients who received corneal refractive surgery in our hospital between November 2018 and July 2021 were retrospectively enrolled.There were 63 patients(123 eyes)in SMILE group and 70patients(139 eyes)in FS-LASIK group.The size of FOZ was measured using Pentacam 3-dementional anterior segment analyzer before and 3mo after surgery,so as to analyze postoperative achieved functional optical zone(AFOZ)and its contributing parameters.RESULTS:When planned functional optical zone(PFOZ)was 6.5 mm for both groups,AFOZ was 1.45±0.27 and 1.67±0.25 mm smaller than preoperative FOZ in SMILE group and FS-LASIK group 3mo after surgery.AFOZ in SMILE group was significantly larger than that in FS-LASIK group(P<0.001).Variation of FOZ was negatively correlated with preoperative spherical equivalent(SE)and positively correlated with variation of mean keratometry value(△Km),variation of spherical aberration(△SA),and variation of Q-value(△Q,all P<0.001)in both groups.Multiple variable linear regression equations were△FOZ=1.354-0.1×pre-SE+0.336×△Q+1.462×△SA in SMILE group and△FOZ=1.512+0.137×△Q+0.468×△SA in FS-LASIK group.CONCLUSION:AFOZ is significantly smaller than preoperative FOZ in both SMILE and FS-LASIK groups.With the same PFOZ,larger AFOZ is achieved in SMILE group than in FS-LASIK group.

Delimitation of Grain Production Functional Zones:An Empirical Analysis of Fangzi District in Weifang City

To solve some unreasonable problems in the acceptance process of the delimitation project of grain production functional zones,the acceptance results of grain production functional zones in Fangzi District,Weifang City were elaborated from the aspects of the third party organization,inspectors,expert group,acceptance criteria,acceptance method,acceptance contents,etc.,and the overall performance of the project was reviewed.The problems that need to be rectified during the implementation of the project were put forward,and the irrationality of the acceptance and the places that need to be improved were pointed out,which would provide a better guiding value for the delimitation of grain production functional zone and the acceptance and performance evaluation of similar projects.

Study on functions and rational allocation of Shule River Basin groundwater resources

Based on Investigation and Assessment on Rational Exploitation and Utilization of Groundwater Resources in Typical Areas of the Hexi Corridor, the thesis studies on groundwater and environmental problems arising from the large-scale agricultural development projects in Shule River Basin. The thesis analyzes problems in exploiting and utilizing water resources, defines the function zoning of groundwater resources in key areas and evaluates them. Finally, the thesis uses three-dimensional unsteady flow simulation and regional social and economic development plan to study on the allocation of groundwater in Shule River Basin. A proposal for rational allocation of Shule River Basin water resources has been put forward.

Ecological function zoning and protection of groundwater in Asia

The natural groundwater recharge in Asia is estimated to be 4677.74×10^(9)m^(3)/a.However,it features extremely uneven spatial-temporal distribution.Groundwater is distributed in various natural and geological environments,and it is liable to be affected by numerous factors and possesses different properties.Moreover,groundwater faces complex ecological problems.This paper gains a complete understanding of groundwater in Asia in terms of the structure of aquifer systems,the processes of groundwater cycle,and the spatial variation laws of surface ecosystems.Based on this,it proposes the ecological function zoning scheme of groundwater in Asia,aiming to provide guidance for the utilization of regional water resources and the planning for economic and social development,coordinate the relationship between social and economic development and water resource protection,and improve the ecological functions of groundwater.Furthermore,this paper analyzes the problems with regional groundwater management in Asia and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions,thus providing a theoretical basis for the sustainable development and utilization of regional groundwater and environmental protection.

Functional Division Analysis and Optimization Design of Nanling Nature Reserve

Nanling National Nature Reserve is established on the basis of 5 provincial nature reserves, and the original functional zoning is maintained. This paper explored problems of the reserve in division range and functional zoning, and gavea pertinent adjustment scheme. The adjustment results are(1) cutting out the scattered areas in neighborhood, and fi lling in the internal split parts;(2) establishing corridors between the reserve and neighboring nature reserves;(3) redividing the functional zones.

Residential Differentiation Based on Reachability and Spatial Clustering : A Case Study of the Main Urban Area of Wuhan City

The differentiation of urban residential space is a key and hot topic in urban research, which has very important theoretical significance for urban development and residential choice. In this paper, web crawler technology is used to collect urban big data. Using spatial analysis and clustering, the differentiation law of residential space in the main urban area of Wuhan is revealed. The residential differentiation is divided into five types: "Garden" community, "Guozi" community, "Wangjiangshan" community, "Yashe" community, and "Shuxin" community. The "Garden" community is aimed at the elderly, with good medical accessibility and open space around the community. The "Guozi Community" is aimed at young people, and the community has accessibility to good educational and commercial facilities. The "Wangjiangshan" community is oriented towards the social elite group, with beautiful natural living environment, close to the city core, and convenient transportation. The "Yashe" community is aimed at the general income group, and its location is characterized by being adjacent to commercial districts and convenient transportation. The "Shuxin" community is aimed at the middle and lower income groups, far from the city center, and the living environment quality is not high.

The impact of urban planning on land use and land cover in Pudong of Shanghai, China

Functional zones in cities constitute the most conspicuous components of newly developed urban areas, and have been a hot spot for domestic and foreign investors in China, which not only show the expanse of urban space accompanied by the shifts both in landscape (from rural to urban) and land use(from less extensive to extensive), but also display the transformation of regional ecological functions. By using the theories and methods of landscape ecology, the structure of landscapes and landscape ecological planning can be analyzed and evaluated for studying the urban functional zones' layout. In 1990, the Central Government of China declared to develop and open up Pudong New Area so as to promote economic development in Shanghai. Benefited from the advantages of Shanghai's location and economy, the government of Pudong New Area has successively built up 7 different functional zones over the past decade according to their functions and strategic goals. Based on the multi-spectral satellite imageries taken in 1990, 1997 and 2000, a landscape ecology analysis was carried out for Pudong New Area of Shanghai, supported by GIS technology. Green space (including croplands) and built-up areas are the major factors considered in developing urban landscape. This paper was mainly concerned with the different spatial patterns and dynamics of green space, built-up areas and new buildings in different functional zones, as influenced by different functional layouts and development strategies. The rapid urbanization in Pudong New Area resulted in a more homogeneous landscape. Agricultural landscape and suburban landscape were gradually replaced by urban landscape as the degree of urbanization increased. As a consequence of urbanization in Pudong, not only built-up patches, but also newly-built patches and green patches merged into one large patch, which should be attributed to the construction policy of extensive green space as the urban development process in Pudong New Area. The shape of green area of 7 functional zones became more and more regular because of the horticultural needs in Shanghai urban planning. Some suggestions were finally made for the study of future urban planning and layout.

Sustainable development problems and countermeasures:A case study of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)is a region with unique and distinctive natural landscapes and cultural charac-teristics and presents a useful case to improve understanding of sustainable development for regions with extreme environments and unique social backgrounds.Research has been conducted for small-scale regions,however there has been insufficient exploration of the problems and countermeasures for sustainable development in Tibet.This study analyzes different functional zones(urbanized zones,agricultural zones,pastoral zones and ecological se-curity zones)of the QTP.Then it develops a sustainable livelihood index(SLI)based on the sustainable livelihood analysis framework resulting in three main findings.First,sustainable livelihoods vary greatly across functional zones.The SLI for farmers and herdsmen in the urbanized zones is the highest,with a value of 3.57,followed by the agricultural zones of 3.07.In comparison,the SLI values in the ecological security zones and pastoral zones are 2.92 and 2.85,respectively,indicating that the two zones present challenges for sustainable develop-ment in the QTP.Second,all counties had few natural,social or physical assets,indicating the need to expand assets to achieve sustainable livelihoods.Finally,urbanized and agricultural counties had more robust livelihood strategies than ecological and pastoral counties.In light of these results,strategic options have been formulated to promote sustainable development.These options include:accelerating construction of the third pole national park group;establishing a pattern of green mining;promoting the biological resources industry;and initiating a carbon trading market in the QTP.

Identifying urban functional zones by capturing multi-spatial distribution patterns of points of interest

Urban Functional Zone(UFZ)identification is vital for urban planning,renewal,and development.Point of Interest(POI),as one of the most popular data in UFZ studies,is transformed into a geo-corpus under specific sampling strategies,which can be used with Natural Language Processing(NLP)technology to extract geo-semantic features and identify UFZs.However,existing studies only capture a single spatial distribution pattern of POIs,while ignoring the other spatial distribution information.In this paper,we developed an integrated geo-corpus construction approach to capture multi-spatial distribution patterns of POIs that were represented by different modal POI embeddings.Subsequently,random forest model was leveraged to classify UFZs based on those embeddings.A set of combination experiments were designed for performance validation.The results show that our proposed method can effectively identify UFZs with an accuracy of 72.9%,with an improvement of 8.5%compared to the baseline methods.The outcome of this study will help urban planners to better understand UFZs through investigating the integrated spatial distribution patterns of POIs embedded in UFZs.

Development and Prospect of Zoning Mode in the Three Rounds of Overall Land Use Planning of China

Zoning system is the basic mode of establishment of overall land use planning. In this study,the zoning mode and practice in the three rounds of overall land use planning that have been carried out in China were analyzed and summarized firstly,and then some obvious problems existing in the implementation of the zoning mode were analyzed. Finally,countermeasures and suggestions were put forward to provide necessary reference for further development and improvement of the zoning mode and the development of overall land use planning at all levels in China.

Analysis of Water Quality Variation and Trend in the Ji'an Section of the Ganjiang River

Based on the monitoring data of water quality in the Ji'an section of the Ganjiang River from 2008 to 2018 by the Water Resources Monitoring Center of Ji'an City,single factor evaluation method,comprehensive pollution index method and seasonal Kendall test method were adopted to study and analyze the characteristics of surface water resources and the changing trend of water quality in the river section.The results show that the water quality in the Ji'an section of the Ganjiang River was generally good,and the water quality of each function zone reached the target requirement.The comprehensive pollution index was controlled between 0.21 and 0.40 over the years,and there was no significant change in time and space,and the water quality was relatively stable.The dissolved oxygen and permanganate index tended to improve,and there was no change in five-day biochemical oxygen demand,while ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus showed an upward trend.The water quality as a whole showed a trend of deterioration.By discussing the influencing factors of the characteristic pollutants,the causes of water quality in the Ji'an section of the Ganjiang River were further analyzed.It is suggested to strengthen the supervision and control of non-point source and point source pollution.

Territorial and Urban Evolution of Economic Zone along Durresi Street(Kamza Junction-Kashar Turn)

The territorial expansion of the economic zones along Tirana-Durres corridor,is considered as clear evidence of regional economic development.Since the first 10 years of 1990-2000,the need for a functional planning process was clearly noted.In the early 2000’s,the linear planning on both sides of the highway,from KJ(Kamza Junction)to KT(Kashar Turn),was the real demonstration of that need.This article is a first effort towards an indirect analysis on spatial urban development processes of the last 20 years,indicated by development urban plans for Greater Tirana.This analysis concludes on the defects on integration of this area into the existing structure of Tirana,which are reflected in the new regulatory plans during 2012-2016.This article identifies the functional zoning phenomena,forms and rates of parcels occupation,analyzed through the land use indicators coverage.The urban analysis is focused also on identifying the achievements and failures on the design of spatial structures of social importance.This analysis intends to lead towards a more detailed study of the ways that enable the integration of this industrial area with the residential zone.It is considered as an attempt,which raises a number of issues,for helping the planners,architects and city administrators,involved in the planning and implementation of Partial Urban Plans.

Territorial function differentiation and its comprehensive regionalization in China

During the sustainable development of land surface system,different territories undertake different functions.The understanding and representation of territorial differentiation of the land surface system is the main purpose of comprehensive function regionalization research.Focusing on the theoretical gap of comprehensive geographical regionalization,that is,the spatial decoupling of the physical environment and human activities,the non-nested relationship of spatial scale transformation,and the persistence and uncertainty of the dynamic evolution of territorial functions,this research proposed the identification principles and division methods of comprehensive functional regions.Based on the major function zoning in China,the systematic classification method with function orientation was employed to delineate the comprehensive functions of each territory,such as ecological security,food production and urban development.Then,the geographical regionalization method,which follows the principles of interconnection of different regionalization objectives at different levels and a combination of top-down decomposition and bottom-up aggregation,was used to determine the geographic boundaries.To meet the objective requirements of flexible and dynamic boundaries,two sets of land regionalization schemes for 2035 and 2050 were finally formed,each of which had three spatial levels.The first-level regionalization identified four major regions,which comprehensively represented the relatively stable state of China’s land development and protection pattern under the leading role of physical environment differentiation.The second-level regionalization identified 12 regions,which comprehensively represented the spatial layout of a new development pattern of multi-and inter-provinces coordinating the innovation chain,industrial chain and supply chain based on a relatively independent and complete natural carrier.The third-level regionalization identified 80 sub-regions,which comprehensively represented the functional differentiation patterns of sub-provinces during sustainable development.Compared with the current geographical differentiation research,the study of territorial function differentiation has academic values for the development of integrated geography in exploring the territorial system of the humanenvironment relationship,and it can provide a scientific basis for determining the territorial model of sustainable development and optimizing the pattern of spatial development and protection in China.

Scale,Site Selection and Function of Economic and Technological Development Zones

This article analyses different characteristics of scale,site selection and function of the current economic andtehnological development zones in our country.It further proposes that it is inappropriate for the economic andtechnological development zones to follow the“pattern of the special zones”,but a new pattern of“small scale,unitaryfunction and closeness to old city”should be adopted to fit in with the practical conditions in our country.The scale,landuse structure and the relations between the development zone and the old city are the basic issues in planning forthe development zones.These three essential elements constitute the pattern of planning which determines to a certainextent the success or failure of the development zones.

Integrating structure and function:mapping the hierarchical spatial heterogeneity of urban landscapes

Background:Cities are social-ecological systems characterized by remarkably high spatial and temporal heterogeneity,which are closely related to myriad urban problems.However,the tools to map and quantify this heterogeneity are lacking.We here developed a new three-level classification scheme,by considering ecosystem types(level 1),urban function zones(level 2),and land cover elements(level 3),to map and quantify the hierarchical spatial heterogeneity of urban landscapes.Methods:We applied the scheme using an object-based approach for classification using very high spatial resolution imagery and a vector layer of building location and characteristics.We used a top-down classification procedure by conducting the classification in the order of ecosystem types,function zones,and land cover elements.The classification of the lower level was based on the results of the higher level.We used an objectbased methodology to carry out the three-level classification.Results:We found that the urban ecosystem type accounted for 45.3%of the land within the Shenzhen city administrative boundary.Within the urban ecosystem type,residential and industrial zones were the main zones,accounting for 38.4%and 33.8%,respectively.Tree canopy was the dominant element in Shenzhen city,accounting for 55.6%over all ecosystem types,which includes agricultural and forest.However,in the urban ecosystem type,the proportion of tree canopy was only 22.6%because most trees were distributed in the forest ecosystem type.The proportion of trees was 23.2% in industrial zones,2.2%higher than that in residential zones.That information“hidden”in the usual statistical summaries scaled to the entire administrative unit of Shenzhen has great potential for improving urban management.Conclusions:This paper has taken the theoretical understanding of urban spatial heterogeneity and used it to generate a classification scheme that exploits remotely sensed imagery,infrastructural data available at a municipal level,and object-based spatial analysis.For effective planning and management,the hierarchical levels of landscape classification(level 1),the analysis of use and cover by urban zones(level 2),and the fundamental elements of land cover(level 3),each exposes different respects relevant to city plans and management.

Assessment of effective conservation of the Sichuan takin by giant panda reserves through functional zoning

The flagship species conservation strategy is widely practiced in nature reserves.However,few studies have quantitatively explored whether the current functional zoning adequately conserves the habitats of other species.To examine this problem,we selected the Tangjiahe,Xuebaoding,and Wanglang national nature reserves in southwest China and tested the protective efficiency of the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)reserves on a local herbivore—Sichuan takin(Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)in functional zoning.We predicted that the habitat distribution of the Sichuan takin with Maxent and habitat suitability would be classified as very low,low,moderately,or highly suitable.We calculated the percentage of each type of habitat class across the core,buffer,and experimental zones in these reserves and introduced an economic index present value index to further assess the efficacy of the functional zoning in conserving the habitat of Sichuan takin.Our findings indicate that suitable habitat distributions of Sichuan takin are multicore and influenced by diverse variables in different nature reserves.The percentage of moderately suitable and highly suitable habitat in the core zone is 69%and 54%in Tangjiahe,76%and 75%in Wanglang,and 47%and 28%in Xuebaoding,respectively.The present value index of moderately and highly suitable habitat is 1.01 and 0.79(Tangjiahe),0.87 and 0.86(Wanglang),0.76 and 0.44(Xuebaoding),respectively.The efficiency of functional zoning on Sichuan takin seems lower than imagined in giant panda reserves,and species that have important impacts on local ecosystem need further estimation and greater focus.

Exploring spatiotemporal patterns of geosocial media data for urban functional zone identification

Urban Functional Zones(UFZs)can be identified by measuring the spatiotemporal patterns of activities that occur within them.Geosocial media data possesses abundant spatial and temporal information for activity mining.Identifying UFZs from geosocial media data aids urban planning,infrastructure,resource allocation,and transportation modernization in the complex urban system.In this work,we proposed an integrated approach by combining the spatiotemporal clustering method with a machine learning classifier.The spatiotemporal clustering method was used to mine the spatiotemporal patterns of activities,of which the distinctive features were extracted as inputs into a machine learning classifier for UFZ identification.The results show that more than 80%of the UFZs can be correctly identified by our proposed method.It reveals that this work serves as a functional groundwork for future studies,facilitating the understanding of urban systems as well as promoting sustainable urban development.

Temporal dimension and water quality control in an emission trading scheme based on water environmental functional zone

Emission trading is one of the most effectivealternatives to controlling water pollution.Water environmentalfunctional zone(WEFZ)is used to determine thewater quality standard and identify the zone boundary foreach river or reach.In this study,a new emission tradingscheme was addressed based on WEFZ,accounting forboth the temporal dimension and water quality control.Atemporal factor of emission trading was proposed based onvariations in the environmental capacity within a year bydividing the year into three periods,including high,normal,and low periods of environmental capacity.Duringeach period,emission trading was implemented exclusively.A water quality-control scheme was suggestedbased on the water quality requirement in the waterfunctional zone,in which the water quality at thedownstream boundary of the zone was required to meetthe water standard following auto-purification in thestream.Two methods of calculating water quality controlare addressed for point-source pollution and non-pointsourcepollution.The calculated temporal dimension andwater quality control were located in Dongxi River of theDaning Watershed in the Three Gorges Watershed.Thehigh period was during June,July,and August,the normalperiod was during April,May,September,and October,and the low period was during January,February,March,November,and December.The results from the waterquality calculation demonstrated that the discharge ofpoint-source and non-point-source pollutions led to anexcess of common contaminants at the downstreamboundary of WEFZ.The temporal and spatial factorsabove should be incorporated into the emission tradingscheme based on WEFZ.

Corneal functional optical zone under monocular and binocular assessment

Background:In this retrospective randomized case series,we compared bilateral symmetry between OD and OS eyes,intercorneal differences and Functional Optical Zone(FOZ)of the corneal aberrations.Methods:Sixty-seven normal subjects(with no ocular pathology)who never had any ocular surgery were bilaterally evaluated at Augenzentrum Recklinghausen(Germany).In all cases,standard examinations and corneal wavefront topography(OPTIKON Scout)were performed.The OD/OS bilateral symmetry was evaluated for corneal wavefront aberrations,and FOZ-values were evaluated from the Root-Mean-Square(RMS)of High-Order Wavefront-Aberration(HOWAb).Moreover,correlations of FOZ,spherical equivalent(SE),astigmatism power,and cardinal and oblique astigmatism for binocular vs.monocular,and binocular vs.intercorneal differences were analyzed.Results:Mean FOZ was 6.56±1.13 mm monocularly,6.97±1.34 mm binocularly,and 7.64±1.30 mm intercorneal difference,with all strongly positively correlated,showing that the diameter of glare-free vision is larger in binocular than monocular conditions.Mean SE was 0.78±1.30 D,and the mean astigmatism power(magnitude)was 0.46±0.52 D binocularly.The corresponding monocular values for these metrics were 0.78±1.30 D and 0.53±0.53 D respectively.SE,astigmatism magnitude,cardinal astigmatism component,and FOZ showed a strong correlation and even symmetry;and oblique astigmatism component showed odd symmetry indicating Enantiomorphism between the left and right eye.Conclusions:These results confirm OD-vs.-OS bilateral symmetry(which influences binocular summation)of HOWAb,FOZ,defocus,astigmatism power,and cardinal and oblique astigmatism.Binocular Functional Optical Zone calculated from corneal wavefront aberrations can be used to optimize refractive surgery design.