Function-oriented design:A novel strategy for advanced biomedical materials

It has always been a dream to construct tissues and even organs for transplantation to replace those with defects caused by diseases or injuries.Tissue engineering is another milestone in the developmental history of life science after cellular and molecular bioscience.Nevertheless,despite decades of rapid de-velopment,tissue-engineered biomaterials have not been widely used clinically.Biomaterials constructed by physical and chemical methods have lots of difficulty in precisely mimicking the macroscopic and mi-croscopic structures of human tissues.The ultimate way to build organoid tissue for regeneration is to enable the cells to take the initiative and build suitable functions.Based on the thoughts of tissue engi-neering,organoid technology holds great potential as a research tool for a wide range of fields,including developmental biology,disease pathology,cell biology,precision medicine,and drug toxicity and efficacy testing.This technology also holds tremendous potential for regenerative medicine,as organoids present the possibility for autologous and allogeneic cell therapy through the replacement of damaged or dis-eased tissues with organoid-propagated tissue or stem cell populations.In this review work,we briefly outlook the development history of organoid technology,summarize the current bottlenecks and the un-derlying reasons,and propose the unified term“function-oriented design in tissue engineering”,a new topic that may provide a solution to overcome these bottlenecks.

Examining the influence of the implementation of Major Function-oriented Zones on built-up area expansion in China

China had implemented the national strategies for Major Function-oriented Zones （MFOZs） to realize the goal of national sustainable development since 2010. This study analyzed and compared spatio-temporal characteristics and differences in built-up area for China＇s MFOZs using a China＇ s Land Use Database （CLUD） derived from high-resolution remotely sensed images in the periods of 2000-2010 and 2010-2013. To sum up： （1） The percentage of built-up area in each of the MFOZs was significantly different, revealing the gradient feature of national land development based on the distribution of the main functions. （2） Annual growth in built-up area in optimal development zones （ODZs） decreased signifi- cantly during 2010-2013 compared with the period 2000-2010, while annual growth in built-up area in key development zones （KDZs）, agricultural production zones （APZs） and key ecological function zones （KEFZs） increased significantly. （3） In ODZs, the average annual increase in built-up area in the Yangtze River Delta region was significantly higher than in other regions; the average area increase and rate of increase of built-up area in KDZs was faster in the western region than in other regions; average annual area growth of built-up area in APZs in the northeast, central and western regions was twice as high as the previous decade on average; the annual rate of change and increase in the dynamic degree of built-up area were most notable in KEFZs in the central region. （4） The spatial pattern and charac- teristics of built-up area expansions in the period 2010-2013 reflected the gradient feature of the plan for MFOZs. But the rate of increase locally in built-up area in ODZs, APZs and KEFZs is fast, so the effective measures must be adopted in the implementation of national and regional policies. The conclusions indicated these methods and results were meaningful for future regulation strategies in optimizing national land development in China.

Function-oriented optimization design method for underactuated tendon-driven humanoid prosthetic hand

The loss of hand functions in upper limb amputees severely restricts their mobility in daily life.Wearing a humanoid prosthetic hand would be an effective way of restoring lost hand functions.In a prosthetic hand design,replicating the natural and dexterous grasping functions with a few actuators remains a big challenge.In this study,a function-oriented optimization design(FOD)method is proposed for the design of a tendon-driven humanoid prosthetic hand.An optimization function of different functional conditions of full-phalanx contact,total contact force,and force isotropy was constructed based on the kinetostatic model of a prosthetic finger for the evaluation of grasping performance.Using a genetic algorithm,the optimal geometric parameters of the prosthetic finger could be determined for specific functional requirements.Optimal results reveal that the structure of the prosthetic finger is significantly different when designed for different functional requirements and grasping target sizes.A prosthetic finger was fabricated and tested with grasping experiments.The mean absolute percentage error between the theoretical value and the experimental result is less than 10%,demonstrating that the kinetostatic model of the prosthetic finger is effective and makes the FOD method possible.This study suggests that the FOD method enables the systematic evaluation of grasping performance for prosthetic hands in the design stage,which could improve the design efficiency and help prosthetic hands meet the design requirements.

公共体育服务概念、结构及人本思想

运用文献法,搜集了近10年来有关公共体育服务的文献308篇,逐一分析,得出以下结果:①学者研究主要集中在公共体育服务内涵、体系、绩效、均等化、发展等六方面;②学者主要从公共物品角度界定公共体育服务;③公共体育服务呈现"矛盾态"、"空白态"、"流失态";④公共体育服务发展突出了"物"、弱化了"人"。在此基础上,运用访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计法,得出如下结论:①公共体育服务是政府或非政府组织在供给人民共同消费或享用的体育产品或体育服务的过程中所承担的职能;②公共体育服务主要包括管理、保障、供给、生产四种职能,公共服务背景下,公共体育服务是政府职能转变在体育领域的延伸和实现;③公共体育服务发展中的人本思想主要包括"以人为本依靠谁"、"以什么人为本"、以及"以人的什么为本"三方面内容。

NEW DESIGN METHOD FOR HYPOID GEARS

A digital model is presented for the purpose of design, manufacture and measurement of hypoid gear, based on the non-uniform rational B-spline surface （NURBS） method. The digital model and the function-oriented active design technique are combined to form a new design method for hypoid gears. The method is well adaptable to CNC bevel gear cutting machines and CNC-controlled gear inspection machines, and can be used to create the initial machine tool cutting location data or program measurement path. The presented example verifies the method is correct.

评论附加语的言者指向性和人际意义

功能语法把状语叫做附加语。附加语分为环境附加语、情态附加语和连接附加语。情态附加语又分为语气附加语和评论附加语。评论附加语属于人际附加语,表达人际意义。评论附加语的人际意义是由说话人表达的,属于说话人意义。因此,评论附加语具有明显的言者指向性。评论附加语所表达的人际意义有三种:介入义、认识义和评判义。介入义表达说话人表述命题信息的方式。认识义表达说话人对命题真值确信性程度的判断义或命题信息可靠性程度的言据义。评判义是说话人对命题的整体或命题的主语的判断和评价。这些人际意义均取决于说话人对所述信息的主观态度,因而具有明显的言者主观性。

功能区视角下黄土高原碳公平性的时空分异与影响因素

In this paper, we firstly constructed a theoretical framework based on major function-oriented zones(MFOZs). Then taking the Loess Plateau(LP) as the study area, we revealed the spatio-temporal differences and influencing factors of carbon emission equity by using the carbon equity model, Theil index, and Geo-detector. The results showed that:(1) From 2000 to 2017, the carbon equity of the Loess Plateau showed a downward trend, but the ecological carbon equity remained above 2.3, which was significantly higher than the economic carbon equity.(2) The ecological carbon equity in the Loess Plateau increased from the core of urban agglomeration to the periphery. The spatial pattern of economic carbon equity changed from low in the northeast and high in the southwest to low in the north and high in the south. The ecological support coefficient and economic contribution coefficient of provincial capital cities and their surrounding districts remained low since 2000.(3) The equity of carbon emissions in each function-oriented zone in the Loess Plateau was compatible with its orientation. The ecological carbon equity of the key ecological functional zones(KEFZs) was significantly higher than that of the key development zones(KDZs) and the major agricultural production zones(MAPZs), while the economic carbon equity of the KDZs was significantly higher than that of the MAPZs and the KEFZs.(4) The formation and evolution of the spatial differentiation pattern of carbon equity in the Loess Plateau was the result of the long-term interaction effects of geographic location, social economy, science and technology level, and policy system. Among them, eco-environmental protection policy, government financial support, and geographical location are the key driving factors for the spatial pattern of ecological carbon equity. Geographical location, social economic level, and science and technology level are the key factors driving the spatial pattern of economic carbon equity. According to this study, to achieving carbon equity on the Loess Plateau region, what the key approaches are to fully implement the planning of MFOZs, design differentiated regional carbon compensation mechanisms, improve energy efficiency and ecological environment capacity, and build a collaborative regional carbon emission governance system. This research can not only provide an effective framework for analysing the carbon equity, but also offer policy implication for promoting carbon emission reduction and achieving high-quality development goals in the ecologically fragile areas.

中国2010-2015年土地利用变化的时空格局与新特征（英文）

Land use/cover change is an important theme on the impacts of human activities on the earth systems and global environmental change. National land-use changes of China during 2010–2015 were acquired by the digital interpretation method using the high-resolution remotely sensed images, e.g. the Landsat 8 OLI, GF-2 remote sensing images. The spatiotemporal characteristics of land-use changes across China during 2010–2015 were revealed by the indexes of dynamic degree model, annual land-use changes ratio etc. The results indicated that the built-up land increased by 24.6×10~3 km^2 while the cropland decreased by 4.9×10~3 km^2, and the total area of woodland and grassland decreased by 16.4×10~3 km^2. The spatial pattern of land-use changes in China during 2010–2015 was concordant with that of the period 2000–2010. Specially, new characteristics of land-use changes emerged in different regions of China in 2010–2015. The built-up land in eastern China expanded continually, and the total area of cropland decreased, both at decreasing rates. The rates of built-up land expansion and cropland shrinkage were accelerated in central China. The rates of built-up land expansion and cropland growth increased in western China, while the decreasing rate of woodland and grassland accelerated. In northeastern China, built-up land expansion slowed continually, and cropland area increased slightly accompanied by the conversions between paddy land and dry land. Besides, woodland and grassland area decreased in northeastern China. The characteristics of land-use changes in eastern China were essentially consistent with the spatial govern and control requirements of the optimal development zones and key development zones according to the Major Function-oriented Zones Planning implemented during the 12 th Five-Year Plan(2011–2015). It was a serious challenge for the central government of China to effectively protect the reasonable layout of land use types dominated with the key ecological function zones and agricultural production zones in centraland western China. Furthermore, the local governments should take effective measures to strengthen the management of territorial development in future.