Brachial arteries sympathetic innervation: A contribution to anatomical knowledge

BACKGROUND The sympathetic nervous system makes medium and large peripheral arteries smaller to slow the blood flowing through them.AIM To observe brachial artery sympathetic innervation.METHODS We developed a neurophysiological autonomous test that measured the effects of peripheral sympathetic fibres on peripheral arteries.Our specific objective was to find the sympathetic innervation of the brachial artery.To accomplish this purpose,the brachial artery baseline diameter and flow rate were measured in the right arm of the patients.Afterwards,electrical stimulus was applied to the medial nerve for 5 s.Through electrical sympathetic activation,the vessel diameter and overall flow rate will decrease.After 7 d,a similar experiment was repeated using the ulnar nerve.RESULTS The differences in diameter and flow rate of the brachial artery in response to median and ulnar nerve activation were compared.In the total group,no significant difference in diameter was seen between medial and ulnar nerve stimulation(P=0.648).The difference in absolute slowdown of flow rate between median nerve stimulation and ulnar nerve stimulation was not statistically significant for the entire group(P=0.733).CONCLUSION As a target organ,the brachial artery receives an equal amount of sympathetic innervation from the median and the ulnar nerves.

Anterior glenohumeral instability:Current review with technical pearls and pitfalls of arthroscopic soft-tissue stabilization

The glenohumeral joint(GHJ)allows for a wide range of motion,but is also particularly vulnerable to episodes of instability.Anterior GHJ instability is especially frequent among young,athletic populations during contact sporting events.Many first time dislocators can be managed non-operatively with a period of immobilization and rehabilitation,however certain patient populations are at higher risk for recurrent instability and may require surgical intervention for adequate stabilization.Determination of the optimal treatment strategy should be made on a case-by-case basis while weighing both patient specific factors and injury patterns(i.e.,bone loss).The purpose of this review is to describe the relevant anatomical stabilizers of the GHJ,risk factors for recurrent instability including bony lesions,indications for arthroscopic vs open surgical management,clinical history and physical examination techniques,imaging modalities,and pearls/pitfalls of arthroscopic soft-tissue stabilization for anterior glenohumeral instability.

Mapping and ultrastructure of antennal chemosensilla of the wheat bug Eurygaster maura

Antennae of the wheat stink bug Eurygaster maura L. （Hemiptera： Scutelleridae） were investigated to elucidate structure and distribution of antennal chemosensilla in females. Five type of sensilla were identified and characterized using a scanning electron microscope （SEM） and a transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Type 1 sensilla are mechanical and contact chemoreceptors with a single apical pore. Types 2 and 3 sensilla are multiporous chemoreceptors both with typical features of olfactory sensilla. Type 4 are multiporous peg-like sensilla, short and with a grooved surface. Type 5 are sensilla coeloconica with a smooth and aporous peg completely inserted in a sub-cuticular chamber. All types are distributed on the two flagellar segments, but we considered only the apical flagellomere in which the largest number of sensilla are located. The most abundant sensilla are type 3, while the less numerous are type 5. All types, except type 2, decreased in number from the tip to the base of the segment. The lower density of sensilla was recorded on the dorsal-internal part of the apical antennomere, while the higher density was recorded on the opposite side （external-ventral）.