ADAPTIVE PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF NEAR-SPACE VEHICLE USING FUNCTIONAL LINK NETWORK

A novel nonlinear adaptive control method is presented for a near-space hypersonic vehicle （NHV） in the presence of strong uncertainties and disturbances. The control law consists of the optimal generalized predictive controller （OGPC） and the functional link network （FLN） direct adaptive law. OGPC is a continuous-time nonlinear predictive control law. The FLN adaptive law is used to offset the unknown uncertainties and disturbances in a flight through the online learning. The learning process does not need any offline training phase. The stability analyses of the NHV close-loop system are provided and it is proved that the system error and the weight learning error are uniformly ultimately hounded. Simulation results show the satisfactory performance of the con- troller for the attitude tracking.

Adaptive functional link network control of near-space vehicles with dynamical uncertainties

The control law design for a near-space hypersonic vehicle（NHV） is highly challenging due to its inherent nonlinearity,plant uncertainties and sensitivity to disturbances.This paper presents a novel functional link network（FLN） control method for an NHV with dynamical thrust and parameter uncertainties.The approach devises a new partially-feedback-functional-link-network（PFFLN） adaptive law and combines it with the nonlinear generalized predictive control（NGPC） algorithm.The PFFLN is employed for approximating uncertainties in flight.Its weights are online tuned based on Lyapunov stability theorem for the first time.The learning process does not need any offline training phase.Additionally,a robust controller with an adaptive gain is designed to offset the approximation error.Finally,simulation results show a satisfactory performance for the NHV attitude tracking,and also illustrate the controller＇s robustness.

Optimized functional linked neural network for predicting diaphragm wall deflection induced by braced excavations in clays

Deep excavation during the construction of underground systems can cause movement on the ground,especially in soft clay layers.At high levels,excessive ground movements can lead to severe damage to adjacent structures.In this study,finite element analyses(FEM)and the hardening small strain(HSS)model were performed to investigate the deflection of the diaphragm wall in the soft clay layer induced by braced excavations.Different geometric and mechanical properties of the wall were investigated to study the deflection behavior of the wall in soft clays.Accordingly,1090 hypothetical cases were surveyed and simulated based on the HSS model and FEM to evaluate the wall deflection behavior.The results were then used to develop an intelligent model for predicting wall deflection using the functional linked neural network(FLNN)with different functional expansions and activation functions.Although the FLNN is a novel approach to predict wall deflection;however,in order to improve the accuracy of the FLNN model in predicting wall deflection,three swarm-based optimization algorithms,such as artificial bee colony(ABC),Harris’s hawk’s optimization(HHO),and hunger games search(HGS),were hybridized to the FLNN model to generate three novel intelligent models,namely ABC-FLNN,HHO-FLNN,HGS-FLNN.The results of the hybrid models were then compared with the basic FLNN and MLP models.They revealed that FLNN is a good solution for predicting wall deflection,and the application of different functional expansions and activation functions has a significant effect on the outcome predictions of the wall deflection.It is remarkably interesting that the performance of the FLNN model was better than the MLP model with a mean absolute error(MAE)of 19.971,root-mean-squared error(RMSE)of 24.574,and determination coefficient(R^(2))of 0.878.Meanwhile,the performance of the MLP model only obtained an MAE of 20.321,RMSE of 27.091,and R^(2)of 0.851.Furthermore,the results also indicated that the proposed hybrid models,i.e.,ABC-FLNN,HHO-FLNN,HGS-FLNN,yielded more superior performances than those of the FLNN and MLP models in terms of the prediction of deflection behavior of diaphragm walls with an MAE in the range of 11.877 to 12.239,RMSE in the range of 15.821 to 16.045,and R^(2)in the range of 0.949 to 0.951.They can be used as an alternative tool to simulate diaphragm wall deflections under different conditions with a high degree of accuracy.

Functional Link Neural Network for Predicting Crystallization Temperature of Ammonium Chloride in Air Cooler System

The air cooler is an important equipment in the petroleum refining industry.Ammonium chloride(NH4 Cl)deposition-induced corrosion is one of its main failure forms.In this study,the ammonium salt crystallization temperature is chosen as the key decision variable of NH4 Cl deposition-induced corrosion through in-depth mechanism research and experimental analysis.The functional link neural network(FLNN)is adopted as the basic algorithm for modeling because of its advantages in dealing with non-linear problems and its fast-computational ability.A hybrid FLNN attached to a small norm is built to improve the generalization performance of the model.Then,the trained model is used to predict the NH4 Cl salt crystallization temperature in the air cooler of a sour water stripper plant.Experimental results show the proposed improved FLNN algorithm can achieve better generalization performance than the PLS,the back propagation neural network,and the conventional FLNN models.

Numeral eddy current sensor modelling based on genetic neural network

This paper presents a method used to the numeral eddy current sensor modelling based on the genetic neural network to settle its nonlinear problem. The principle and algorithms of genetic neural network are introduced. In this method, the nonlinear model parameters of the numeral eddy current sensor are optimized by genetic neural network （GNN） according to measurement data. So the method remains both the global searching ability of genetic algorithm and the good local searching ability of neural network. The nonlinear model has the advantages of strong robustness, on-line modelling and high precision. The maximum nonlinearity error can be reduced to 0.037% by using GNN. However, the maximum nonlinearity error is 0.075% using the least square method.

A New Modeling Method Based on Genetic Neural Network for Numeral Eddy Current Sensor

In this paper,we present a method used to the numeral eddy current sensor modeling based on genetic neural network to settle its nonlinear problem.The principle and algorithms of genetic neural network are introduced.In this method, the nonlinear model parameters of the numeral eddy current sensor are optimized by genetic neural network (GNN) according to measurement data.So the method remains both the global searching ability of genetic algorithm and the good local searching ability of neural network.The nonlinear model has the advantages of strong robustness,on-line scaling and high precision.The maximum nonlinearity error can be reduced to 0.037% using GNN.However,the maximum nonlinearity error is 0.075% using least square method (LMS).

A Machine Learning Approach for Artifact Removal from Brain Signal

Electroencephalography(EEG),helps to analyze the neuronal activity of a human brain in the form of electrical signals with high temporal resolution in the millisecond range.To extract clean clinical information from EEG signals,it is essential to remove unwanted artifacts that are due to different causes including at the time of acquisition.In this piece of work,the authors considered the EEG signal contaminated with Electrocardiogram(ECG)artifacts that occurs mostly in cardiac patients.The clean EEG is taken from the openly available Mendeley database whereas the ECG signal is collected from the Physionet database to create artifacts in the EEG signal and verify the proposed algorithm.Being the artifactual signal is non-linear and non-stationary the Random Vector Functional Link Network(RVFLN)model is used in this case.The Machine Learning approach has taken a leading role in every field of current research and RVFLN is one of them.For the proof of adaptive nature,the model is designed with EEG as a reference and artifactual EEG as input.The peaks of ECG signals are evaluated for artifact estimation as the amplitude is higher than the EEG signal.To vary the weight and reduce the error,an exponentially weighted Recursive Least Square(RLS)algorithm is used to design the adaptive filter with the novel RVFLN model.The random vectors are considered in this model with a radial basis function to satisfy the required signal experimentation.It is found that the result is excellent in terms of Mean Square Error(MSE),Normalized Mean Square Error(NMSE),Relative Error(RE),Gain in Signal to Artifact Ratio(GSAR),Signal Noise Ratio(SNR),Information Quantity(IQ),and Improvement in Normalized Power Spectrum(INPS).Also,the proposed method is compared with the earlier methods to show its efficacy.

Multilayer perceptron and Chebyshev polynomials-based functional link artificial neural network for solving differential equations

This paper discusses the issues of computational efforts and the accuracy of solutions of differential equations using multilayer perceptron and Chebyshev polynomials-based functional link artificial neural networks.Some ordinary and partial differential equations have been solved by both these techniques and pros and cons of both these type of feedforward networks have been discussed in detail.Apart from that,various factors that affect the accuracy of the solution have also been analyzed.

MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE CONTROL BASED ON NONLINEAR COMPENSATION FOR TURBOFAN ENGINE

The design of a turbofan rotor speed control system, using model reference adaptive control（MRAC） method with input and output measurements, is discussed for the purpose of practical application. The nonlinear compensator based on functional link neural network is used to deal with the engine nonlinearity and the hardware-in-loop simulation is also developed. The results show that the nonlinear MRAC controller has the adequate performance of compensating and adapting nonlinearity arising from the change of engine state or working environment. Such feature demonstrates potential practical applications of MRAC for aeroengine control system.

RVFLN-based online adaptive semi-supervised learning algorithm with application to product quality estimation of industrial processes

Direct online measurement on product quality of industrial processes is difficult to be realized,which leads to a large number of unlabeled samples in modeling data.Therefore,it needs to employ semi-supervised learning(SSL)method to establish the soft sensor model of product quality.Considering the slow time-varying characteristic of industrial processes,the model parameters should be updated smoothly.According to this characteristic,this paper proposes an online adaptive semi-supervised learning algorithm based on random vector functional link network(RVFLN),denoted as OAS-RVFLN.By introducing a L2-fusion term that can be seen a weight deviation constraint,the proposed algorithm unifies the offline and online learning,and achieves smoothness of model parameter update.Empirical evaluations both on benchmark testing functions and datasets reveal that the proposed OAS-RVFLN can outperform the conventional methods in learning speed and accuracy.Finally,the OAS-RVFLN is applied to the coal dense medium separation process in coal industry to estimate the ash content of coal product,which further verifies its effectiveness and potential of industrial application.

Adaptive Control of Discrete-time Nonlinear Systems Using ITF-ORVFL

Random vector functional ink(RVFL)networks belong to a class of single hidden layer neural networks in which some parameters are randomly selected.Their network structure in which contains the direct links between inputs and outputs is unique,and stability analysis and real-time performance are two difficulties of the control systems based on neural networks.In this paper,combining the advantages of RVFL and the ideas of online sequential extreme learning machine(OS-ELM)and initial-training-free online extreme learning machine(ITFOELM),a novel online learning algorithm which is named as initial-training-free online random vector functional link algo rithm(ITF-ORVFL)is investigated for training RVFL.The link vector of RVFL network can be analytically determined based on sequentially arriving data by ITF-ORVFL with a high learning speed,and the stability for nonlinear systems based on this learning algorithm is analyzed.The experiment results indicate that the proposed ITF-ORVFL is effective in coping with nonparametric uncertainty.

Correction of sensor’s dynamic error caused by system limitations

The method based on particle swarm optimization(PSO)integrated with functional link articial neural network(FLANN)for correcting dynamic characteristics of sensor is used to reduce sensor’s dynamic error caused by its system limitations.Combining the advantages of PSO and FLANN,with this method a dynamic compensator can be realized without knowing the dynamic model of the sensor.According to the input and output of the sensor and the reference model,the weights of the network trained were used to initialize one particle station of the whole particle swarm when the training of the FLANN had been finished.Then PSO algorithm was applied,and the global best particle station of the particle swarm was the parameters of the compensator.The feasibility of dynamic compensation method is tested.Simulation results from simulator of sensor show that the results after being compensated have given a good description to input signals.