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General laws of funding for scientific citations:how citations change in funded and unfunded research between basic and applied sciences 被引量:1
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作者 Mario Coccia Saeed Roshani 《Journal of Data and Information Science》 CSCD 2024年第4期71-89,共19页
Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relati... Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relationship between research funding and citations of papers using 831,337 documents recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:The original results reveal general characteristics of the diffusion of science in research fields:a)Funded articles receive higher citations compared to unfunded papers in journals;b)Funded articles exhibit a super-linear growth in citations,surpassing the increase seen in unfunded articles.This finding reveals a higher diffusion of scientific knowledge in funded articles.Moreover,c)funded articles in both basic and applied sciences demonstrate a similar expected change in citations,equivalent to about 1.23%,when the number of funded papers increases by 1%in journals.This result suggests,for the first time,that funding effect of scientific research is an invariant driver,irrespective of the nature of the basic or applied sciences.Originality/value:This evidence suggests empirical laws of funding for scientific citations that explain the importance of robust funding mechanisms for achieving impactful research outcomes in science and society.These findings here also highlight that funding for scientific research is a critical driving force in supporting citations and the dissemination of scientific knowledge in recorded documents in both basic and applied sciences.Practical implications:This comprehensive result provides a holistic view of the relationship between funding and citation performance in science to guide policymakers and R&D managers with science policies by directing funding to research in promoting the scientific development and higher diffusion of results for the progress of human society. 展开更多
关键词 Research funding CITATIONS Scientific development Science diffusion Scientific laws Power law model Matthew effect Science policy Research policy Science of science Dynamics of science Evolution of science
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Unequal Distribution of Innovation Efforts for Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Role of Funding Evaluation Criteria
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作者 Anne M. G. Neevel Kenneth D. S. Fernald Linda H. M. van de Burgwal 《Health》 2024年第5期490-520,共31页
Background: International research and innovation efforts for neglected tropical diseases have increased in recent decades due to disparities in overall health research funding in relation to global burden of disease.... Background: International research and innovation efforts for neglected tropical diseases have increased in recent decades due to disparities in overall health research funding in relation to global burden of disease. However, within the field of neglected tropical diseases some seem far more neglected than others. In this research the aim is to investigate the distribution of resources and efforts, as well as the mechanisms that underpin funding allocation for neglected tropical diseases. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted to establish a comprehensive overview of known indicators for innovation efforts related to a wide range of neglected tropical diseases. Articles were selected based on a subjective evaluation of their relevance, the presence of original data, and the breadth of their scope. This was followed by thirteen in-depth open-ended interviews with representatives of private, public and philanthropic funding organizations, concerning evaluation criteria for funding research proposals. Results: The findings reveal a large difference in the extent to which the individual diseases are neglected with notable differences between absolute and relative efforts. Criteria used in the evaluation of research proposals relate to potential impact, the probability of success and strategic fit. Private organizations prioritize strategic fit and economic impact;philanthropic organizations prioritize short-term societal impact;and public generally prioritize the probability of success by accounting for follow-up funding and involvement of industry. Funding decisions of different types of organizations are highly interrelated. Conclusions: This study shows that the evaluation of funding proposals introduces and retains unequal funding distribution, reinforcing the relative neglect of diseases. Societal impact is the primary rationale for funding but application of it as a funding criterion is associated with significant challenges. Furthermore, current application of evaluation criteria leads to a primary focus on short-term impact. Through current practice, the relatively most neglected diseases will remain so, and a long-term strategy is needed to resolve this. 展开更多
关键词 Neglected Tropical Diseases funding Decision Evaluation Criteria Health Research funding Research Impact
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Research on the origin and evolution of technical management regulations for railway
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作者 Lei Tian Yuming Sun Yonggang Jia 《Railway Sciences》 2024年第6期779-787,共9页
Purpose–To facilitate technical managers and field workers to master and understand the provisions of Technical Management Regulations for Railway more accurately,so as to better serve the comprehensive revision of t... Purpose–To facilitate technical managers and field workers to master and understand the provisions of Technical Management Regulations for Railway more accurately,so as to better serve the comprehensive revision of the Regulations,this paper carries out the research on the traceability and evolution of the provisions of the Regulations.Design/methodology/approach–This paper studies and analyzes the evolution of the 11th edition of the Regulations by analyzing the relevance of clauses and summarizes the historical background of the development of calendar editions of the Regulations.The basic research on the traceability and evolution of the Regulations is carried out from four aspects:the continuity of the development of the Regulations,the authority of contents,the relevance of clauses and the richness of historical materials.Findings–From the first edition of the Regulations issued by the former Ministry of Railways in 1950 to the 11th edition,there have been ten comprehensive revisions.There is a strong correlation and continuity between the calendar editions of the Regulations in terms of chapter structure and clauses.Studying the context of the terms of the Regulations is an important way to understand and master the current clauses of the Regulations.Originality/value–Through the research on the traceability and evolution of the clauses of the Regulations,one is to explore the context of the development of railway technical equipment in China,the other is to clarify the historical background when the provisions were formulated and the third is to trace the development and evolution of the provisions.The revision of the Regulations is based on an accurate grasp of the context of the provisions,which can effectively judge the possible security risks caused by the revision of the provisions and avoid the possible risks in field implementation from the source. 展开更多
关键词 Technical management regulations for railway Origin and evolution REVISION Technical regulation Organization of train operation
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Analysis of standardization of community security fund management-Taking practice of community security fund management in Wuhou district of Chengdu as an example
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作者 Li Xiaowen Wen Jiahua +1 位作者 Wen Mengchuan Ren Yan 《China Standardization》 2024年第5期56-58,共3页
The Chengdu community security funds refer to the special security funds for urban and rural community development and governance in Chengdu.At present,there are some problems in the use of community security funds,su... The Chengdu community security funds refer to the special security funds for urban and rural community development and governance in Chengdu.At present,there are some problems in the use of community security funds,such as low participation of residents,and low efficiency of fund use.Taking the exploration of standardization of community security fund management in Wuhou district,Chengdu city,as an example,this paper suggests further strengthening the use and management of community security funds by means of standardization,ensuring the democratic,open,and transparent use of funds,and effectively enhancing the supporting role of community security funds in community governance. 展开更多
关键词 community security funds management STANDARDIZATION
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Research on the Legal Framework of Content Regulations for Network Platforms
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作者 Zhang Yin Liao Xinyue 《Contemporary Social Sciences》 2024年第1期137-155,共19页
In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactiv... In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactively enforce content regulations in accordance with legal censorship obligations.Additionally,platform policies and user agreements augment their authority in content regulation.The platforms can achieve cost-effective and highly efficient content regulation by leveraging their strategic advantages enabled by their own technical capabilities and extensive coverage.The platform self-regulation model,however,still faces challenges.First,accurately evaluating content remains a formidable task;second,ensuring effective platform publicity through self-regulation poses difficulties;third,users may potentially face disadvantages due to the platform’s right of self-regulation;and fourth,digital copyright owners face challenges when defending digital copyright disputes under the safe harbor rule.Therefore,it is imperative to establish,review,and revise the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms in order to enhance the efficiency of their governance systems.The formulation of the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms may encompass the following aspects:rationalizing obligations pertaining to platform content regulations,enhancing supervision over platform self-regulation,and establishing a dual-track responsibility system for digital copyright content regulation.This will ensure a harmonious balance among public interests,users’personal rights and interests,and commercial benefits through regulating the content on network platforms. 展开更多
关键词 content regulations platform self-regulation legal framework
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Primary and Secondary Microplastic and Nanoplastic Regulations: Perspectives on Water Industry Impacts
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作者 Shirin Estahbanati Giridhar Upadhyaya +1 位作者 Martha J. M. Wells Katherine Y. Bell 《Journal of Environmental Protection》 2024年第6期697-715,共19页
Plastic pollution, both primary and secondary, is an environmental challenge, prompting regulatory actions at global and regional levels. With increasing research about the impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on ecosys... Plastic pollution, both primary and secondary, is an environmental challenge, prompting regulatory actions at global and regional levels. With increasing research about the impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on ecosystems and human health, governments worldwide have undertaken efforts to address this issue. The global community has advanced regulatory efforts that have led to the implementation of national laws or regulations in numerous countries. These measures ban or restrict the use of primary and secondary microplastics and nanoplastics. An overview of global and European regulatory frameworks is presented to provide context for the United States (US). In the endeavor to document plastics regulation development in the US, a description of regulatory agencies and their roles in advancing policy and rules as well as future direction and areas for improvement in regulating plastics are introduced. A discussion of what emerging regulations mean to utilities and industries is also provided along with a comparison of regulatory frameworks. 展开更多
关键词 Microplastic Regulation Environmental Governance Plastic Pollution Mitigation Regulatory Framework
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New food sources and production systems:a comparison of international regulations and China’s advancements in novel foods with synthetic biology
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作者 Xin Liu Di Wu +1 位作者 Yi Shao Yongning Wu 《Food Science and Human Wellness》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第5期2519-2542,共24页
The global shift towards sustainable food systems has sparked innovations in food sources and production systems,including cell-based meat,plant-based food products,precision fermentation,and 3D food printing.These ad... The global shift towards sustainable food systems has sparked innovations in food sources and production systems,including cell-based meat,plant-based food products,precision fermentation,and 3D food printing.These advancements pose regulatory challenges and opportunities,with China emerging as a critical player in adopting and regulating new food technologies.This review explores the international landscape of new food sources and production systems(NFPS),focusing on China’s role and regulatory approaches compared to global practices.Through this comparative analysis,we aim to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on food safety regulation,offering insights and recommendations for policymakers,industry stakeholders,and researchers engaged in the global food system’s evolution.This comprehensive overview underscores the dynamic nature of regulatory frameworks governing NFPS,highlighting the international efforts to ensure food safety,consumer protection,and the sustainable evolution of the food industry. 展开更多
关键词 New food sources Food production system Food safety International regulation Synthetic biology China
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Research funding and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine, 2019-2020
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作者 Mario Coccia Saeed Roshani 《Journal of Data and Information Science》 CSCD 2024年第2期56-80,共25页
Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-202... Purpose:The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the relation between funding(a main driver for scientific research)and citations in papers of Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine over 2019-2020 and the same relation in these research fields as a whole.Design/methodology/approach:This study utilizes a power law model to explore the relationship between research funding and citations of related papers.The study here analyzes 3,539 recorded documents by Nobel Laureates in physics,chemistry and medicine and a broader dataset of 183,016 documents related to the fields of physics,medicine,and chemistry recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:Results reveal that in chemistry and medicine,funded researches published in papers of Nobel Laureates have higher citations than unfunded studies published in articles;vice versa high citations of Nobel Laureates in physics are for unfunded studies published in papers.Instead,when overall data of publications and citations in physics,chemistry and medicine are analyzed,all papers based on funded researches show higher citations than unfunded ones.Originality/value:Results clarify the driving role of research funding for science diffusion that are systematized in general properties:a)articles concerning funded researches receive more citations than(un)funded studies published in papers of physics,chemistry and medicine sciences,generating a high Matthew effect(a higher growth of citations with the increase in the number of papers);b)research funding increases the citations of articles in fields oriented to applied research(e.g.,chemistry and medicine)more than fields oriented towards basic research(e.g.,physics).Practical implications:The results here explain some characteristics of scientific development and diffusion,highlighting the critical role of research funding in fostering citations and the expansion of scientific knowledge.This finding can support decision-making of policymakers and R&D managers to improve the effectiveness in allocating financial resources in science policies to generate a higher positive scientific and societal impact. 展开更多
关键词 Research funding CITATIONS Science diffusion Scientific change Science of Science Power-law distribution Basic research Applied research Matthew effect Nobel Laureates Nobel Prizes
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Assessing the Impact of Regulations on Radiation Safety Culture and Practices in Radiology Departments
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作者 Saad Alqahtani Khaled Soliman +8 位作者 Khaled Altuwayjiri Mohammed Al Shehri Yahya Jubran Alwaleed Al Hussein Nawaf Alanazi Nawaf Alanazi Fahad Alqarni Hela Alqahtani Ahmed Jowana 《Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics》 2024年第8期3006-3016,共11页
Background: The need to establish a strong culture around radiation safety is derived from the assertion that medical practitioners, patients, and third parties should not be exposed to unnecessary radiation. Authorit... Background: The need to establish a strong culture around radiation safety is derived from the assertion that medical practitioners, patients, and third parties should not be exposed to unnecessary radiation. Authorities have endeavored to enact policies to protect all employers and patients in radiology departments. Objectives: To assess the impact of radiation safety practices and regulations on the ongoing improvements in radiation safety culture and practices in radiology departments. This will be achieved through a subjective assessment of national and international rules and regulations by healthcare professionals. Materials and Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey in the radiology departments of three JCI-accredited hospitals in the Riyadh region to identify and assess the impact of national radiation regulations and the accompanying processes on the improvement of radiation safety culture and practices in radiology departments. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the grading system results among various groups of respondents, based on their educational level. Also, there are statistically significant differences between the assessments of safety level results in the answers provided by various groups of respondents according to education level in favor of the master’s degree. Conclusion: The study concludes that technicians with a diploma degree require stricter regulation. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that an exposure tracking system and a regulatory action supporting it may be useful in the ongoing task of improving patients’ radiation safety. 展开更多
关键词 Impact Radiation Safety Culture regulations ACCREDITATION Practice Radiology Departments
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The relation between funding by the National Institutes of Health and the burden of disease
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作者 Gross CP 《四川生理科学杂志》 2024年第1期83-83,共1页
Background:The Institute of Medicine has proposed that the amount of disease-specific research funding provided by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)be systematically and consistently compared with the burden of d... Background:The Institute of Medicine has proposed that the amount of disease-specific research funding provided by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)be systematically and consistently compared with the burden of disease for society.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study comparing estimates of disease-specific funding in 1996 with data on six measures of the burden of disease. 展开更多
关键词 fundING BURDEN RELATION
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The relation between funding by the National Institutes of Health and the burden of disease
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作者 C P Gross 《四川生理科学杂志》 2024年第4期845-845,共1页
Background:The Institute of Medicine has proposed that the amount of disease-specific research funding provided by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)be systematically and consistently compared with the burden of d... Background:The Institute of Medicine has proposed that the amount of disease-specific research funding provided by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)be systematically and consistently compared with the burden of disease for society.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study comparing estimates of disease-specific funding in 1996 with data on six measures of the burden of disease.The measures were total mortality,years of life lost,and number of hospital days in 1994 and incidence,prevalence,and disability-adjusted life-years(one disability-adjusted life-year is defined as the loss of one year of healthy life to disease)in 1990.With the use of these measures as explanatory variables in a regression analysis,predicted funding was calculated and compared with actual funding. 展开更多
关键词 fundING measures BURDEN
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Strategies for Cultivating Public Funded Targeted Normal Students Based on Goal Management Theory : A Case Study of East, West and North Guangdong
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作者 Yiqiong HUANG 《Meteorological and Environmental Research》 2024年第3期36-41,共6页
Public funded targeted normal students are an important component of China's teacher team construction.Since its implementation in 2007,a large number of outstanding rural teachers who have been striving on the fr... Public funded targeted normal students are an important component of China's teacher team construction.Since its implementation in 2007,a large number of outstanding rural teachers who have been striving on the front line of education have been trained.Based on the theory of goal management,this paper explores the problems and countermeasures in the training of public funded targeted normal students.It strives to solve the problems of low willingness to teach and high default rates among public funded normal students,and hopes that the suggestions proposed in this paper can further promote the effective implementation of policies for public funded normal students. 展开更多
关键词 Goal management Public funded targeted normal students Selection of normal students Training of normal students
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Exploration and Practice of “Construction Engineering Regulations” Course Reform
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作者 Jie Liu 《Journal of Contemporary Educational Research》 2024年第3期49-54,共6页
Based on the analysis of the existing teaching situation of the“Construction Engineering Regulations”course,this paper divides the course content into three parts according to the course characteristics and content,... Based on the analysis of the existing teaching situation of the“Construction Engineering Regulations”course,this paper divides the course content into three parts according to the course characteristics and content,and explores three corresponding teaching modes.The proportion of student-led relationships in the three teaching modes is 80%,60%,and 90%,respectively,realizing a teaching mechanism centered on students and stimulating students’interest in independent learning.Teaching methods such as problem-oriented learning,group discussion,student reporting,MOOC(massive open online course),case analysis,etc.,have been used to establish a variety of comprehensive examination mechanisms such as quiz games,follow-up tests,and work displays.Practice has shown that after adopting these three teaching modes,classroom teaching efficiency has significantly improved,and students’abilities in exploration,expression,innovation,and team cooperation have also been enhanced. 展开更多
关键词 Construction Engineering regulations Problem-oriented learning Independent learning
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Aortic Dissection Research in China:Analysis of Studies Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 被引量:2
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作者 Zhang YUE Da-shuai WANG +3 位作者 Sheng LE Jia-hong XIA Ping YE Xiao-fan HUANG 《Current Medical Science》 SCIE CAS 2023年第1期206-212,共7页
Objective The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)has made great progress in promoting the development of aortic dissection research in recent years.This study aimed to examine the development and resear... Objective The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)has made great progress in promoting the development of aortic dissection research in recent years.This study aimed to examine the development and research status of aortic dissection research in China so as to provide references for future research.Methods The NSFC projects data from 2008 to 2019 were collected from the Internet-based Science Information System and other websites utilized as search engines.The publications and citations were retrieved by Google Scholar,and the impact factors were checked by the InCite Journal Citation Reports database.The investigator’s degree and department were identified from the institutional faculty profiles.Results A total of 250 grant funds totaling 124.3 million Yuan and resulting in 747 publications were analyzed.The funds in economically developed and densely populated areas were more than those in underdeveloped and sparsely populated areas.There was no significant difference in the amount of funding per grant between different departments’investigators.However,the funding output ratios of the grants for cardiologists were higher than those for basic science investigators.The amount of funding for clinical researchers and basic scientific researchers in aortic dissection was also similar.Clinical researchers were better in terms of the funding output ratio.Conclusion These results suggest that the medical and scientific research level of aortic dissection in China has been greatly improved.However,there are still some problems that urgently need to be solved,such as the unreasonable regional allocation of medical and scientific research resources,and the slow transition from basic science to clinical practice. 展开更多
关键词 National Natural Science Foundation of China aortic dissection GRANT fundING funding output ratio
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State Council Issued the “Regulations on the Control of Foreign Funded Financial Institutions”
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《China's Foreign Trade》 2002年第1期7-7,共1页
The Xinhua News Agency has released the full text of the No.340 order of the State Council signed by Premier Zhu Rongji, on the publication of the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Control of Forei... The Xinhua News Agency has released the full text of the No.340 order of the State Council signed by Premier Zhu Rongji, on the publication of the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Control of Foreign Funded Financial Institutions, which will take effect on the date of February 1 in 2002. 展开更多
关键词 In State Council Issued the regulations on the Control of Foreign funded Financial Institutions
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New Regulations on the Supervision of Foreign-funded Banks in China
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作者 Mo YibinDepartment of Foreign Funds of thePeople’s Bank of China 《China's Foreign Trade》 1996年第9期53-53,共1页
Foreign banks have achievedremarkable development in China since theintroduction in 1980, and so far there are 135institutions doing business in our country.With the increasing number of foreign-fundedfinancial instit... Foreign banks have achievedremarkable development in China since theintroduction in 1980, and so far there are 135institutions doing business in our country.With the increasing number of foreign-fundedfinancial institutions and the developmentof their businesses, China has made someadjustments to its policies and laws governingforeign banks in recent years, which aredemonstrated in the following aspects.Ⅰ Regions: In August, 1994, 11 cities wereapproved to set up business institutions offoreign banks. So far, the number of suchcities has increased to 24, as follows: Beijing, 展开更多
关键词 New regulations on the Supervision of Foreign-funded Banks in China than Bank
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Blue paper on BRI environmental policies,regulations and standards released
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《China Standardization》 2023年第5期16-16,共1页
The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),proposed by China,is an important platform for regional cooperation,serving the international economic and trade exchanges.The BRI Green Innovation Conference 2023 was held on August ... The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),proposed by China,is an important platform for regional cooperation,serving the international economic and trade exchanges.The BRI Green Innovation Conference 2023 was held on August 20 in Shenzhen,Guangdong province.Themed“high-quality development promoting green construction of BRI”,the conference was held by Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment,BRI International Green Development Coalition,Shenzhen Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau,and Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences,and hosted by the Belt and Road Environmental Technology Exchange and Transfer Center(Shenzhen). 展开更多
关键词 ECOLOGICAL BRI regulations
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Sri Lanka Gets Closer To IMF Funds After China Support
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作者 Maya Majueran 《China Report ASEAN》 2023年第11期42-43,共2页
This October,International Monetary Fund(IMF)staff and the Sri Lankan authorities reached a stafflevel agreement on economic policies to conclude the first review of the 48-month Extended Fund Facility(EFF)-supported ... This October,International Monetary Fund(IMF)staff and the Sri Lankan authorities reached a stafflevel agreement on economic policies to conclude the first review of the 48-month Extended Fund Facility(EFF)-supported programme.Sri Lanka will have access to Special Drawing Right(SDR)254 million(about US$330 million)in financing once the review is approved by IMF Management and IMF Executive Board. 展开更多
关键词 DRAWING fund STAFF
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Regulations On online cosmetics management and supervision is scheduled to be implemented in September
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《China Detergent & Cosmetics》 CAS 2023年第2期5-5,共1页
On April 4th,2023,National Medical Products Administration introduced the announcement(No.36,2023)as regards the Regulations on Online Cosmetics Management and Supervision which will be implemented on September 1st,20... On April 4th,2023,National Medical Products Administration introduced the announcement(No.36,2023)as regards the Regulations on Online Cosmetics Management and Supervision which will be implemented on September 1st,2023.The Regulations contains five chapters consisted of 35 articles which involve general provisions,platform management,management concerning cosmetics managers at the platform,supervision and management of cosmetics operators within the platform. 展开更多
关键词 concerning MANAGEMENT regulations
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Copper-based bimetallic electrocatalysts for CO_(2) reduction:From mechanism understandings to product regulations
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作者 Haibei Yang Hongyuan Chuai +3 位作者 Qingrui Meng Meiyan Wang Sheng Zhang Xinbin Ma 《Materials Reports(Energy)》 2023年第1期19-34,I0002,共17页
Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR)is a promising method to solve current environment and energy issues.Copper-based catalysts have been widely studied for converting CO_(2) into value-added ... Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR)is a promising method to solve current environment and energy issues.Copper-based catalysts have been widely studied for converting CO_(2) into value-added hy-drocarbon products.Cu monometallic catalyst has been proved to have some shortcomings,including relatively high energy barriers and diverse reaction pathways,leading to low reaction activities and poor product selec-tivity,respectively.Recently copper-based bimetallic tandem catalysts have attracted extensive attentions due to their special catalyst structure,which can be easily regulated to achieve high CO_(2) RR reactivity and product selectivity.With the development of quantum chemistry calculations and spectroscopic characterization methods,deep understandings of CO_(2) RR from the mechanism perspective provide a broad horizon for the design of effi-cient catalysts.This review offers a good summary of reaction mechanisms and product regulation strategies over copper-based bimetallic catalysts,along with a brief discussion on future directions towards their practical applications. 展开更多
关键词 Copper Bimetallic electrocatalysts Carbon dioxide reduction MECHANISM Product regulations
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