Global Burden of Fungal Infections and Antifungal Resistance from 1961 to 2024: Findings and Future Implications

Background: Antifungal resistance (AFR) is a global public health problem with devastating effects, especially among immunocompromised individuals. Addressing AFR requires a One Health approach including Antifungal Stewardship (AFS). This study aimed to comprehensively review global studies published on fungal infections and AFR and to recommend solutions to address this growing problem. Materials and Methods: This was a narrative review that was conducted using published papers on fungal infections, AFR, and AFS between January 1961 and March 2024. The literature was searched using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Results: This found that there has been an increase in fungal infections globally, especially among immunocompromised patients. Due to this increase in fungal infections, there has been a proportionate increase in the use of antifungal agents to prevent and treat fungal infections. This increased use of antifungal agents has worsened the problem of AFR contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Globally, fungal infections have contributed to 150 million infections annually and 1.7 million deaths per year. By the year 2023, over 3.8 million people died from fungal infections. Addressing AFR remains a challenge because the treatment of antifungal-resistant infections is difficult. Finally, the treatment of fungal infections is a global challenge exacerbated by the limited number of antifungal agents to treat invasive fungal infections. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that fungal infections and AFR are prevalent across humans, animals, agriculture, and the environment. Addressing this problem requires the provision of solutions such as improving the awareness of AFR, conducting further research on the discovery of new antifungal agents, and implementing AFS programs. If this global problem is not addressed, the morbidity and mortality associated with AFR will continue to rise in the future.

Comparison of fungal vs bacterial infections in the medical intensive liver unit:Cause or corollary for high mortality?

BACKGROUND Due to development of an immune-dysregulated phenotype,advanced liver disease in all forms predisposes patients to sepsis acquisition,including by opportunistic pathogens such as fungi.Little data exists on fungal infection within a medical intensive liver unit(MILU),particularly in relation to acute on chronic liver failure.AIM To investigate the impact of fungal infections among critically ill patients with advanced liver disease,and compare outcomes to those of patients with bacterial infections.METHODS From our prospective registry of MILU patients from 2018-2022,we included 27 patients with culture-positive fungal infections and 183 with bacterial infections.We compared outcomes between patients admitted to the MILU with fungal infections to bacterial counterparts.Data was extracted through chart review.RESULTS All fungal infections were due to Candida species,and were most frequently blood isolates.Mortality among patients with fungal infections was significantly worse relative to the bacterial cohort(93%vs 52%,P<0.001).The majority of the fungal cohort developed grade 2 or 3 acute on chronic liver failure(ACLF)(90%vs 64%,P=0.02).Patients in the fungal cohort had increased use of vasopressors(96%vs 70%,P=0.04),mechanical ventilation(96%vs 65%,P<0.001),and dialysis due to acute kidney injury(78%vs 52%,P=0.014).On MILU admission,the fungal cohort had significantly higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(108 vs 91,P=0.003),Acute Physiology Score(86 vs 65,P=0.003),and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium scores(86 vs 65,P=0.041).There was no significant difference in the rate of central line use preceding culture(52%vs 40%,P=0.2).Patients with fungal infection had higher rate of transplant hold placement,and lower rates of transplant;however,differences did not achieve statistical significance.CONCLUSION Mortality was worse among patients with fungal infections,likely attributable to severe ACLF development.Prospective studies examining empiric antifungals in severe ACLF and associations between fungal infections and transplant outcomes are critical.

Role of nutrition in diabetes mellitus and infections

In this editorial,we have commented on the article that has been published in the recent issue of World Journal of Clinical Cases.The authors have described a case of unilateral thyroid cyst and have opined that the acute onset of infection may be linked to diabetes mellitus(DM).We have focused on the role of nutrition in the association between DM and infection.Patients with DM are at a high risk of infection,which could also be attributed to nutrition-related factors.Nutritional interventions for patients with diabetes are mainly based on a low-calorie diet,which can be achieved by adhering to a low-carbohydrate diet.However,dietary fiber supplementation is recommended to maintain the diversity of the gut microbiota.Furthermore,high-quality protein can prevent the increased risk of infection due to malnutrition.Supplementation of vitamins C,vitamins A,vitamins D,and folic acid improves blood sugar control and facilitates immune regulation.Mineral deficiencies augment the risk of infection,but the relationship with diabetes is mostly U-shaped and a good intake should be maintained.

Invasive fungal infection before and after liver transplantation

Invasive infections are a major complication before liver transplantation(LT)and in the early phase after surgery.There has been an increasing prevalence of invasive fungal disease(IFD),especially among the sickest patients with decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure,who suffer from a profound state of immune dysfunction and receive intensive care management.In such patients,who are listed for LT,development of an IFD often worsens hepatic and extra-hepatic organ dysfunction,requiring a careful evaluation before surgery.In the post-transplant setting,the burden of IFD has been reduced after the clinical advent of antifungal prophylaxis,even if several major issues still remain,such as duration,target population and drug type(s).Nevertheless,the development of IFD in the early phase after surgery significantly impairs graft and patient survival.This review outlines presentation,prophylactic and therapeutic strategies,and outcomes of IFD in LT candidates and recipients,providing specific considerations for clinical practice.

Management of bacterial and fungal infections in end stage liver disease and liver transplantation: Current options and future directions

Patients with liver cirrhosis are susceptible to infections due to various mechanisms, including abnormalities of humoral and cell-mediated immunity and occurrence of bacterial translocation from the intestine. Bacterial infections are common and represent a reason for progression to liver failure and increased mortality. Fungal infections, mainly caused by Candida spp., are often associated to delayed diagnosis and high mortality rates. High level of suspicion along with prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections are warranted. Bacterial and fungal infections negatively affect the outcomes of liver transplant candidates and recipients, causing disease progression among patients on the waiting list and increasing mortality, especially in the early posttransplant period. Abdominal, biliary tract, and bloodstream infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria [e.g., Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa)] and Staphylococcus spp. are commonly encountered in liver transplant recipients. Due to frequent exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, invasive procedures, and prolonged hospitalizations, these patients are especially at risk of developing infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. The increase in antimicrobial resistance hampers the choice of an adequate empiric therapy and warrants the knowledge of the local microbial epidemiology and the implementation of infection control measures. The main characteristics and the management of bacterial and fungal infections in patients with liver cirrhosis and liver transplant recipients are presented.

Fungal infections following liver transplantation

With increasing morbidity and mortality from chronic liver disease and acute liver failure,the need for liver transplantation is on the rise.Most of these patients are extremely vulnerable to infections as they are immune-compromised and have other chronic co-morbid conditions.Despite the recent advances in practice and improvement in diagnostic surveillance and treatment modalities,a major portion of these patients continue to be affected by post-transplant infections.Of these,fungal infections are particularly notorious given their vague and insidious onset and are very challenging to diagnose.This mini-review aims to discuss the incidence of fungal infections following liver transplantation,the different fungi involved,the risk factors,which predispose these patients to such infections,associated diagnostic challenges,and the role of prophylaxis.The population at risk is increasingly old and frail,suffering from various other co-morbid conditions,and needs special attention.To improve care and to decrease the burden of such infections,we need to identify the at-risk population with more robust clinical and diagnostic parameters.A more robust global consensus and stringent guidelines are needed to fight against resistant microbes and maintain the longevity of current antimicrobial therapies.

Modified ulcer debridement in the treatment of the superficial fungal infection of the cornea

AIM： To evaluate the efficacy of modified corneal ulcer debridement in superficial fungal keratitis unresponsive to medications.METHODS： A total of 209 patients（209 eyes） with fungal keratitis, involving no more than 50% of the stromal depth and not responding to antifungal agents for 2 wk, were recruited in this retrospective, noncomparative study. The patients were treated with modified corneal ulcer debridement. All visible corneal infiltrates were removed under an operating microscope to obtain a clean stromal bed and smooth incised edges. Antifungal drugs were used immediately after surgery. Healing time of the ulcers was recorded. Fungal recurrence, visual acuity, corneal thickness and risk factors for treatment failure were monitored.RESULTS： The follow-up was 13.6±5.8m o. The corneal ulcers healed in 195 of 209 eyes（93.3%）, with a mean healing time of 8.4±6.8 d. The other 14 eyes were further treated by penetrating keratoplasty（PK）（1 eye）, anterior lamellar keratoplasty（LK）（7 eyes）, conjunctival flap covering（4 eyes） or amniotic membrane transplantation（2 eyes）. The best corrected visual acuity（BCVA） was ≥20/70 in 80.3% of the eyes, ≥20/40 in 56.9% of the eyes, and ≥20/25 in 27.3% of the eyes. The corneas at the lesions became thinner, but all in the safe range. No fungal recurrence or corneal ectasis developed during the follow-up. The risk of treatment failure was higher in patients with preoperative hypopyon（P=0.036） and ever using steroid（P=0.025）.CONCLUSION： Modified surgical debridement is a simple and effective method for the treatment of superficial fungal infection of the cornea, with improved visual acuity and no recurrence. Such an intervention in time can rapidly control fungal infection and largely shorten corneal ulcer healing time.

Clinical Evaluation of ERCP and Naobiliary Drainage for Biliary Fungal Infection——A Report of Five Cases of Severe Combined Bacterial and Fungal Infection of Biliary Tract

Summary： This study studied the use of ERCP and nasobiliary tube in the diagnosis of fungal infection of hiliary tract and the efficacy of combined use of local administration via nasohiliary tube and intravenous antifungal treatment for severe biliary tract fungal infection. 5 patients in our series, with age ranging from 47 to 68 y （mean 55.8）, were diagnosed as having mixed bacterial and fungal infection of hiliary tract as confirmed by smear or/and culture of bile obtained by ERCP and nasohiliary drainage. Besides routine anti-bacteria therapy, all patients received local application of flu- conazole through nasohiliary tube and intravenous administration of fluconazole or itraconazole in terms of the results of in vitro sensitivity test. The mean duration of intravenous fluconazole or itraconazole was 30 days （24-40 days）, and that of local application of fluconazole through nasobiliary drainage tube was 19 days （8 24 days）. During a follow up period of 3-42 months, all patient＇s fungal infection of biliary tract was cured. It is concluded that on the basis of typical clinical features of biliary tract infection, fungal detection of smear/culture of bile obtained by ERCP was the key for the diagnosis of fungal infection of biliary tract. Local application antifungal drug combined with intravenous anti-fungal drugs might be an effective and safe treatment for fungal infection of biliary tract.

Progress in the Treatment of Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System

HThe incidence of fungal infections of the central nervous system(CNS) has gradually increased in recent years. Intracranial fungal infection can be classified as diffuse and focal infections. The clinical manifestations of these infections include fever and cranial pressure caused by meningitis or meningoencephalitis, and focal neurological defects caused by lesions in the intracranial space. Diagnosing fungal infections of the CNS requires the comprehensive analysis of the patient's medical history, epidemiology, underlying disease, clinical manifestation, imaging manifestations, and various laboratory test results. The identification of fungal bodies or structures in brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid specimens is the golden standard of diagnosis. The principles for the treatment of the fungal infections of the CNS are the effective control of pathogenic risk factors, use of effective antifungal drugs, and the active implementation of surgical intervention for fungal abscesses and granuloma. In the meantime, new diagnoses and treatments should be actively explored to improve the prognosis of patients.

Invasive Fungal Infections in People Living with HIV/AIDS

The increased incidence of invasive and opportunistic mycoses is probably related to the growth of the immunocompromised population, such as people living with HIV. This study is a literature review that aims to analyze the frequency of invasive fungal infections in people living with HIV. In most studies evaluated, Pneumocystis pneumonia was the most frequent invasive fungal infection among people living with HIV, and cryptococcosis was the second most frequent. Invasive fungal infections are associated with greater morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. The most important highlighted information is that the lack of epidemiological data on fungal infections in the studied populations was reported by most studies. Therefore, there is a need for further studies to assess the frequency of invasive fungal infection in people living with HIV, which may serve as subsidies for the implementation of strategies for the prevention and management, with a consequent increase in the quality of life and reduction of morbidity/mortality in this population.

Pulmonary fungal infection in a neonate with methylmalonic acidemia:A case report

BACKGROUND Methylmalonic acidemia(MMA)is characterized by non-specific symptoms such as vomiting,and feeding difficulties,along with delayed mental and physical development.However,no case of MMA combined with pulmonary fungal infection has been reported yet.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a neonate who presented pulmonary fungal infection along with the non-specific features of MMA.Exome sequencing revealed a c.331C>T variant in exon 3 of MMACHC from the father,and a c.658-c.660delAAG variant in exon 4 from the mother,which confirmed the diagnosis of cblC type MMA combined with hyperhomocysteinemia.CONCLUSION Invasive fungal infection might occur in some infants with MMA.Therefore,early diagnosis is recommended for unexplained pulmonary infection.

Revision on the Recent Diagnostic Strategies of Fungal Infections

Many invasive fungal diseases have no characteristic signs or symptoms, and may give negative blood cultures;therefore, clinician may decide to start empirical antifungal therapy particularly in high risk patient (e.g., hematopoietic stem cell transplant, solid organ transplant, and AIDS patients). This increases the incidence of appearance of resistant fungal strains to antifungal drugs. Traditional methods for diagnosis such as wet mount examination and microbiological cultures remain the gold standard methods for fungal disease diagnosis. However, they are time-consuming, insensitive, and have a limited impact on clinical decision-making. Significant progress has recently achieved in diagnostic tools of fungal disease. Antigen and antibody based assays, molecular techniques, and MALDI TOF spectrometry technique and nanotechnology offer more rapid, sensitive and accurate results.

Urgent call for attention to diabetes-associated hospital infections

In this editorial,we discuss the recent article by Zhao et al published in the World Journal of Diabetes,which highlights the importance of recognizing the risk indicators associated with diabetes mellitus(DM).Given the severe implications of healthcare-associated infections(HAIs)in hospitalized individuals-such as heightened mortality rates,prolonged hospitalizations,and increased costs-we focus on elucidating the connection between DM and nosocomial infections.Diabetic patients are susceptible to pathogenic bacterial invasion and subsequent infection,with some already harboring co-infections upon admission.Notably,DM is an important risk factor for nosocomial urinary tract infections and surgical site infections,which may indirectly affect the occurrence of nosocomial bloodstream infections,especially in patients with DM with poor glycemic control.Although evidence regarding the impact of DM on healthcare-associated pneumonias remains inconclusive,attention to this potential association is warranted.Hospitalized patients with DM should prioritize meticulous blood glucose management,adherence to standard operating procedures,hand hygiene practices,environmental disinfection,and rational use of drugs during hospitalization.Further studies are imperative to explore the main risk factors of HAIs in patients with DM,enabling the development of preventative measures and mitigating the occurrence of HAIs in these patients.

Intracranial Fungal Infections: Overview from Two Large Tertiary Hospital in Upper Egypt and Literature Review

Purpose: Fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are potentially lethal conditions with high morbidity and mortality. In this review, we summarise the most common clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for intracranial fungal infection at two tertiary care teaching hospitals. Material and methods: Prospective hospital study is carried out at Department of Neurosurgery;Assiut and Suhaj University Hospitals between January2010 to January 2018 (Minimum 12-months follow-up). Radiographs and hospital data of 74 patients with proven intracranial fungal infections were gathered and analyzed. There were no exclusion criteria: age, gender, clinical presentations, immunity status, radiological findings, laboratory, and microbiological data, types of management and outcome. In surgically treated patients, diagnosis was confirmed by pathologic evaluation. Gathered data were coded and entered into a computer and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: The greatest number of the patients had 40 to 60 years old (49;66%) and the mean age was 44 years. There was an overwhelming male patient’s ranged preponderance 66%;49 cases. Sixty-three patients (85%) were immunosuppressed;11 cases (15%) were immunocompetent. The most common causes of immunosuppression were diabetes 27 patients;43%, on chemotherapeutic agents 19 patients;31%, on corticosteroid 16 patients;25% and AIDS in one patient;1%. Five different fungal types were identified but Cryptococcus spp. was the most common cause of CNS fungal infection, occurring in 39 patients (53%). This was followed by Candida spp. in 14 patients (19%), Aspergillus in 11 patients (15%), Blastomyces in 7 patients (9%) and Coccidiosis in 3 patients (4%). Headache was the most common presenting symptom, occurring in 33 patients (45%). Other relatively common symptoms were nausea or vomiting 11 patients (15%), fever 10 patients;(13%), seizures 9 patients (12%), acute mental status changes 8 patients;(11%) and stroke like Symptoms 3patients (4%). Different surgical procedures were done. Stereotactic biopsy is in 19 patients (deep;located in an eloquent region of the brain or multiple small lesion) or excision in 38 patients (cortical, relatively accessible regions of the brain), and CSF shunting in 17 patients. All patients received parenteral and, in some cases, oral antifungal chemotherapy in addition to surgical therapy. Overall mortality was 52.7% (39 deaths). An additional 8 surviving patients exhibited permanent morbidity due to neurological deficits and seizure disorders. Conclusion: This prospective population study demonstrates an insight into the intracranial fungal infection and management. CNS fungal infections have increased in frequency, particularly in immunocompromised patients;most infections are caused by Cryptococcus spp. Diabetes was the most common cause of immunosuppression and headache was the most common symptom at presentation. CNS fungal infection is still associated with a high mortality and morbidity. Prompt diagnosis;early and appropriate medical and surgical management are fundamental to optimize the outcome.

Effects of UV-, Visible-, Near-Infrared Beams in Three Therapy Resistance Case Studies of Fungal Skin infections

Fungal and bacterial diseases, directly infecting various parts of body, have received much attention in recent years. Bacterial infections, such as Tinea Pedis, Pityriasis versicolor and Mycetoma can secondarily occur in superficial fungal damaged skin. They often occur in immune compromised individuals including diabetics and patients with peripheral arterial diseases. Mycetoma infections can travel through the bloodstream affecting different organs. In this paper, we investigate the photo-inactivation of the pathogens causing Tinea Pedis, Pityriasis versicolor, and Mycetoma infections in three therapy resistant patients without photosensitizing drugs. We have used a combination of visible to near-infrared (VIS/NIR) laser beams in association with blue (B), red (R) and ultra-violet (UV) light emitted diodes (LEDs) with incident doses of 0.63 - 21.43 J/cm2. These beams have minimum side effects on the normal part of the skin. According to the physicians’ assessments, all case study patients achieved an observable progress such as decreases in inflammatory lesions, rapid process of wound healing and scars improvements. Side effects such as inflammation, crusting, or hypopigmentation were not observed. The presented irradiation protocol may be a valuable complementary treatment for patients suffering from fungal and bacterial skin infections.

Research Progress on Diagnosis Methods for Fungal Infection

In recent years, owing to abuse of antibiotics, extensive use of antitumor drugs and immunosuppressive agents and other reasons, an increasing number of people suffered from fungal infection. In this situation, researchers proposed new diagnosis methods,such as G test, galactomannan (GM) test, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). G test is simple, quick, and highly sensitive and can detect multiple fungi; however, it cannot distinguish fungal types and may result in false positive and false negative results. GM test is less time consuming and feature highly positive detection rates but can simply be used in inspection of invasive aspergillosis. However, optimal positive critical values of GM test remain controversial. PCR is currently one of the fastest methods but is not formally used in clinical practice because of its lack of standardized operation and evaluation criteria.This study reviews the above three methods with the aim of discovering and summarizing their advantages and disadvantages to facilitate research and development of new diagnosis methods.

Prospects and challenges for the application of tissue engineering technologies in the treatment of bone infections

Osteomyelitis is a devastating disease caused by microbial infection in deep bone tissue.Its high recurrence rate and impaired restoration of bone deficiencies are major challenges in treatment.Microbes have evolved numerous mechanisms to effectively evade host intrinsic and adaptive immune attacks to persistently localize in the host,such as drug-resistant bacteria,biofilms,persister cells,intracellular bacteria,and small colony variants(SCVs).Moreover,microbial-mediated dysregulation of the bone immune microenvironment impedes the bone regeneration process,leading to impaired bone defect repair.Despite advances in surgical strategies and drug applications for the treatment of bone infections within the last decade,challenges remain in clinical management.The development and application of tissue engineering materials have provided new strategies for the treatment of bone infections,but a comprehensive review of their research progress is lacking.This review discusses the critical pathogenic mechanisms of microbes in the skeletal system and their immunomodulatory effects on bone regeneration,and highlights the prospects and challenges for the application of tissue engineering technologies in the treatment of bone infections.It will inform the development and translation of antimicrobial and bone repair tissue engineering materials for the management of bone infections.

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals T-cell heterogeneity and immunomodulatory role of CD4^(+) T native cells in Candida albicans infection

Objective:Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen that triggers complex host defense mechanisms,including coordinated innate and adaptive immune responses,to neutralize invading fungi effectively.Exploring the immune microenvironment has the potential to inform the development of therapeutic strategies for fungal infections.Methods:The study analyzed individual immune cell profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Candida albicans-infected mice and healthy control mice using single-cell transcriptomics,fluorescence quantitative PCR,and Western blotting.We investigated intergroup differences in the dynamics of immune cell subpopulation infiltration,pathway enrichment,and differentiation during Candida albicans infection.Results:Our findings indicate that infiltration of CD4^(+)naive cells,regulatory T(Treg)cells,and Microtubules(MT)-associated cells increased after infection,along with impaired T cell activity.Notably,CD4^(+) T cells and plasma cells were enhanced after infection,suggesting that antibody production is dependent on T cells.In addition,we screened 6 hub genes,transcription factor forkhead box protein 3(Foxp3),cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4(CTLA4),Interleukin 2 Receptor Subunit Beta(Il2rb),Cd28,C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5(Ccl5),and Cd27 for alterations associated with CD4^(+) T cell differentiation.Conclusions:These results provide a comprehensive immunological landscape of the mechanisms of Candida albicans infection and greatly advance our understanding of adaptive immunity in fungal infections.

Response of wild Avena species to fungal infection of grain

Sixty-six accessions belonging to Avena species(A. atlantica, A. canariensis, A. clauda, A.damascena, A. hirtula, A. longiglumis, A. wiestii, A. agadiriana, A. barbata, A. vaviloviana, A.insularis, A. magna, A. murphyi, A.fatua, A. ludoviciana, A. occidentalis, A. sterilis, A. sativa, and A. byzantina) obtained from the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources(VIR) were tested for the infection of grain by Alternaria and Cladosporium at the genus level and by a group of trichothecene-producing Fusarium fungi. Real-time PCR was performed to quantify fungal abundance and ELISA was performed for mycotoxin analysis in grain. The average amounts of all tested fungi in tetraploid Avena species were higher than those in diploid and hexaploid species. Low amounts of deoxynivalenol(DON) were detected in seven hexaploid genotypes(A. sterilis, A. byzantina, A. sativa, and A. fatua) and one diploid genotype(A.lwiestii). The relationship between some morphological traits(1000-grain weight, percent of husk, trichome density, and plant height) of Avena species and grain infection by fungi and mycotoxins was investigated. Alternaria and Cladosporium fungi could not penetrate the husk. A highly negative correlation of the amounts of their DNA with the proportions of husk in grain as well as with trichome density was found. In contrast, a significant positive correlation between the amount of Fusarium DNA and these traits was found. A strong negative correlation bctween plant height and DNA of the analyzed fungi was found. The oats least infected by Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium fungi and containing low amounts of DON were accessions of the hexaploids A. byzantina, A.fatua, A. sativa, A. sterilis,and the diploid A. lwiestii.

Characteristics of invasive fungal infections in obstetric and gynecologic patients

Objective:To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of invasive fungal infections(IFI) in the patients admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Peking Union Medical College Hospital(PUMCH). Methods:The IFI data from the clinical laboratory and medical records of PUMCH from January,2003 to December, 2009 were studied retrospectively.The patients were classified by diagnostic criteria as confirmed,clinical-diagnosed or suspected cases,and classified by treatment protocols into surgery,chemotherapy or end-stage of malignant tumors.The distribution,pathogens,risk factors and treatment outcomes of IFIs in these patients were discussed. Results:The data of 220 obstetric-gynecologic cases of IFIs were retrieved(52 cases confirmed,11 clinical-diagnosed and 157 suspected).The incidence of confirmed urinogenital IFIs in obstetric-gynecologic patients was greater than overall incidence of urinogenital IFIs in PUMCH(46.2%vs.18.7%,P<0.001).The possible risk factors of IFIs in the obstetric-gynecologic patients included hypoalbuminemia(87.3%in all the confirmed and clinical -diagnosed patients),neutropenia(52.4%) and chemotherapy or radiotherapy(50.8%).The treatment effectiveness in the surgical,chemotherapeutic and end-stage patients were 100.0%(108/108),91.6%(87/95) and 52. 9%(9/17),respectively(P<0.001). Conclusion:The IFIs in the patients from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology had more severe cases, diverse risk factors,and special distribution of infection sites.The curative effect was excellent for those receiving surgery or chemotherapy.