Evaluation of Farmland Drainage Water Quality by Fuzzy–Gray Combination Method

The complex relationships between indicators and water conditions cause fuzzy and gray uncertainties in evaluation of water quality. Compared to conventional single-factor evaluation methods, the combination evaluation method can consider these two uncertainties to produce more objective and reasonable evaluation results. In this paper, we propose a combination evaluation method with two main parts:(1) the use of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and gray correlation analysis as submodels with which to consider the fuzzy and gray uncertainties and(2) the establishment of a combination model based on minimum bias squares. In addition, using this method, we evaluate the water quality of a ditch in a typical rice–wheat system of Yixing city in the Taihu Lake Basin during three rainfall events. The results show that the ditch water quality is not good and we found the chemical oxygen demand to be the key indicator that affects water quality most significantly. The proposed combination evaluation method is more accurate and practical than single-factor evaluation methods in that it considers the uncertainties of fuzziness and grayness.

Determining the Quality of Mine Gushing and Mixed Water Using Coupled AHP and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Methods

This study focused on analysis of the chemical characteristics of mine waters. The aim of this study is to correlate the degree of different ionic components in mine water and the influence of their convergence using a combination of the three-scale AHP and fuzzy evaluation methods for the comprehensive evaluation of water quality. Ion chromatography (ICS 1100) has been used to analyze the content of the water sample while portable pH/EC/TDS/Tem- perature meters (SX 811 and SX 813) were used to test physical-chemical parameters. The results of this study show that chemistry of in No.11 gushing mine is dominated by HCO3-Na and HCO3-Ca, and had a pH between 7.1 and 8.00, belonging to neutral or slightly alkaline water. In addition, water were found to have the hardness between 18 mg/L and 542.5 mg/L. Results also show that the TDS of the roof sandstone and goaves water are higher than Cambrian limestone water, while the turbidity of the mixed water is 20 NTU in the sump, again higher than in other samples such as Cambrian limestone water. Total dissolved solids and the total hardness of Cambrian limestone groundwater mainly depend on the content of K+ + Na+, Ca2+, B={b1,b2,…,bj} and SO2-4. Thus, chemical composition changes remarkably after mine water mixing. Results showed that the coal roof sandstone water is class V while that in the sump is class III, and the Cambrian limestone groundwater is class I. In gushing, the quality of water can vary greatly;thus, water from the coal face roof sandstone and the Cambrian limestone should be stored and treated separately before being utilized.

Entropy method for determination of weight of evaluating indicators in fuzzy synthetic evaluation for water quality assessment

Considering the difficulty of fuzzy synthetic evaluation method in calculation of the multiple factors and ignorance of the relationship among evaluating objects, a new weight evaluation process using entropy method was introduced. This improved method for determination of weight of the evaluating indicators was applied in water quality assessment of the Three Gorges reservoir area. The results showed that this method was favorable for fuzzy synthetic evaluation when there were more than one evaluating objects. One calculation was enough for calculating every monitoring point. Compared with the original evaluation method, the method predigested the fuzzy synthetic evaluation process greatly and the evaluation results are more reasonable.

Application of Fuzzy Mathematics to the Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Wuhan

The quality of raw water from major water plants in Wuhan was evaluated by using Fuzzy synthetic evaluation model.It is suggested to select the alternative synthetic evaluation model when the first Fuzzy synthetic model failed in order to increase accuracy.

Evaluation Model of Rural Drinking Water Project Based on Entropy Weight and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method

Based on Measures for Assessment of Rural Drinking Water Standard Raising Action in Zhejiang Province,this study established an evaluation system for rural drinking water project in Zhejiang Province,covering three primary indicators of project construction,project management and project performance,and 18 secondary indicators.It proposed an evaluation model based on entropy weight and fuzzy evaluation method.It solved the problems of the objectivity of the indicator weight and the quantification of the indicators,and can well achieve the coordination and unity of fuzziness and accuracy.Using this model,it evaluated a rural drinking water project in a county and concluded that both accuracy and feasibility of the model are high.

Evaluation, prediction, and protection of water quality in Danjiangkou Reservoir, China

The water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir has attracted considerable attention from the Chinese public and government since the announcement of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Diversion Project （SNWDP）, which commenced transferring water in 2014. Integrated research on the evaluation, prediction, and protection of water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was carried out in this study in order to improve environmental management. Based on 120 water samples, wherein 17 water quality indices were measured at 20 monitoring sites, a single factor evaluation method was used to evaluate the current status of water quality. The results show that the main indices influencing the water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir are total phosphorus （TP）, permanganate index （CODM,）, dissolved oxygen （DO）, and five-day biochemical oxygen demand （BODs）, and the concentrations of TP, BODs, ammonia nitrogen （NH3--N）, CODM,, DO, and anionic surfactant （Surfa） do not reach the specified standard levels in the tributaries. Seasonal Mann--Kendall tests indicated that the CODMn concentration shows a highly significant increasing trend, and the TP concentration shows a significant increasing trend in the Danjiangkou Reservoir. The distribution of the main water quality indices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was predicted using a two-dimensional water quality numerical model, and showed that the sphere of influence from the tributaries can spread across half of the Han Reservoir if the pollutants are not controlled. Cluster analysis （CA） results suggest that the Shending River is heavily polluted, that the Jianghe, Sihe, and Jianhe rivers are moderately polluted, and that they should be the focus of environmental remediation.

FANN-Based Surface Water Quality Evaluation Model and Its Application in the Shaoguan Area

一个模糊神经网络模型被建议评估水质。模型包含二部分：首先，模糊数学理论被用来标准化样品；秒， RBF 神经网络和 BP 神经网络被用来训练标准化样品。建议模型被使用在 2005 在 Shaoguan 区域在 9 条河里估计 16 节的水质。评估结果在在 2005 的 Shaoguan 区域与 RBF 神经网络方法和报导结果的相比。它显示建议模糊神经网络模型的性能在水质评价的应用程序实际上是可行的，它的操作简单。

Construction and Application of Combined Evaluation Model of Regional Water Quality Plan

[Objective] The aim was to study the construction and application of combined evaluation model of regional water quality plan. [Meth- od] By dint of layer analysis, subjective and objective model of entropy evaluation, the water quality plan in Jinghe was evaluated. Combined evalu- ation model based on information entropy were constructed, and considering the single model evaluation result, the optimal water quality plan was selected. [ Result] The combination weight result suggested that COD amount was the most essential indicator in water quality plan and embodied the importance of water environment protection, which met basic objective of environment protection and social, economic effects. Combined evalu- ation indicated that in the sixteen plans, plan 16 was of highest comprehensive evaluation value, and can be considered as optimum water quality plan. [ Conclusion] Combined evaluation model can effectively list the advantages of each evaluation model and improve the dependability of water quality plan, and provided a new research idea for the optimal evaluation of water pollution control plan.

Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation of Water Quality of Naoli River Using Parameter Correlation Analysis

In order to improve the effectiveness of Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE) models, a Parameter Correlation Analysis (PCA) was introduced into the FSE and a case study was carried out in the Naoli River in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The basic principle of the PCA is that the pairs of parameters which are highly correlated and linear with each other would contribute the same information to an assessment and one of them should be eliminated. The method of the PCA is that a correlation relationship among candidate parameters is examined before the FSE. If there is an apparent nonlinear or curvilinear relationship between two parameters, then both will be retained; if the correlation is significant (p<0.01), and the scatter plot suggests a linear relationship, then one of them will be deleted. However, which one will be deleted? For solving this problem, a sensitivity test was conducted and the higher sensitivity parameters remained. The results indicate that the original data should be preprocessed through the PCA for redundancy and variability. The study shows that introducing the PCA into the FSE can simplify the FSE calculation process greatly, while the results have not been changed much.

Evaluation of water resources carrying capacity of Gonghe basin based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method

Gonghe Basin belongs to arid and semi-arid climatic zone, where water resource is relatively scarce and desertification is serious, so it is necessary to find out water resources carrying capacity. By using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the assessment on water resources carrying capacity in Gonghe Basin was conducted: Water resource carrying capacity of Gonghe County is less, while that of Guinan County and Chaka Town of Wulan County are greater; water resources of Gonghe Basin could sustain cultivated land of 652.6 thousand acres and grassland of 2 368.6 thousand acres respectively in 2020, water resources of Gonghe Basin could sustain cultivated land of 948.2 thousand acres and grassland of 2 247.6 thousand acres respectively in 2030.

Water quality assessment for Ulansuhai Lake using fuzzy clustering and pattern recognition

Water quality assessment of lakes is important to determine functional zones of water use.Considering the fuzziness during the partitioning process for lake water quality in an arid area,a multiplex model of fuzzy clustering with pattern recognition was developed by integrating transitive closure method,ISODATA algorithm in fuzzy clustering and fuzzy pattern recognition.The model was applied to partition the Ulansuhai Lake,a typical shallow lake in arid climate zone in the west part of Inner Mongolia,China and grade the condition of water quality divisions.The results showed that the partition well matched the real conditions of the lake,and the method has been proved accurate in the application.

Water Resource Pricing Study Based on Water Quality Fuzzy Evaluation: A Case Study of Hefei City

Price plays an important role in water resources management. The price of water resources can also be considered as a “water resource tax” which reflects the value and opportunity cost of water, and people will pay for the right to use water. Currently, the water resource fees’ effect of regulating resource differential revenues is not manifest and it’s not enough to reflect the principle of paid use of resources as well as regulating resources differential revenues. Due to the ambiguity and complexity of water resources price, this paper uses methods relating to fuzzy mathematics for modeling and processing. The study had a comprehensive consideration of five factors including water quality, water resources per capita, household consumption level, per capita GNP, population or population density to evaluate the water resource price.

Water Quality Analysis of Fuping Section of the Shichuan River Based on Different Evaluation Methods

In order to study the water quality of the Shichuan River basin in Fuping,Shaanxi Province,based on improved Nemerow index method,comprehensive pollution index method and principal component analysis method,eight water quality indexes such as pH,dissolved oxygen(DO),total dissolved solids(TDS),COD,total hardness,total phosphorus,total nitrogen and Zn in three monitoring sections of Fuping section of the Shichuan River in Shaanxi Province were detected and analyzed.The results show that the water quality of the surface water in the Shichuan River basin is gradeⅢorⅣwater,that is,the water is slightly polluted and moderately polluted.It is necessary to monitor the water quality after regulation and clarify the main factors causing the water pollution.

Employment Quality EvaluationModel Based on Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm

In order to solve the defect of large error in current employment quality evaluation,an employment quality evaluation model based on grey correlation degree method and fuzzy C-means(FCM)is proposed.Firstly,it analyzes the related research work of employment quality evaluation,establishes the employment quality evaluation index system,collects the index data,and normalizes the index data;Then,the weight value of employment quality evaluation index is determined by Grey relational analysis method,and some unimportant indexes are removed;Finally,the employment quality evaluation model is established by using fuzzy cluster analysis algorithm,and compared with other employment quality evaluation models.The test results show that the employment quality evaluation accuracy of the design model exceeds 93%,the employment quality evaluation error can meet the requirements of practical application,and the employment quality evaluation effect is much better than the comparison model.The comparison test verifies the superiority of the model.

Evaluation on Environment State of Breeding Area in Shuidong Bay by Using Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method

Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to develop a standard model to analyze and evaluate nearness degree of water environment quality at breeding area of Shuidong Bay in China.Results showed that certain environment contamination factors in some areas seriously exceeded the standard value and led to the whole water quality at the third class level.The measurements should be taken to promote the sustainable development of breeding area in Shuidong Bay.

基于Fuzzy法的木垒县农业土壤肥力评价

科学评价农业土壤的肥力,可为种植业结构调整和作物科学施肥提供科学依据。根据木垒县耕层土壤酸碱度和养分情况,以pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾为土壤肥力指标,采用基于Fuzzy法得到的IFI值评价了木垒县农业土壤质量。结果表明,木垒县土壤含有机质14.85 g/kg、碱解氮72.10 mg/kg、有效磷14.94 mg/kg、速效钾275.07 mg/kg,pH为8.08。总体表现为土壤偏碱性,有机质和碱解氮缺乏,有效磷中等水平,速效钾极丰富。土壤肥力综合指数(IFI)平均值为0.541。木垒县农业土壤肥力英格堡乡、雀仁乡为2级,肥力较高、质量良好,其他乡镇为3级。综上,木垒县的农业土壤总体上属碱性,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷为农业土壤肥力的限制因子,pH和速效钾是主要影响因子,建议适量补充氮磷,增施有机肥。

基于改进方法的承德地表水环境质量评价

为客观反映地表水水质状况,采用层次分析法和熵权法组合赋权以及加权平均综合评价原则改进模糊综合评价法,并与单因子评价法、内梅罗指数法、传统模糊综合评价法进行比较,评价承德地区地表水环境质量。结果表明:2021年承德地区地表水水质有明显的时空差异性,除7—9月的部分断面水质为较差外,其余断面水质均在Ⅰ~Ⅲ类;影响承德地区地表水水质的主要因子为COD_(Mn)和TP;单因子评价法和内梅罗指数法无法反映整体水质状况,改进的模糊综合评价法相较于传统模糊综合评价法兼顾了各污染因子间相互作用,并弱化了个别水质指标对评价结果的影响,且能够对同一类别水质进行排序,更适用于承德地区地表水环境质量评价。

Water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element method

For natural water, method of water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is presented. Two important parts are improved, the weights determining and fuzzy membership functions. The coefficient of variation of each indicator is used to determine the weight instead of traditional calculating superscales method. On the other hand, fuzzy matter-elements are constructed, and normal membership degrees are used instead of traditional trapezoidal ones. The composite fuzzy matter-elements with associated coefficient are constructed through associated transformation. The levels of natural water quality are determined according to the principle of maximum correlation. The improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is applied to evaluate water quality of the Luokou mainstream estuary at the first ten weeks in 2011 with the coefficient of variatiola method determining the weights. Water quality of Luokou mainstream estuary is dropping from level I to level II. The results of the improved evaluation method are basically the same as the official water quality. The variation coefficient method can reduce the workload, and overcome the adverse effects from abnormal values, compared with the traditional calculating superscales method. The results of improved fuzzy matter- element evaluation method are more credible than the ones of the traditional evaluation method. The improved evaluation method can use information of monitoring data more scientifically and comprehensively, and broaden a new evaluation method for water quality assessment.

典型场景彩色夜视融合图像质量主观评价实验

评价特定场景下红外和可见光(微光)彩色融合图像质量的研究对彩色夜视融合技术和嵌入式系统开发具有重要作用。由于主观评价实验能够得到与人眼感受一致的评价结果因而成为研究的热点。因此,该文针对海天、森林、城镇、乡村和特殊条件五个典型应用场景,提出基于动态参考的多刺激比较主观评价法,开展了大规模典型场景彩色融合图像主观评价实验,建立了包含1648幅彩色融合图像的质量主观评价数据库;此外,提出基于评价实验特性的模糊综合评判方法用于分析不同融合算法的场景适用性。实验数据一致性分析中,该主观评价法具有较高的皮尔逊相关系数,表明本文构建的数据集具有良好的有效性与可靠性。该文结果可为进一步开展夜视融合图像质量评价研究提供实验基础和理论依据。

基于组合赋权模型的泰安市水资源开发利用评价研究

泰安市水资源短缺问题日益显现,迫切需要进行水资源开发利用评价。为此,选取影响水资源开发利用指标构建以主观权重计算为主、客观权重修正为辅的G1-C-OWA-CPA组合赋权模型,使指标影响权重更具客观性,并基于获得的组合权重值,构建模糊综合评价模型对研究区水资源开发利用情况进行评价,最终确定泰山区的水资源开发利用评价等级为Ⅰ级;岱岳区、宁阳县、新泰市和肥城市的水资源开发利用评价等级为Ⅱ级;东平县的水资源开发利用评价等级为Ⅲ级。研究结果为今后泰安市水资源的开发利用提供了参考依据。