【目的】研究褪黑素对大鼠胰岛瘤细胞INS-1中胰岛素和Gαi/o蛋白基因表达的影响,探究褪黑素在m RNA水平对Gαi/o和Insulin1调节作用中可能存在的分子机制。褪黑素(melatonin,MT)是松果腺分泌的一种吲哚类神经内分泌激素,在机体内可调节...【目的】研究褪黑素对大鼠胰岛瘤细胞INS-1中胰岛素和Gαi/o蛋白基因表达的影响,探究褪黑素在m RNA水平对Gαi/o和Insulin1调节作用中可能存在的分子机制。褪黑素(melatonin,MT)是松果腺分泌的一种吲哚类神经内分泌激素,在机体内可调节胰岛素的分泌而使其呈现昼夜节律性分泌,影响葡萄糖昼夜代谢水平的变化进而维持机体血糖的相对恒定,故对于褪黑素影响胰岛素表达的研究可能会对褪黑素在胰岛素昼夜节律性分泌中的调控作用提供依据。【方法】将冻存的INS-1细胞复苏培养至第三代,INS-1细胞传代后,用RPMI1640培养基培养INS-1细胞约24—48 h,当细胞密度达60%—70%时,使用无血清无葡萄糖的RPMI1640洗2次,然后在INS-1细胞培养外液中分别加入不同浓度(0、10、20、30、50 mmol·L-1)的葡萄糖及100 nmol·L-1褪黑素和不同浓度葡萄糖孵育INS-1细胞12 h,观察和统计INS-1细胞的形态学变化。利用Easy Pure?RNA Kit提取INS-1细胞的总RNA,核酸蛋白测定仪测定细胞总RNA的浓度和纯度,其次利用甲醛变性琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测细胞的总RNA质量,Trans Script One-Step g DNA Removal and c DNA Synthesis Super Mix反转录合成c DNA。利用Primer Premier5.0引物设计软件,参考Gen Bank上已登录的基因序列进行Insulin1、Gαi1、Gαi2、Gαo、PKA和PKCα引物的设计。应用q RT-PCR法进行检测处理后的INS-1细胞Insulin1、Gαi1、Gαi2、Gαo、PKA和PKCαm RNA水平的变化。【结果】用含不同浓度葡萄糖培养液孵育INS-1细胞后,观察发现随着培养基中葡萄糖浓度含量的增加INS-1细胞突触的增长呈现先增加后减少的趋势,其中20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖处理组INS-1细胞突触的增长明显,而20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖和100 nmol·L-1褪黑素处理组INS-1细胞表面积增大,但突触增长却不明显;培养基中含不同浓度葡萄糖的处理组中,Insulin1 m RNA水平呈现先升后降的趋势,Gαi1 m RNA水平则呈现先降后升的趋势,其中20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖处理组,Insulin1 m RNA水平显著增加(P<0.05),Gαi1 m RNA水平显著减少(P<0.05),而Gαi2和Gαo则无显著变化(P>0.05),因而Gαi1表现出与Insulin1 m RNA水平呈现负相关性而非Gαi2、Gαo与Insulin1 m RNA水平呈现负相关性;20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖和褪黑素处理组和20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖处理组相比,20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖和褪黑素处理组的Gαi1 m RNA水平显著增高(P<0.05),且Insulin1和PKCαm RNA水平显著减少(P<0.05),PKA m RNA水平则减少不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】褪黑素能够抑制INS-1细胞Insulin1的表达,减少胰岛素的分泌导致INS-1细胞适应性增生。褪黑素与其受体结合后可促进Gαi1 m RNA水平增高而抑制PKCα的表达,使得Insulin1的表达受到抑制,胰岛素分泌减少,使血糖在夜间得以维持相对恒定。展开更多
RIG-I （retinoid acid-inducible gene-I）, a putative RNA helicase with a cytoplasmic caspase-recrultment domain （CARD）, was identified as a pattem-recognition receptor （PRR） that mediates antiviral immunity by ind...RIG-I （retinoid acid-inducible gene-I）, a putative RNA helicase with a cytoplasmic caspase-recrultment domain （CARD）, was identified as a pattem-recognition receptor （PRR） that mediates antiviral immunity by inducing type I interferon production. To further study the biological function of RIG-I, we generated Rig-I^-/- mice through homologous recombination, taking a different strategy to the previously reported strategy. Our Rig-I^-/- mice are viable and fertile. Histological analysis shows that Rig-I^-/ mice develop a colitis-like phenotype and increased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Accordingly, the size and number of Peyer＇s patches dramatically decreased in mutant mice. The peripheral T-cell subsets in mutant mice are characterized by an increase in effector T cells and a decrease in naive T cells, indicating an important role for Rig-I in the regulation ofT-cell activation. It was further found that Rig-I deficiency leads to the downregulation of G protein αi2 subunit （Gαi2） in various tissues, including T and B lymphocytes. By contrast, upregulation of Rig-I in NB4 cells that are treated with ATRA is accompanied by elevated Gαi2 expression. Moreover, Gαi2 promoter activity is increased in co-transfected NIH3T3 cells in a Rig-I dose-dependent manner. All these findings suggest that Rig-I has crucial roles in the regulation of Gαi2 expression and T-cell activation. The development of colitis may be, at least in part, associated with downregulation of Gαi2 and disturbed T-cell homeostasis.展开更多
Olfactory receptors are crucial for detecting odors and play a vital role in our sense of smell,influencing behaviors from food choices to emotional memories.These receptors also contribute to our perception of flavor...Olfactory receptors are crucial for detecting odors and play a vital role in our sense of smell,influencing behaviors from food choices to emotional memories.These receptors also contribute to our perception of flavor and have potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.The ability of the olfactory system to regenerate its sensory neurons provides a unique model to study neural regeneration,a phenomenon largely absent in the central nervous system.Insights gained from how olfactory neurons continuously replace themselves and reestablish functional connections can provide strategies to promote similar regenerative processes in the central nervous system,where damage often results in permanent deficits.Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning olfactory neuron regeneration could pave the way for developing therapeutic approaches to treat spinal co rd injuries and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.Olfa ctory receptors are found in almost any cell of eve ry orga n/tissue of the mammalian body.This ectopic expression provides insights into the chemical structures that can activate olfactory receptors.In addition to odors,olfactory receptors in ectopic expression may respond to endogenous compounds and molecules produced by mucosal colonizing microbiota.The analysis of the function of olfactory receptors in ectopic expression provides valuable information on the signaling pathway engaged upon receptor activation and the receptor's role in proliferation and cell differentiation mechanisms.This review explo res the ectopic expression of olfa ctory receptors and the role they may play in neural regeneration within the central nervous system,with particular attention to compounds that can activate these receptors to initiate regenerative processes.Evidence suggests that olfactory receptors could serve as potential therapeutic targets for enhancing neural repair and recovery following central nervous system injuries.展开更多
Microglia,the resident monocyte of the central nervous system,play a crucial role in the response to spinal cord injury.However,the precise mechanism remains unclear.To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which mi...Microglia,the resident monocyte of the central nervous system,play a crucial role in the response to spinal cord injury.However,the precise mechanism remains unclear.To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which microglia regulate the neuroinflammatory response to spinal cord injury,we performed single-cell RNA sequencing dataset analysis,focusing on changes in microglial subpopulations.We found that the MG1 subpopulation emerged in the acute/subacute phase of spinal cord injury and expressed genes related to cell pyroptosis,sphingomyelin metabolism,and neuroinflammation at high levels.Subsequently,we established a mouse model of contusive injury and performed intrathecal injection of siRNA and molecular inhibitors to validate the role of ceramide synthase 5 in the neuroinflammatory responses and pyroptosis after spinal cord injury.Finally,we established a PC12-BV2 cell co-culture system and found that ceramide synthase 5 and pyroptosis-associated proteins were highly expressed to induce the apoptosis of neuron cells.Inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in a mouse model of spinal cord injury effectively reduced pyroptosis.Furthermore,ceramide synthase 5-induced pyroptosis was dependent on activation of the NLRP3 signaling pathway.Inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in microglia in vivo reduced neuronal apoptosis and promoted recovery of neurological function.Pla2g7 formed a“bridge”between sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide synthase 5-mediated cell death by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway.Collectively,these findings suggest that inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in microglia after spinal cord injury effectively suppressed microglial pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3,thereby exerting neuroprotective effects.展开更多
Hippocampal neuronal loss causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is reduced in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rode...Hippocampal neuronal loss causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is reduced in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents and improves memory and slows cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular pathways for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and improved cognition in Alzheimer’s disease are poorly understood.Recently,regulator of G protein signaling 6(RGS6)was identified as the mediator of voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice.Here,we generated novel RGS6fl/fl;APP_(SWE) mice and used retroviral approaches to examine the impact of RGS6 deletion from dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells on voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition in an amyloid-based Alzheimer’s disease mouse model.We found that voluntary running in APP_(SWE) mice restored their hippocampal cognitive impairments to that of control mice.This cognitive rescue was abolished by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells,which also abolished running-mediated increases in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced in sedentary APP_(SWE) mice versus control mice,with basal adult hippocampal neurogenesis reduced by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells.RGS6 was expressed in neurons within the dentate gyrus of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with significant loss of these RGS6-expressing neurons.Thus,RGS6 mediated voluntary running-induced rescue of impaired cognition and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in APP_(SWE) mice,identifying RGS6 in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
文摘【目的】研究褪黑素对大鼠胰岛瘤细胞INS-1中胰岛素和Gαi/o蛋白基因表达的影响,探究褪黑素在m RNA水平对Gαi/o和Insulin1调节作用中可能存在的分子机制。褪黑素(melatonin,MT)是松果腺分泌的一种吲哚类神经内分泌激素,在机体内可调节胰岛素的分泌而使其呈现昼夜节律性分泌,影响葡萄糖昼夜代谢水平的变化进而维持机体血糖的相对恒定,故对于褪黑素影响胰岛素表达的研究可能会对褪黑素在胰岛素昼夜节律性分泌中的调控作用提供依据。【方法】将冻存的INS-1细胞复苏培养至第三代,INS-1细胞传代后,用RPMI1640培养基培养INS-1细胞约24—48 h,当细胞密度达60%—70%时,使用无血清无葡萄糖的RPMI1640洗2次,然后在INS-1细胞培养外液中分别加入不同浓度(0、10、20、30、50 mmol·L-1)的葡萄糖及100 nmol·L-1褪黑素和不同浓度葡萄糖孵育INS-1细胞12 h,观察和统计INS-1细胞的形态学变化。利用Easy Pure?RNA Kit提取INS-1细胞的总RNA,核酸蛋白测定仪测定细胞总RNA的浓度和纯度,其次利用甲醛变性琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测细胞的总RNA质量,Trans Script One-Step g DNA Removal and c DNA Synthesis Super Mix反转录合成c DNA。利用Primer Premier5.0引物设计软件,参考Gen Bank上已登录的基因序列进行Insulin1、Gαi1、Gαi2、Gαo、PKA和PKCα引物的设计。应用q RT-PCR法进行检测处理后的INS-1细胞Insulin1、Gαi1、Gαi2、Gαo、PKA和PKCαm RNA水平的变化。【结果】用含不同浓度葡萄糖培养液孵育INS-1细胞后,观察发现随着培养基中葡萄糖浓度含量的增加INS-1细胞突触的增长呈现先增加后减少的趋势,其中20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖处理组INS-1细胞突触的增长明显,而20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖和100 nmol·L-1褪黑素处理组INS-1细胞表面积增大,但突触增长却不明显;培养基中含不同浓度葡萄糖的处理组中,Insulin1 m RNA水平呈现先升后降的趋势,Gαi1 m RNA水平则呈现先降后升的趋势,其中20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖处理组,Insulin1 m RNA水平显著增加(P<0.05),Gαi1 m RNA水平显著减少(P<0.05),而Gαi2和Gαo则无显著变化(P>0.05),因而Gαi1表现出与Insulin1 m RNA水平呈现负相关性而非Gαi2、Gαo与Insulin1 m RNA水平呈现负相关性;20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖和褪黑素处理组和20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖处理组相比,20 mmol·L-1葡萄糖和褪黑素处理组的Gαi1 m RNA水平显著增高(P<0.05),且Insulin1和PKCαm RNA水平显著减少(P<0.05),PKA m RNA水平则减少不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】褪黑素能够抑制INS-1细胞Insulin1的表达,减少胰岛素的分泌导致INS-1细胞适应性增生。褪黑素与其受体结合后可促进Gαi1 m RNA水平增高而抑制PKCα的表达,使得Insulin1的表达受到抑制,胰岛素分泌减少,使血糖在夜间得以维持相对恒定。
文摘RIG-I （retinoid acid-inducible gene-I）, a putative RNA helicase with a cytoplasmic caspase-recrultment domain （CARD）, was identified as a pattem-recognition receptor （PRR） that mediates antiviral immunity by inducing type I interferon production. To further study the biological function of RIG-I, we generated Rig-I^-/- mice through homologous recombination, taking a different strategy to the previously reported strategy. Our Rig-I^-/- mice are viable and fertile. Histological analysis shows that Rig-I^-/ mice develop a colitis-like phenotype and increased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Accordingly, the size and number of Peyer＇s patches dramatically decreased in mutant mice. The peripheral T-cell subsets in mutant mice are characterized by an increase in effector T cells and a decrease in naive T cells, indicating an important role for Rig-I in the regulation ofT-cell activation. It was further found that Rig-I deficiency leads to the downregulation of G protein αi2 subunit （Gαi2） in various tissues, including T and B lymphocytes. By contrast, upregulation of Rig-I in NB4 cells that are treated with ATRA is accompanied by elevated Gαi2 expression. Moreover, Gαi2 promoter activity is increased in co-transfected NIH3T3 cells in a Rig-I dose-dependent manner. All these findings suggest that Rig-I has crucial roles in the regulation of Gαi2 expression and T-cell activation. The development of colitis may be, at least in part, associated with downregulation of Gαi2 and disturbed T-cell homeostasis.
文摘Olfactory receptors are crucial for detecting odors and play a vital role in our sense of smell,influencing behaviors from food choices to emotional memories.These receptors also contribute to our perception of flavor and have potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.The ability of the olfactory system to regenerate its sensory neurons provides a unique model to study neural regeneration,a phenomenon largely absent in the central nervous system.Insights gained from how olfactory neurons continuously replace themselves and reestablish functional connections can provide strategies to promote similar regenerative processes in the central nervous system,where damage often results in permanent deficits.Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning olfactory neuron regeneration could pave the way for developing therapeutic approaches to treat spinal co rd injuries and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.Olfa ctory receptors are found in almost any cell of eve ry orga n/tissue of the mammalian body.This ectopic expression provides insights into the chemical structures that can activate olfactory receptors.In addition to odors,olfactory receptors in ectopic expression may respond to endogenous compounds and molecules produced by mucosal colonizing microbiota.The analysis of the function of olfactory receptors in ectopic expression provides valuable information on the signaling pathway engaged upon receptor activation and the receptor's role in proliferation and cell differentiation mechanisms.This review explo res the ectopic expression of olfa ctory receptors and the role they may play in neural regeneration within the central nervous system,with particular attention to compounds that can activate these receptors to initiate regenerative processes.Evidence suggests that olfactory receptors could serve as potential therapeutic targets for enhancing neural repair and recovery following central nervous system injuries.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2017YFA0105400(to LR)the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,No.2019B020236002(to LR)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81972111(to LZ),81772349(to BL).
文摘Microglia,the resident monocyte of the central nervous system,play a crucial role in the response to spinal cord injury.However,the precise mechanism remains unclear.To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which microglia regulate the neuroinflammatory response to spinal cord injury,we performed single-cell RNA sequencing dataset analysis,focusing on changes in microglial subpopulations.We found that the MG1 subpopulation emerged in the acute/subacute phase of spinal cord injury and expressed genes related to cell pyroptosis,sphingomyelin metabolism,and neuroinflammation at high levels.Subsequently,we established a mouse model of contusive injury and performed intrathecal injection of siRNA and molecular inhibitors to validate the role of ceramide synthase 5 in the neuroinflammatory responses and pyroptosis after spinal cord injury.Finally,we established a PC12-BV2 cell co-culture system and found that ceramide synthase 5 and pyroptosis-associated proteins were highly expressed to induce the apoptosis of neuron cells.Inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in a mouse model of spinal cord injury effectively reduced pyroptosis.Furthermore,ceramide synthase 5-induced pyroptosis was dependent on activation of the NLRP3 signaling pathway.Inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in microglia in vivo reduced neuronal apoptosis and promoted recovery of neurological function.Pla2g7 formed a“bridge”between sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide synthase 5-mediated cell death by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway.Collectively,these findings suggest that inhibiting ceramide synthase 5 expression in microglia after spinal cord injury effectively suppressed microglial pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3,thereby exerting neuroprotective effects.
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health,Nos.AA025919,AA025919-03S1,and AA025919-05S1(all to RAF).
文摘Hippocampal neuronal loss causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is reduced in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents and improves memory and slows cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular pathways for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and improved cognition in Alzheimer’s disease are poorly understood.Recently,regulator of G protein signaling 6(RGS6)was identified as the mediator of voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice.Here,we generated novel RGS6fl/fl;APP_(SWE) mice and used retroviral approaches to examine the impact of RGS6 deletion from dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells on voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition in an amyloid-based Alzheimer’s disease mouse model.We found that voluntary running in APP_(SWE) mice restored their hippocampal cognitive impairments to that of control mice.This cognitive rescue was abolished by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells,which also abolished running-mediated increases in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced in sedentary APP_(SWE) mice versus control mice,with basal adult hippocampal neurogenesis reduced by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells.RGS6 was expressed in neurons within the dentate gyrus of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with significant loss of these RGS6-expressing neurons.Thus,RGS6 mediated voluntary running-induced rescue of impaired cognition and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in APP_(SWE) mice,identifying RGS6 in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease.
