MicroRNA-760 acts as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer development via inhibiting G-protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting protein-1 transcription

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)has become a serious threat to people's health.Accumulative evidence reveals that dysregulation of numerous microRNAs(miRNAs)has been found during malignant formation.So far,the role of microRNA-760(miR-760)in the development of GC is largely unknown.AIM To measure the expression level of miR-760 in GC and investigate its role in gastric tumorigenesis.METHODS Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to measure the expression of miR-760 and G-protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting protein-1(GIT1).Cell growth was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide(MTT)and cell colony formation assays.Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometric analysis.The relationship between miR-760 and GIT1 was verified by luciferase reporter assay.RESULTS The results showed that the expression of miR-760 was decreased in GC and associated with poor clinical outcomes in GC patients.Furthermore,miR-760 restrained cell proliferation and cell colony formation and induced apoptosis in GC cells.In addition,miR-760 directly targeted GIT1 and negatively regulated its expression in GC.GIT1 was upregulated in GC and predicted a worse prognosis in GC patients.We also found that upregulation of GIT1 weakened the inhibitory CONCLUSION In conclusion,miR-760 targets GIT1 to inhibit cell growth and promote apoptosis in GC cells.Our data demonstrate that miR-760 may be a potential target for the treatment of GC.

Mechanisms of regulation and function of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases

G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) interact with the agonist-activated form of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) to affect receptor phosphorylation and to initiate profound impairment of receptor signaling, or desensitization. GPCR forms the largest family of cell surface receptors, and defects in GRK function have the potential consequence to affect GPCR-stimulated biological responses in many pathological situations.

Role of doublecortin-like kinase 1 and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 in patients with stage Ⅱ/Ⅲ colorectal cancer:Cancer progression and prognosis

BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells(CSCs)are a subpopulation of cancer cells with the potential of self-renewal and differentiation.CSCs play critical roles in tumorigenesis,recurrence,metastasis,radiation tolerance and chemoresistance.AIM To assess the expression patterns and clinical potential of doublecortin-like kinase 1(DCLK1)and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5(Lgr5),as prognostic CSC markers of colorectal cancer(CRC).METHODS The expression of DCLK1 and Lgr5 in CRC tissue sections from 92 patients was determined by immunohistochemistry.Each case was evaluated using a combined scoring method based on signal intensity staining(scored 0-3)and the proportion of positively stained cancer cells(scored 0-3).The final staining score was calculated as the intensity score multiplied by the proportion score.Low expression of DCLK1 and Lgr5 was defined as a score of 0-3;high expression of DCLK1 and Lgr5 was defined as a score of≥4.Specimens were categorized as either high or low expression,and the correlation between the expression of DCLK1 or Lgr5 and clinicopathological factors was investigated.RESULTS DCLK1 and Lgr5 expression levels were significantly positively correlated.CRC patients with high DCLK1,Lgr5 and DCLK1/Lgr5 expressions had poorer progression-free survival and overall survival.Moreover,high expression of DCLK1 was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence and overall survival in patients with CRC by multivariate analysis(P=0.026 and P=0.049,respectively).CONCLUSION DCLK1 may be a potential CSC marker for the recurrence and survival of CRC patients.

Mismatched effects of receptor interacting protein kinase-3 on hepatic steatosis and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM To validate the effects of receptor interacting protein kinase-3(RIP3) deletion in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and to clarify the mechanism of action.METHODS Wild-type(WT) and RIP3 knockout(KO) mice werefed normal chow and high fat(HF) diets for 12 wk. The body weight was assessed once weekly. After 12 wk, the liver and serum samples were extracted. The liver tissue expression levels of RIP3, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, protein disulfide isomerase, apolipoprotein-B, X-box binding protein-1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, cluster of differentiation-36, diglyceride acyltransferase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), and interleukin-6 were assessed. Oleic acid treated primary hepatocytes from WT and RIP3 KO mice were stained with Nile red. The expression of inflammatory cytokines, including chemokine(C-X-C motif) ligand(CXCL) 1, CXCL2, and TNF-α, in monocytes was evaluated.RESULTS RIP3 KO HF diet fed mice showed a significant gain in body weight, and liver weight, liver to body weight ratio, and liver triglycerides were increased in HF diet fed RIP3 KO mice compared to HF diet fed WT mice. RIP3 KO primary hepatocytes also had increased intracellular fat droplets compared to WT primary hepatocytes after oleic acid treatment. RIP3 overexpression decreased hepatic fat content. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression of very-low-density lipoproteins secretion markers(microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, protein disulfide isomerase, and apolipoprotein-B) was significantly suppressed in RIP3 KO mice. The overall NAFLD Activity Score was the same between WT and RIP3 KO mice; however, RIP3 KO mice had increased fatty change and decreased lobular inflammation compared to WT mice. Inflammatory signals(CXCL1/2, TNF-α, and interleukin-6) increased after lipopolysaccharide and pancaspase inhibitor(necroptotic condition) treatment in monocytes. Neutrophil chemokines(CXCL1, and CXCL2) were decreased, and TNF-α was increased after RIP3 inhibitor treatment in monocytes.CONCLUSION RIP3 deletion exacerbates steatosis, and partially inhibits inflammation in the HF diet induced NAFLD model.

Role of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors in Growth Factor Mediated Signal Transduction, with Specific Reference to MAPK/Rasand p13k-Akt Containing Pathways in Oncogenesis: A Qualitative Database Review

Receptor Tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play a crucial role in the signal transduction pathways at cellular levels. RTK plays a vital role in cellular communication and transmission of signals to the adjacent cells and regulates different functions of the cell, such as cellular growth, differentiation, metabolism and motility. RTK s triggers growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor, insulin growth factor-1 receptor, platelet derived growth factor receptor, and fibro blast growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, thereby initiating and regulating cell growth and proliferation. MAPK/RAS and PI3/AKT pathways are the major pathways of RTK’s function. Dysregulation of these RTK’s and pathways often leads to many diseases such as Noonan Syndrome, Logius Syndrome, CFC syndrome and different types of cancer. Point mutation and over expression of receptors and mutations in Ras leads to 30% of human cancers. Also over expression of different growth factor receptors by RTK too lead to several types of cancers as Glioblastoma, Thyroid cancer, Colon cancer and Non-small cell lung cancer. PTEN mutation in PI3/AKT pathway often leads to carcinoma relative to Thyroid, Skin, Large intestine, eye and Bone. Therefore, these RTK’s often used as targets for cancer therapies. The medical sector uses various types of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as ATP competitive inhibitors, Allosteric inhibitors and covalent inhibitors which are known as Afatinib, Crizotinib, Eroltinib, Icotinib, Lepatinib and Lenvatinib in treatment and management of differential carcinomas.

TLR7/8 signalling affects X-sperm motility via the GSK3α/β-hexokinase pathway for the efficient production of sexed dairy goat embryos

Background:Goat milk is very similar to human milk in terms of its abundant nutrients and ease of digestion.To derive greater economic benefit,farmers require more female offspring(does);however,the buck-to-doe offspring sex ratio is approximately 50%.At present,artificial insemination after the separation of X/Y sperm using flow cytometry is the primary means of controlling the sex of livestock offspring.However,flow cytometry has not been successfully utilised for the separation of X/Y sperm aimed at sexing control in dairy goats.Results:In this study,a novel,simple goat sperm sexing technology that activates the toll-like receptor 7/8(TLR7/8),thereby inhibiting X-sperm motility,was investigated.Our results showed that the TLR7/8 coding goat Xchromosome was expressed in approximately 50%of round spermatids in the testis and sperm,as measured from cross-sections of the epididymis and ejaculate,respectively.Importantly,TLR7/8 was located at the tail of the Xsperm.Upon TLR7/8 activation,phosphorylated forms of glycogen synthase kinaseα/β(GSK3α/β)and nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)were detected in the X-sperm,causing reduced mitochondrial activity,ATP levels,and sperm motility.High-motility Y-sperm segregated to the upper layer and the low-motility X-sperm,to the lower layer.Following in vitro fertilisation using the TLR7/8-activated sperm from the lower layer,80.52±6.75%of the embryos were XX females.The TLR7/8-activated sperm were subsequently used for in vivo embryo production via the superovulatory response;nine embryos were collected from the uterus of two does that conceived.Eight of these were XX embryos,and one was an XY embryo.Conclusions:Our study reveals a novel TLR7/8 signalling mechanism that affects X-sperm motility via the GSK3α/β-hexokinase pathway;this technique could be used to facilitate the efficient production of sexed dairy goat embryos.

Desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors induces vascular hypocontractility in response to norepinephrine in the mesenteric arteries of cirrhotic patients and rats

BACKGROUND: The increased β-arrestin-2 and its combination with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) lead to GPCRs desensitization. The latter may be responsible for decreased contractile reactivity in the mesenteric arteries of cirrhotic patients and rats. The present study is to investigate the machinery changes of α-adrenergic receptors and G proteins and their roles in the contractility of mesenteric arteries of cirrhotic patients and animal models. METHODS: Patients with cirrhosis due to hepatitis B and cirrhotic rats induced by CCl 4 were studied. Mesenteric artery contractility in response to norepinephrine was determined by a vessel perfusion system. The contractile effect of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK-2) inhibitor on the mesenteric artery was evaluated. The protein expression of the α 1 adrenergic receptor, G proteins, β-arrestin-2, GRK-2 as well as the activity of Rho associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase-1 (ROCK-1) were measured by Western blot. In addition, the interaction of α 1 adrenergic receptor with β-arrestin-2 was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: The portal vein pressure of cirrhotic patients and rats was significantly higher than that of controls. The doseresponse curve to norepinephrine in mesenteric arteriole was shifted to the right, and EC 50 was significantly increased in cirrhotic patients and rats. There were no significant differences in the expressions of the α 1 adrenergic receptor and G proteins in the cirrhotic group compared with the controls. However, the protein expressions of GRK-2 and β-arrestin-2 were significantly elevated in cirrhotic patients and rats compared with those of the controls. The interaction of the α 1 adrenergic receptor and β-arrestin-2 was significantly aggravated. This interaction was significantly reversed by GRK-2 inhibitor. Both the protein expression and activity of ROCK-1 were significantly decreased in the mesenteric artery in patients with cirrhosis compared with those of the controls, and this phenomenon was not shown in the cirrhotic rats. Norepinephrine significantly increased the activity of ROCK-1 in normal rats but not in cirrhotic ones. Norepinephrine significantly increased ROCK-1 activity in cirrhotic rats when GRK-2 inhibitor was used. CONCLUSIONS: β-arrestin-2 expression and its interaction with GPCRs are significantly upregulated in the mesenteric arteries in patients and rats with cirrhosis. These upregulations result in GPCR desensitization, G-protein dysfunction and ROCK inhibition. These may explain the decreased contractility of the mesenteric artery in response to vasoconstrictors.

Response of Subcutaneous Xenografts of Endometrial Cancer in Nude Mice to Inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathways: An Effective Therapeutic Strategy for Endometrial Cancer

Objective: This study was designed to explore whether inhibition of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways can inhibit the growth of xenografts of endometrial cancer cell lines with different estrogen receptors (ER) profiles in vivo and to provide preliminary laboratory basis for the probability of endometrial adenocarcinoma treatment with blockage of the two pathways, especially to endometrial cancer with low ER status. Methods: Human endometrial cancer Ishikawa bearing ER and HEC-1Awith low ER status cells were subcutaneously injected into BALB/c nude mice to establish endometrial cancer xenograft tumor models. The effects of PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, MAPK/ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 and their combinations on the growth of the xenograft tumors and apoptotic state of Ishikawa and HEC-1Acells were tested in vivo using the inhibitory rate, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling assay, H/E-stain. Western blot analysis was used to detect the alterations of activated ERK (P-ERK) and AKT (P-AKT) during this process. Results: LY294002, a PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, induced significant suppression in the growth of both Ishikawa and HEC-1Acell xenograft tumors, concomitant with increased apoptosis in xenografts as evidenced by TUNEL. A similar effect was also observed when the MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway was inhibited by PD98059. Concurrent inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways showed enhanced anti-tumor effects in vivo as indicated by increased apoptosis. At the same time, the levels of P-ERK and P-AKT in both xenograft tumors decreased, and their levels in combination group was the lowest. Conclusions: PD98059, LY294002 and their combinations showed remarkable inhibitory effects on xenograft tumors of endometrial carcinoma cell lines with different expression status of ER in vivo through blockage of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. This suggests that targeting these pathways may be an effective therapeutic strategy against endometrial carcinomas, especially for ER-negative cancers which show poor response to endocrinal therapy.

外周血受体相互作用蛋白激酶3、混合系列蛋白激酶样结构域水平与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎病情严重程度的关系

目的分析新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)患儿外周血受体相互作用蛋白激酶3(RIPK3)、混合系列蛋白激酶样结构域(MLKL)的表达情况及其与病情严重程度的关系。方法选取92例NEC患儿纳入NEC组,并根据病情严重程度进一步分为轻度NEC组(Ⅰ级)60例和重度NEC组(Ⅱ~Ⅲ级)32例,另选取同期诊治的60例腹股沟斜疝患儿纳入对照组。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测外周血RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA表达;采用Pearson相关分析法明确NEC组外周血RIPK3 mRNA与MLKL mRNA表达的相关性;采用免疫印迹法检测NEC回肠组织和正常回肠组织中RIPK3、MLKL蛋白表达;采用多因素Logistic回归分析明确重度NEC发生的独立危险因素。绘制受试者工作特征曲线,分析外周血RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA单独及联合预测重度NEC的价值。结果NEC组外周血RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA相对表达量分别为(2.41±0.52)、(3.03±0.64),高于对照组的(1.02±0.21)、(0.93±0.20),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。NEC回肠组织中RIPK3、MLKL蛋白相对灰度值分别为(1.20±0.21)、(1.13±0.24),高于正常回肠组织的(0.34±0.12)、(0.32±0.11),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NEC组患儿外周血RIPK3 mRNA与MLKL mRNA相对表达量呈正相关(r=0.623,P<0.001)。重度NEC组合并气腹征、多器官功能障碍综合征、败血症者占比和RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA相对表达量均高于轻度NEC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA相对表达量升高是重度NEC发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。外周血RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA联合预测重度NEC的曲线下面积大于RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA单独预测(Z=4.127、4.261,P<0.05)。结论RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA在NEC患儿外周血中表达升高,两者均与NEC病情严重程度有关,且两者联合检测对重度NEC具有较高的预测价值。

葛根芩连汤通过IRS-1/PI3K/AKT通路对胃肠湿热型2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢的影响

目的探究葛根芩连汤通过胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)/磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)通路对胃肠湿热型2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢的影响。方法将40只SD大鼠随机分为正常组(2 mL生理盐水灌胃)、造模组(2 mL生理盐水灌胃)、二甲双胍组(4.17 mg/100 g二甲双胍灌胃)和葛根芩连汤组(1 g/100 g葛根芩连汤灌胃),每组10只。采用高脂高糖饲料加腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)构建2型糖尿病大鼠模型,随后喂食油脂、42°白酒及蜂蜜水构建胃肠湿热型2型糖尿病大鼠模型。测量各组大鼠不同时间节点体质量,血糖仪测定空腹血糖(FBG);ELISA检测空腹胰岛素(FINS)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平变化、计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);HE染色检测肝组织病理学变化;检测肝组织过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)含量变化。Western blot检测肝组织IRS-1、PI3K、p-PI3K、AKT及p-AKT蛋白变化。结果与正常组比较,造模组大鼠体质量、FBG、FINS及HOMA-IR、GSH-Px、CAT、SOD、IRS-1、p-PI3K/PI3K及p-AKT/AKT水平均明显下降(P<0.05)、TG、TC、IL-6、TNF-α及MDA含量均显著升高(P<0.05),可见局灶性肝实质损失。与造模组比较,二甲双胍组及葛根芩连汤组大鼠体质量、FBG、FINS及HOMA-IR、GSH-Px、CAT、SOD、IRS-1、p-PI3K/PI3K及p-AKT/AKT水平均明显升高(P<0.05)、TG、TC、IL-6、TNF-α及MDA含量均显著降低(P<0.05),显示正常的肝实质。结论葛根芩连汤可明显改善胃肠湿热型2型糖尿病糖脂紊乱,可能是通过IRS-1/PI3K/AKT通路发挥作用。

受体相互作用蛋白激酶3在非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的表达

目的探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)病人血清中受体相互作用蛋白激酶3(RIPK3)的表达水平及临床意义。方法选取2019年6月至2021年6月自贡市第一人民医院收治的108例NAFLD病人作为观察组,80例体检健康者为对照组。酶联免疫吸附测定检测血清RIPK3水平,采用Pearson法分析血清RIPK3水平与肝功能指标的相关性,采用Spearman法分析血清RIPK3水平与肝组织炎症和肝纤维化分期的相关性,多因素logistic回归分析NAFLD发生的影响因素,受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析血清RIPK3水平与肝功能指标对NAFLD的诊断价值。结果观察组和对照组身体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、空腹血糖均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NAFLD病人血清RIPK3水平(1.12±0.34)mg/L显著高于对照组(0.69±0.27)mg/L(P<0.05)。NAFLD病人谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。血清RIPK3水平与ALT、AST、GGT及肝组织炎症、肝纤维化分期均呈正相关(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示血清RIPK3水平、BMI、TG、ALT、AST及GGT均是NAFLD发生的影响因素(P<0.05)。血清RIPK3诊断NAFLD的AUC为0.83、灵敏度为80.56%,特异度为72.50%。血清RIPK3联合肝功能指标诊断的AUC为0.95、灵敏度为89.32%,特异度为91.67%,联合的诊断效能优于各自单独检测(ZRIPK3-联合=3.60,Z_(ALT-联合)=4.37,Z_(AST-联合)=3.41,Z_(GGT-联合)=5.14,均P<0.05)。结论血清RIPK3在NAFLD病人中的表达水平升高,与病人病情呈正相关,联合血清RIPK3与肝功能指标可提高NAFLD的诊断效能,临床应用价值较大。

艾司氯胺酮通过糖原合成酶激酶-3β/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域蛋白3通路改善新生鼠缺氧缺血性心肌损伤的研究

目的基于糖原合成酶激酶-3β/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域蛋白3(GSK-3β/NLRP3)通路探讨艾司氯胺酮对新生鼠缺氧缺血性心肌损伤的作用。方法将30只新生大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组及艾司氯胺酮组,每组10只。假手术组新生鼠行颈部正中切口,暴露双侧颈总动脉;模型组和艾司氯胺酮组新生鼠采用结扎颈总动脉联合低氧环境建立缺血缺氧模型;艾司氯胺酮组新生鼠给予艾司氯胺酮干预(50 mg/kg)。检测各组新生鼠左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-1β水平,心肌损伤、心肌细胞凋亡及凋亡蛋白半胱氨酸蛋白酶1/3/9(caspase 1/3/9)水平,心肌组织中性粒细胞浸润情况,以及心肌组织中GSK-3β、NLRP3蛋白水平变化。结果相比于假手术组,模型组新生鼠LVEF、LVFS降低,LVEDD、LVESD增高,且艾司氯胺酮组新生鼠LVEF、LVFS高于模型组,LVEDD、LVESD低于模型组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。模型组血清CK-MB、cTnI、LDH、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平,心肌损伤及凋亡,心肌组织切割的caspase 1/3/9蛋白水平、中性粒细胞数量、GSK-3β、NLRP3蛋白水平增加,且艾司氯胺酮组上述指标低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论艾司氯胺酮通过抑制炎症反应改善新生鼠缺氧缺血性心肌损伤,其作用机制与GSK-3β/NLRP3通路有关。

川陈皮素调节AMPK/NLRP3信号通路对脂多糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞炎性损伤的影响

目的探讨川陈皮素(Nobiletin)调节AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)/NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)信号通路对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肾小球系膜细胞HBZY-1炎性损伤的影响。方法将HBZY-1细胞分为5组:正常组、LPS组(100 ng·m L^(-1)LPS)、川陈皮素组(100 ng·m L^(-1)LPS+40μmol·L^(-1)川陈皮素)、AMPK/NLRP3信号通路抑制剂雷帕霉素组(100 ng·m L^(-1)LPS+0.5μmol·L^(-1)雷帕霉素)、川陈皮素+雷帕霉素组(100 ng·m L^(-1)LPS+40μmol·L^(-1)川陈皮素+0.5μmol·L^(-1)雷帕霉素)。MTT法检测HBZY-1细胞毒性和增殖;ELISA法检测HBZY-1细胞白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;Western Blot法检测AMPK/NLRP3信号通路蛋白水平。结果与正常组比较,LPS组CAT、SOD、GSH水平、细胞OD值以及AMPK蛋白水平明显降低(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量以及NLRP3蛋白水平明显升高(P<0.05)。与LPS组比较,川陈皮素组CAT、SOD、GSH水平、OD值以及AMPK蛋白水平明显升高(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量以及NLRP3蛋白水平明显下降(P<0.05);而雷帕霉素组以上指标均呈现与川陈皮素组相反的趋势(P<0.05)。与川陈皮素组比较,川陈皮素+雷帕霉素组以上指标均呈现与川陈皮素组相反的趋势(P<0.05)。结论川陈皮素可能通过上调AMPK/NLRP3信号通路减轻LPS诱导的肾小球系膜细胞细胞炎性损伤。下调AMPK/NLRP3信号通路可消除川陈皮素对LPS诱导的肾小球系膜细胞细胞炎性损伤的改善作用。

基于NGF/PI3K/TRPV1信号通路探究参苓白术散对腹泻型肠易激综合征小鼠的干预机制

目的研究基于神经生长因子/磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/瞬时受体电位香草酸受体1(NGF/PI3K/TRPV1)信号通路探究参苓白术散对腹泻型肠易激综合征小鼠的干预机制。方法选取40只SPF级SD雄性大鼠,其中空白组10只,模型组13只、研究1组7只、研究2组9只。对照组、模型组只进行生理盐水灌胃,不做其他任何处理。研究1组给予匹维溴铵片20mg/kg水溶液进行灌胃,研究2组给予参苓白术散4g/kg进行灌胃。评估Bristol评分情况;分析脾脏系数、胸腺系数情况;检测IgA、IgG、IgM、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平及NGF/PI3K/TRPV1蛋白表达情况。结果相比于空白组,模型组、研究1组、研究2组Bristol评分、脾脏系数、胸腺系数、IgA、IgG、IgM、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平及NGF、PI3K、TRPV1蛋白表达均上升(P<0.05);相比于模型组、研究1组,研究2组Bristol评分、脾脏系数、胸腺系数、IgA、IgG、IgM、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平及NGF、PI3K、TRPV1蛋白表达均下降(P<0.05)。结论参苓白术散抑制NGF/PI3K/TRPV1通路,改善大鼠胃肠功能及大便状态,减轻炎症反应,提高免疫功能稳态情况,干预效果显著。

牡荆素调控AMPK/NLRP3途径介导的细胞焦亡对大鼠急性咽炎的作用机制研究

目的:基于AMPK/NLRP3信号通路探究牡荆素对大鼠急性咽炎的影响及其调控机制。方法:60只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、阿莫西林组和牡荆素低、中、高剂量组,每组各10只。除对照组外,其余各组大鼠均采用咽部定向喷射25%氨水的方法构建急性咽炎模型。牡荆素各剂量组大鼠分别腹腔注射3、6、12 mg/kg牡荆素;阿莫西林组大鼠给予0.36 g/kg阿莫西林灌胃;其余腹腔注射等量0.9%生理盐水。各组大鼠于给药干预7 d后进行行为状态评分、咽部组织病理学染色观察,并进行血清炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、PGE_(2)检测,筛选出牡荆素最佳给药剂量;同时检测咽部组织焦亡相关蛋白及AMPK/NLRP3表达。随后将40只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、牡荆素组(腹腔注射12 mg/kg牡荆素)、牡荆素+CC(AMPK抑制剂)组(腹腔注射12 mg/kg牡荆素后,立刻注射20 mg/kgCC),每组各10只。除对照组外,其余各组大鼠均采用咽部定向喷射25%氨水的方法构建急性咽炎,造模后使用相应药物干预,1次/d,共干预7 d。苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察咽部组织病理学变化;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、PGE_(2)水平;Western blot检测咽部组织AMPK/NLRP3通路及细胞焦亡相关蛋白表达。结果:与模型组相比,牡荆素各剂量组大鼠行为状态评分均显著降低(P<0.05),血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、PGE_(2)水平降低(P<0.05),咽部组织病理性损伤明显减轻,且呈剂量相关性,筛选得出牡荆素12 mg/kg为最佳给药剂量。与模型组相比,牡荆素组大鼠咽部组织p-AMPK蛋白阳性率明显升高,NLRP3蛋白阳性率明显降低,细胞焦亡相关蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.05)。与牡荆素组相比,牡荆素+CC组大鼠咽部组织损伤程度加重,血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、PGE_(2)水平,细胞焦亡相关蛋白和NLRP3蛋白表达显著升高,p-AMPK/AMPK降低(P<0.05)。结论:牡荆素能够通过调控AMPK/NLRP3信号通路,抑制细胞焦亡,进而改善大鼠急性咽炎。

IL-6/IL-6R/JAK2/STAT3通路调控骨髓微环境对多发性骨髓瘤生物学行为影响的研究进展

多发性骨髓瘤(MM)是一种克隆浆细胞异常增殖的恶性疾病,疾病的发展表现出广泛的异质性,这种异质性与MM肿瘤细胞、骨髓微环境之间的相互作用密切相关。IL-6/IL-6R/JAK2/STAT3通路可以调节骨髓微环境中相关可溶性因子的转录,促进MM肿瘤细胞增殖、抗凋亡、产生耐药性及引导相关骨破坏。本文就IL-6/IL-6R/JAK2/STAT3通路调控骨髓微环境对MM生物学行为影响的研究进展进行综述,以期为MM的靶向治疗及精准治疗提供新的研究思路。

PIK3CA突变与乳腺癌临床病理特征及预后的相关性

目的探讨乳腺癌标本中磷脂酰肌醇激酶-3-催化亚基α(PIK3CA)突变与侵袭性乳腺癌临床病理特征及预后的相关性。方法收集2018年1月至2020年1月确诊为乳腺癌的181例患者临床病理资料,用免疫组织化学(IHC)法检测乳腺癌雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)、Ki-67等指标,RT-qPCR检测乳腺癌中PIK3CA外显子9(exon9)和外显子20(exon20)的突变。结果181例侵袭性乳腺癌中PIK3CA突变70例,其中31例(44.28%)exon9突变、39例(55.71%)exon20突变。PIK3CA突变与乳腺癌分子分型有明显差异(P<0.05)。PIK3CA突变与乳腺癌的Ki67表达有明显差异(P<0.05)。34例(48.57%)HR+/HER2-组PIK3CA突变,36例(51.43%)非HR+/HER2-组突变,二者PIK3CA突变分布有明显差异(P<0.05)。PIK3CA突变患者病死率高于PIK3CA野生型(P<0.05)。结论PIK3CA突变与乳腺癌分子分型、Ki67增值指数及预后相关,可为患者精准治疗提供参考。

基于PKC-P2X3信号通路观察电针对神经病理性疼痛小鼠神经修复的作用机制

目的:基于蛋白激酶C(PKC)-配体门控型非选择性离子通道3(P2X3)信号通路观察电针对神经病理性疼痛小鼠神经修复的作用机制。方法:48只小鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组、针刺组与电针组,每组12只。除假手术组外,其余小鼠构建坐骨神经慢性限制性损伤(CCI)模型。术后第8天针刺组与电针组接受针刺与电针干预,连续7 d。于术前、术后3 d、5 d、7 d、10 d、12 d、14 d对各组进行机械缩足反射阈值(MWT)与热刺激缩足反射潜伏期(TWL)测试。术后15 d处死所有小鼠,HE染色观察坐骨神经组织形态,ELISA检测脊髓组织IL-1β、TNF-α水平,Western blot检测脊髓组织PKC、P2X3水平,免疫荧光检测脊髓神经元PKC、P2X3表达情况。结果:假手术组神经元细胞大小不一,细胞膜完整,细胞质呈细小颗粒状,细胞核大而圆,核仁居中清晰可见;模型组可见萎缩的神经元,有髓神经纤维紊乱,轴突肿胀,神经元间形成间隙;与模型组相比,针刺组、电针组萎缩神经元数量减少(P<0.05),有髓神经纤维排布情况改善,电针组较针刺组改善更为明显。与相同时间点的假手术组相比,术后3 d、5 d、7 d、10 d、12 d、14 d模型组、针刺组、电针组患侧后肢的MWT、TWL值明显下降(P<0.05),IL-1β、TNF-α、PKC、P2X3表达量、PKC、P2X3阳性细胞数、平均光密度值升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,术后10 d、12 d、14 d针刺组、电针组MWT、TWL值明显上升(P<0.05),IL-1β、TNF-α、PKC、P2X3表达量、PKC、P2X3阳性细胞数、平均光密度值降低(P<0.05);与针刺组相比,术后10 d、12 d、14 d电针组MWT、TWL值升高(P<0.05),IL-1β、TNF-α、PKC、P2X3表达量、PKC、P2X3阳性细胞数、平均光密度值降低(P<0.05)。结论:电针可能减轻CCI模型小鼠神经炎症反应,降低PKC、P2X3表达水平,改善坐骨神经细胞形态与有髓神经纤维排布情况,缩小神经元间间隙,提升MWT、TWL值,缓解神经病理性疼痛程度。

RIPK3在LPS/D-GalN诱导急性肝衰竭中的作用研究

目的研究受体相互作用蛋白激酶3(receptor-interacting protein kinases 3,RIPK3)在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)/D-氨基半乳糖(D-galactosamine,D-GalN)诱导的急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)中的作用。方法体内实验使用SPF级雄性BALB/c小鼠15只,随机分为对照组(Control),模型组(LPS/D-GalN),抑制剂预处理组(GSK872+LPS/D-GalN),每组5只。ALF动物模型采用LPS联合D-GalN腹腔注射的方式制备。药物腹腔注射前1 h,分别以0.1%DMSO和RIPK3特异性拮抗剂GSK872(溶于0.1%DMSO)尾静脉注射进行预处理。肝损伤程度采用血生化检测和肝脏组织学变化来评估;基因mRNA表达采用PCR检测,蛋白表达采用蛋白质印迹和免疫组化分析。结果动物实验结果显示,与正常对照组(Control)相比,模型组(LPS/D-GalN)小鼠肝组织见显著炎症出血坏死性损伤,肝内F4/80+细胞浸润增多,血清ALT和AST水平明显升高(P_(均)<0.01)。同时,肝组织F4/80、Mcp-1、Tnf-α、Il-6、Ripk3和Mlkl mRNA,以及RIPK3蛋白和p-MLKL/MLKL蛋白比值均上调,差异均存在统计学意义(P_(均)<0.05)。与模型组相比,预处理组(GSK872+LPS/D-GalN)小鼠肝脏炎症损伤程度明显减轻,肝内F4/80+细胞浸润明显减少,且血清ALT和AST水平显著下降(P_(均)<0.01)。肝组织F4/80、Mcp-1、Tnf-α、Il-6、Ripk3和Mlkl mRNA,以及RIPK3蛋白和p-MLKL/MLKL蛋白比值下调,差异均有统计学意义(P_(均)<0.05)。结论在LPS/D-GalN联合诱导的小鼠急性肝衰竭模型中,RIPK3抑制剂的应用可能直接通过靶向肝细胞,减少肝细胞的坏死性凋亡,从而减少巨噬细胞浸润,最终改善肝脏炎症状态。这提示RIPK3可能通过对肝细胞坏死性凋亡通路分子的影响促进ALF的发生和发展。

Jianpi Gushen Huayu decoction ameliorated diabetic nephropathy through modulating metabolites in kidney,and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 and JNK/P38 pathways

BACKGROUND Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction(JPGS)has been used to clinically treat diabetic nephropathy(DN)for many years.However,the protective mechanism of JPGS in treating DN remains unclear.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic effects and the possible mechanism of JPGS on DN.METHODS We first evaluated the therapeutic potential of JPGS on a DN mouse model.We then investigated the effect of JPGS on the renal metabolite levels of DN mice using non-targeted metabolomics.Furthermore,we examined the effects of JPGS on c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)/P38-mediated apoptosis and the inflammatory responses mediated by toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3).RESULTS The ameliorative effects of JPGS on DN mice included the alleviation of renal injury and the control of inflammation and oxidative stress.Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that JPGS altered the metabolites of the kidneys in DN mice.A total of 51 differential metabolites were screened.Pathway analysis results indicated that nine pathways significantly changed between the control and model groups,while six pathways significantly altered between the model and JPGS groups.Pathways related to cysteine and methionine metabolism;alanine,tryptophan metabolism;aspartate and glutamate metabolism;and riboflavin metabolism were identified as the key pathways through which JPGS affects DN.Further experimental validation showed that JPGS treatment reduced the expression of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways and JNK/P38 pathway-mediated apoptosis related factors.CONCLUSION JPGS could markedly treat mice with streptozotocin(STZ)-induced DN,which is possibly related to the regulation of several metabolic pathways found in kidneys.Furthermore,JPGS could improve kidney inflammatory responses and ameliorate kidney injuries in DN mice via the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and inhibit JNK/P38 pathwaymediated apoptosis in DN mice.