Noncoding RNAs instruct the Cas9 nuclease to site speifillyl cleave DNA in the CRISPR/Cas9 system.Despite the high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),the patient's outcome is poor.As a result of the emerge...Noncoding RNAs instruct the Cas9 nuclease to site speifillyl cleave DNA in the CRISPR/Cas9 system.Despite the high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),the patient's outcome is poor.As a result of the emergence of therapeutic resistance in HCC patients,dlinicians have faced difficulties in treating such tumor.In addition,CRISPR/Cas9 screens were used to identify genes that improve the dlinical response of HCC patients.It is the objective of this article to summarize the current understanding of the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the treatment of cancer,with a particular emphasis on HCC as part of the current state of knowledge.Thus,in order to locate recent developments in oncology research,we examined both the Scopus database and the PubMed database.The ability to selectively interfere with gene expression in combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 screening can lead to the discovery of new effective HCC treatment regimens by combining clinically approved drugs.Drug resistance can be overcome with the help of the CRISPR/Cas9 system.HCC signature genes and resistance to treatment have been uncovered by genome-scale CRISPR activation screening although this method is not without limitations.It has been extensively examined whether CRISPR can be used as a tool for disease research and gene therapy.CRISPR and its applications to tumor research,particularly in HCC,are examined in this study through a review of the literature.展开更多
Clubroot disease is a severe threat to Brassica crops globally,particularly in western Canada.Genetic resistance,achieved through pyramiding clubroot resistance(CR)genes with different modes of action,is the most impo...Clubroot disease is a severe threat to Brassica crops globally,particularly in western Canada.Genetic resistance,achieved through pyramiding clubroot resistance(CR)genes with different modes of action,is the most important strategy for managing the disease.However,studies on the CR gene functions are quite limited.In this study,we have conducted investigations into the temporal,structural,and interacting features of a newly cloned CR gene,Rcr1,using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.For temporal functionality,we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9-based binary vector,pHHIGR-Hsp18.2,to deliver Rcr1 into a susceptible canola line(DH12075)and observed that early expression of Rcr1 is critical for conferring resistance.For structural functionality,several independent mutations in specific domains of Rcr1 resulted in loss-offunction,highlighting their importance for CR phenotype.In the study of the interacting features of Rcr1,a cysteine protease gene and its homologous allele in canola were successfully disrupted via CRISPR/Cas9 as an interacting component with Rcr1 protein,resulting in the conversion from clubroot resistant to susceptible in plants carrying intact Rcr1.These results indicated an indispensable role of these two cysteine proteases in Rcr1-mediated resistance response.This study,the first of its kind,provides valuable insights into the functionality of Rcr1.Further,the new vector p HHIGR-Hsp18.2 demonstrated an inducible feature on the removal of add-on traits,which should be useful for functional genomics and other similar research in brassica crops.展开更多
In this editorial we comment on the article by Wei et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Oncology.The authors investigated the role of Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1(TM9SF1)protein...In this editorial we comment on the article by Wei et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Oncology.The authors investigated the role of Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1(TM9SF1)protein in bladder cancer(BC)carcinogenesis.Lentiviral vectors were used to achieve silencing or overexpression of TM9SF1 gene in three BC cell lines.These cell lines were then subject to cell counting kit 8,wound-healing assay,transwell assay,and flow cytometry.Proliferation,migration,and invasion of BC cells were increased in cell lines subjected to TM9SF1 overexpression.TM9SF1 silencing inhibited proliferation,migration and invasion of BC cells.The authors conclude that TM9SF1 may be an oncogene in bladder cancer pathogenesis.展开更多
Plant multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE) genes play an important role in the process of detoxification, plant morphogenesis, and anthocyanin accumulation. However, whether the MATE gene family functions in p...Plant multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE) genes play an important role in the process of detoxification, plant morphogenesis, and anthocyanin accumulation. However, whether the MATE gene family functions in pear peel coloration is still unknown. To evaluate and identify the MATE gene family members which are involving in anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in pear. In this study, 85 MATE genes were identified in the reference pear genome of ‘Dangshansuli’ through genome-wide identification. Based on gene structure and phylogenetic tree analysis, the MATE family was divided into five subfamilies. RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRTPCR) indicated that the expression patterns of PbrMATEs were tissue-specific. 28.24%(24) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the fruits, and44.71%(38) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the leaves. Additionally, we found that the expression levels of PbrMATE9, PbrMATE26,PbrMATE50, and PbrMATE69 in debagged fruits with red peel were significantly higher than those in bagged fruits without red peel, according to our bagging/debagging treatment of ‘Mantianhong’. The expression pattern of PbrMATE9 was consistent with the variation trend in anthocyanin content, suggesting that it might play an important role in anthocyanin accumulation in response to light exposure. Subcellular localization showed that PbrMATE9 was a membrane protein. More strikingly, the transient overexpression of PbrMATE9 promoted anthocyanin accumulation in the peel of pear, and the expression of structural genes(PbrCHI, PbrANS, PbrDFR, and PbrUFGT) in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway also increased significantly. Through co-expression network analysis, the transcription factors were identified, such as WRKY, COL,GATA, and BBX, which might be involved in the regulation of PbrMATE9. The study has enriched the genetic resources and improved the understanding of the regulation network of anthocyanin accumulation in pear.展开更多
The nuclear factor Y(NF-Y) gene family is a class of transcription factors that are widely distributed in eukaryotes and are involved in various biological processes. However, the NF-Y gene family members in watermelo...The nuclear factor Y(NF-Y) gene family is a class of transcription factors that are widely distributed in eukaryotes and are involved in various biological processes. However, the NF-Y gene family members in watermelon, a valued and nutritious fruit, remain largely unknown and their functions have not been characterized. In the present study, 22 ClNF-Y genes in watermelon, 29 CsNF-Y genes in cucumber, and 24CmNF-Y genes in melon were identified based on the whole-genome investigation and their protein properties, gene location, gene structure, motif composition, conserved domain, and evolutionary relationship were investigated. ClNF-YB9 from watermelon and its homologs in cucumber and melon were expressed specifically in seeds. Its expression remained low in the early stages of watermelon seed development,increased at 20 days after pollination(DAP), and peaked at 45–50 DAP. Moreover, the knockout mutant Clnf-yb9 exhibited abnormal leafy cotyledon phenotype, implying its critical role during seed formation.Finally, protein interaction assays showed that ClNF-YB9 interacts with all ClNF-YCs and the ClNF-YB9-YC4 heterodimer was able to recruit a ClNF-YA7 subunit to assemble a complete NF-Y complex, which may function in seed development. This study revealed the structure and evolutionary relationships of the NF-Y gene family in Cucurbitaceae and the novel function of ClNF-YB9 in regulating seed development in watermelon.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is now a common cause of cancer death,with no obvious change in patient survival over the past few years.Although the traditional therapeutic modalities for HCC patients mainly involved in...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is now a common cause of cancer death,with no obvious change in patient survival over the past few years.Although the traditional therapeutic modalities for HCC patients mainly involved in surgery,chemotherapy,and radiotherapy,which have achieved admirable achievements,challenges are still existed,such as drug resistance and toxicity.The emerging gene therapy of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9-based(CRISPR/Cas9),as an alternative to traditional treatment methods,has attracted considerable attention for eradicating resistant malignant tumors and regulating multiple crucial events of target gene-editing.Recently,advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based anti-drugs are presented at the intersection of science,such as chemistry,materials science,tumor biology,and genetics.In this review,the principle as well as statues of CRISPR/Cas9 technique were introduced first to show its feasibility.Additionally,the emphasis was placed on the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in therapeutic HCC.Further,a broad overview of non-viral delivery systems for the CRISPR/Cas9-based anti-drugs in HCC treatment was summarized to delineate their design,action mechanisms,and anticancer applications.Finally,the limitations and prospects of current studies were also discussed,and we hope to provide comprehensively theoretical basis for the designing of anti-drugs.展开更多
Objective Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease(CMT)severely affects patient activity,and may cause disability.However,no clinical treatment is available to reverse the disease course.The combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and iPSCs ma...Objective Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease(CMT)severely affects patient activity,and may cause disability.However,no clinical treatment is available to reverse the disease course.The combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and iPSCs may have therapeutic potential against nervous diseases,such as CMT.Methods In the present study,the skin fibroblasts of CMT type 2D(CMT2D)patients with the c.880G>A heterozygous nucleotide mutation in the GARS gene were reprogrammed into iPSCs using three plasmids(pCXLE-hSK,pCXLE-hUL and pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp5-F).Then,CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to repair the mutated gene sites at the iPSC level.Results An iPSC line derived from the GARS(G294R)family with fibular atrophy was successfully induced,and the mutated gene loci were repaired at the iPSC level using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.These findings lay the foundation for future research on drug screening and cell therapy.Conclusion iPSCs can differentiate into different cell types,and originate from autologous cells.Therefore,they are promising for the development of autologous cell therapies for degenerative diseases.The combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and iPSCs may open a new avenue for the treatment of nervous diseases,such as CMT.展开更多
Background:This study explores the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress and diabetes,particularly focusing on the impact of physical exercise on ER stress mechanisms and identifying potential therapeut...Background:This study explores the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress and diabetes,particularly focusing on the impact of physical exercise on ER stress mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic drugs and targets for diabetes-related sepsis.The research also incorporates traditional physical therapy perspectives,emphasizing the genomic insights gained from exercise therapy in disease management and prevention.Methods:Gene analysis was conducted on the GSE168796 and GSE94717 datasets to identify ER stress-related genes.Gene interactions and immune cell correlations were mapped using GeneCard and STRING databases.A screening of 2,456 compounds from the TCMSP database was performed to identify potential therapeutic agents,with a focus on their docking potential.Techniques such as luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA interference were used to examine the interactions between microRNA-149-5p and MMP9.Results:The study identified 2,006 differentially expressed genes and 616 miRNAs.Key genes like MMP9,TNF-α,and IL1B were linked to an immunosuppressive state.Licorice glycoside E demonstrated high affinity for MMP9,suggesting its potential effectiveness in treating diabetes.The constructed miRNA network highlighted the regulatory roles of MMP9,IL1B,IFNG,and TNF-α.Experimental evidence confirmed the binding of microRNA-149-5p to MMP9,impacting apoptosis in diabetic cells.Conclusion:The findings highlight the regulatory role of microRNA-149-5p in managing MMP9,a crucial gene in diabetes pathophysiology.Licorice glycoside E emerges as a promising treatment option for diabetes,especially targeting MMP9 affected by ER stress.The study also underscores the significance of physical exercise in modulating ER stress pathways in diabetes management,bridging traditional physical therapy and modern scientific understanding.Our study has limitations.It focuses on the microRNA-149-5p-MMP9 network in sepsis,using cell-based methods without animal or clinical trials.Despite strong in vitro findings,in vivo studies are needed to confirm licorice glycoside E’s therapeutic potential and understand the microRNA-149-5p-MMP9 dynamics in real conditions.展开更多
This editorial,comments on the article by Spartalis et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Cardiology.We here provide an outlook on potential ethical concerns related to the future application of ...This editorial,comments on the article by Spartalis et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Cardiology.We here provide an outlook on potential ethical concerns related to the future application of gene therapy in the field of inherited arrhythmias.As monogenic diseases with no or few therapeutic options available through standard care,inherited arrhythmias are ideal candidates to gene therapy in their treatment.Patients with inherited arrhythmias typically have a poor quality of life,especially young people engaged in agonistic sports.While genome editing for treatment of inherited arrhythmias still has theoretical application,advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology now allows the generation of knock-in animal models of the disease.However,clinical translation is somehow expected soon and this make consistent discussing about ethical concerns related to gene editing in inherited arrhythmias.Genomic off-target activity is a known technical issue,but its relationship with ethnical and individual genetical diversity raises concerns about an equitable accessibility.Meanwhile,the costeffectiveness may further limit an equal distribution of gene therapies.The economic burden of gene therapies on healthcare systems is is increasingly recognized as a pressing concern.A growing body of studies are reporting uncertainty in payback periods with intuitive short-term effects for insurance-based healthcare systems,but potential concerns for universal healthcare systems in the long term as well.Altogether,those aspects strongly indicate a need of regulatory entities to manage those issues.展开更多
文摘Noncoding RNAs instruct the Cas9 nuclease to site speifillyl cleave DNA in the CRISPR/Cas9 system.Despite the high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),the patient's outcome is poor.As a result of the emergence of therapeutic resistance in HCC patients,dlinicians have faced difficulties in treating such tumor.In addition,CRISPR/Cas9 screens were used to identify genes that improve the dlinical response of HCC patients.It is the objective of this article to summarize the current understanding of the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the treatment of cancer,with a particular emphasis on HCC as part of the current state of knowledge.Thus,in order to locate recent developments in oncology research,we examined both the Scopus database and the PubMed database.The ability to selectively interfere with gene expression in combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 screening can lead to the discovery of new effective HCC treatment regimens by combining clinically approved drugs.Drug resistance can be overcome with the help of the CRISPR/Cas9 system.HCC signature genes and resistance to treatment have been uncovered by genome-scale CRISPR activation screening although this method is not without limitations.It has been extensively examined whether CRISPR can be used as a tool for disease research and gene therapy.CRISPR and its applications to tumor research,particularly in HCC,are examined in this study through a review of the literature.
基金supported by the Genomics Initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada。
文摘Clubroot disease is a severe threat to Brassica crops globally,particularly in western Canada.Genetic resistance,achieved through pyramiding clubroot resistance(CR)genes with different modes of action,is the most important strategy for managing the disease.However,studies on the CR gene functions are quite limited.In this study,we have conducted investigations into the temporal,structural,and interacting features of a newly cloned CR gene,Rcr1,using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.For temporal functionality,we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9-based binary vector,pHHIGR-Hsp18.2,to deliver Rcr1 into a susceptible canola line(DH12075)and observed that early expression of Rcr1 is critical for conferring resistance.For structural functionality,several independent mutations in specific domains of Rcr1 resulted in loss-offunction,highlighting their importance for CR phenotype.In the study of the interacting features of Rcr1,a cysteine protease gene and its homologous allele in canola were successfully disrupted via CRISPR/Cas9 as an interacting component with Rcr1 protein,resulting in the conversion from clubroot resistant to susceptible in plants carrying intact Rcr1.These results indicated an indispensable role of these two cysteine proteases in Rcr1-mediated resistance response.This study,the first of its kind,provides valuable insights into the functionality of Rcr1.Further,the new vector p HHIGR-Hsp18.2 demonstrated an inducible feature on the removal of add-on traits,which should be useful for functional genomics and other similar research in brassica crops.
文摘In this editorial we comment on the article by Wei et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Oncology.The authors investigated the role of Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1(TM9SF1)protein in bladder cancer(BC)carcinogenesis.Lentiviral vectors were used to achieve silencing or overexpression of TM9SF1 gene in three BC cell lines.These cell lines were then subject to cell counting kit 8,wound-healing assay,transwell assay,and flow cytometry.Proliferation,migration,and invasion of BC cells were increased in cell lines subjected to TM9SF1 overexpression.TM9SF1 silencing inhibited proliferation,migration and invasion of BC cells.The authors conclude that TM9SF1 may be an oncogene in bladder cancer pathogenesis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31820103012)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (Grant No. CARS-28)the Earmarked Fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System [Grant No. JATS (2022)454]。
文摘Plant multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE) genes play an important role in the process of detoxification, plant morphogenesis, and anthocyanin accumulation. However, whether the MATE gene family functions in pear peel coloration is still unknown. To evaluate and identify the MATE gene family members which are involving in anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in pear. In this study, 85 MATE genes were identified in the reference pear genome of ‘Dangshansuli’ through genome-wide identification. Based on gene structure and phylogenetic tree analysis, the MATE family was divided into five subfamilies. RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRTPCR) indicated that the expression patterns of PbrMATEs were tissue-specific. 28.24%(24) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the fruits, and44.71%(38) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the leaves. Additionally, we found that the expression levels of PbrMATE9, PbrMATE26,PbrMATE50, and PbrMATE69 in debagged fruits with red peel were significantly higher than those in bagged fruits without red peel, according to our bagging/debagging treatment of ‘Mantianhong’. The expression pattern of PbrMATE9 was consistent with the variation trend in anthocyanin content, suggesting that it might play an important role in anthocyanin accumulation in response to light exposure. Subcellular localization showed that PbrMATE9 was a membrane protein. More strikingly, the transient overexpression of PbrMATE9 promoted anthocyanin accumulation in the peel of pear, and the expression of structural genes(PbrCHI, PbrANS, PbrDFR, and PbrUFGT) in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway also increased significantly. Through co-expression network analysis, the transcription factors were identified, such as WRKY, COL,GATA, and BBX, which might be involved in the regulation of PbrMATE9. The study has enriched the genetic resources and improved the understanding of the regulation network of anthocyanin accumulation in pear.
基金supported by the National Youth Talent Program (A279021801)Key-Area R&D Program of Guangdong province (2022B0202060001)+4 种基金Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province (2023-YBNY-008)the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi (2021TD-32)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2021JM-089, 2022JM-112 and 2022JQ-162)the Key R&D Project from Yangling Seed Industry Innovation Center (K3031322016)the Fundamental Research Fund from Northwest A&F University (2452022111)。
文摘The nuclear factor Y(NF-Y) gene family is a class of transcription factors that are widely distributed in eukaryotes and are involved in various biological processes. However, the NF-Y gene family members in watermelon, a valued and nutritious fruit, remain largely unknown and their functions have not been characterized. In the present study, 22 ClNF-Y genes in watermelon, 29 CsNF-Y genes in cucumber, and 24CmNF-Y genes in melon were identified based on the whole-genome investigation and their protein properties, gene location, gene structure, motif composition, conserved domain, and evolutionary relationship were investigated. ClNF-YB9 from watermelon and its homologs in cucumber and melon were expressed specifically in seeds. Its expression remained low in the early stages of watermelon seed development,increased at 20 days after pollination(DAP), and peaked at 45–50 DAP. Moreover, the knockout mutant Clnf-yb9 exhibited abnormal leafy cotyledon phenotype, implying its critical role during seed formation.Finally, protein interaction assays showed that ClNF-YB9 interacts with all ClNF-YCs and the ClNF-YB9-YC4 heterodimer was able to recruit a ClNF-YA7 subunit to assemble a complete NF-Y complex, which may function in seed development. This study revealed the structure and evolutionary relationships of the NF-Y gene family in Cucurbitaceae and the novel function of ClNF-YB9 in regulating seed development in watermelon.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.82172767).
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is now a common cause of cancer death,with no obvious change in patient survival over the past few years.Although the traditional therapeutic modalities for HCC patients mainly involved in surgery,chemotherapy,and radiotherapy,which have achieved admirable achievements,challenges are still existed,such as drug resistance and toxicity.The emerging gene therapy of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9-based(CRISPR/Cas9),as an alternative to traditional treatment methods,has attracted considerable attention for eradicating resistant malignant tumors and regulating multiple crucial events of target gene-editing.Recently,advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based anti-drugs are presented at the intersection of science,such as chemistry,materials science,tumor biology,and genetics.In this review,the principle as well as statues of CRISPR/Cas9 technique were introduced first to show its feasibility.Additionally,the emphasis was placed on the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in therapeutic HCC.Further,a broad overview of non-viral delivery systems for the CRISPR/Cas9-based anti-drugs in HCC treatment was summarized to delineate their design,action mechanisms,and anticancer applications.Finally,the limitations and prospects of current studies were also discussed,and we hope to provide comprehensively theoretical basis for the designing of anti-drugs.
基金supported by grants from the National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for“Significant New Drugs Development”(No.2019ZX09301159)the“Thousand Talent Program”for Science and Technology Innovation Leader in Henan(No.194200510002)+1 种基金the Bingtuan Science and Technology Project(No.2019AB034)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province of China(No.202300410381).
文摘Objective Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease(CMT)severely affects patient activity,and may cause disability.However,no clinical treatment is available to reverse the disease course.The combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and iPSCs may have therapeutic potential against nervous diseases,such as CMT.Methods In the present study,the skin fibroblasts of CMT type 2D(CMT2D)patients with the c.880G>A heterozygous nucleotide mutation in the GARS gene were reprogrammed into iPSCs using three plasmids(pCXLE-hSK,pCXLE-hUL and pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp5-F).Then,CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to repair the mutated gene sites at the iPSC level.Results An iPSC line derived from the GARS(G294R)family with fibular atrophy was successfully induced,and the mutated gene loci were repaired at the iPSC level using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.These findings lay the foundation for future research on drug screening and cell therapy.Conclusion iPSCs can differentiate into different cell types,and originate from autologous cells.Therefore,they are promising for the development of autologous cell therapies for degenerative diseases.The combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and iPSCs may open a new avenue for the treatment of nervous diseases,such as CMT.
文摘Background:This study explores the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress and diabetes,particularly focusing on the impact of physical exercise on ER stress mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic drugs and targets for diabetes-related sepsis.The research also incorporates traditional physical therapy perspectives,emphasizing the genomic insights gained from exercise therapy in disease management and prevention.Methods:Gene analysis was conducted on the GSE168796 and GSE94717 datasets to identify ER stress-related genes.Gene interactions and immune cell correlations were mapped using GeneCard and STRING databases.A screening of 2,456 compounds from the TCMSP database was performed to identify potential therapeutic agents,with a focus on their docking potential.Techniques such as luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA interference were used to examine the interactions between microRNA-149-5p and MMP9.Results:The study identified 2,006 differentially expressed genes and 616 miRNAs.Key genes like MMP9,TNF-α,and IL1B were linked to an immunosuppressive state.Licorice glycoside E demonstrated high affinity for MMP9,suggesting its potential effectiveness in treating diabetes.The constructed miRNA network highlighted the regulatory roles of MMP9,IL1B,IFNG,and TNF-α.Experimental evidence confirmed the binding of microRNA-149-5p to MMP9,impacting apoptosis in diabetic cells.Conclusion:The findings highlight the regulatory role of microRNA-149-5p in managing MMP9,a crucial gene in diabetes pathophysiology.Licorice glycoside E emerges as a promising treatment option for diabetes,especially targeting MMP9 affected by ER stress.The study also underscores the significance of physical exercise in modulating ER stress pathways in diabetes management,bridging traditional physical therapy and modern scientific understanding.Our study has limitations.It focuses on the microRNA-149-5p-MMP9 network in sepsis,using cell-based methods without animal or clinical trials.Despite strong in vitro findings,in vivo studies are needed to confirm licorice glycoside E’s therapeutic potential and understand the microRNA-149-5p-MMP9 dynamics in real conditions.
文摘This editorial,comments on the article by Spartalis et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Cardiology.We here provide an outlook on potential ethical concerns related to the future application of gene therapy in the field of inherited arrhythmias.As monogenic diseases with no or few therapeutic options available through standard care,inherited arrhythmias are ideal candidates to gene therapy in their treatment.Patients with inherited arrhythmias typically have a poor quality of life,especially young people engaged in agonistic sports.While genome editing for treatment of inherited arrhythmias still has theoretical application,advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology now allows the generation of knock-in animal models of the disease.However,clinical translation is somehow expected soon and this make consistent discussing about ethical concerns related to gene editing in inherited arrhythmias.Genomic off-target activity is a known technical issue,but its relationship with ethnical and individual genetical diversity raises concerns about an equitable accessibility.Meanwhile,the costeffectiveness may further limit an equal distribution of gene therapies.The economic burden of gene therapies on healthcare systems is is increasingly recognized as a pressing concern.A growing body of studies are reporting uncertainty in payback periods with intuitive short-term effects for insurance-based healthcare systems,but potential concerns for universal healthcare systems in the long term as well.Altogether,those aspects strongly indicate a need of regulatory entities to manage those issues.
