Co-seismic displacements of 2011 Japan Mw9.0 earthquake recorded by far-field GPS stations

Co-seismic displacements of the 2011 Mw9.0 Japan earthquake recorded by GPS stations in China and surrounding areas showed a movement toward the epicenter. The horizontal displacements were up to 1 - 3 cm in northeastern China, 3 -8 mm in the North China, and 2 cm in the Korean peninsula. The vertical movements in China were small uplifts.

Co-seismic deformation for the 2015 M_(W)7.8 Gorkha earthquake(Nepal)using near-field GPS data

Seasonal variations and common mode errors affect the precision of the Global Positioning System(GPS)time series.In this paper,we explore to improve the precision of coordinate time series,thereby providing a better detection of weak or transient deformation signals,particularly co-seismic signals.Based on 97 GPS stations,including the campaign and continuous GPS stations in Nepal and southern Tibet,we first consider seasonal variations and common errors,then obtain co-seismic deformation of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal and southern Tibet.Our co-seismic rupture model is characterized by a shallow ramp and a deeper detachment fault,in agreement with the relocated aftershock sequence.Our results indicate that the earthquake rupture is mainly distributed in the upper-crustal fault,and the maximum slip is up to 8.0 m at~15.0 km depth located in the approximate-80 km east of the epicenter.The average slip is more than 5 m,and the total modelled magnitude is M_(W)7.84,consistent with the observed seismic moment.Our rupture model for the 2015 Gorkha earthquake suggests that the rupture zone is not only in the upper crustal Main Himalayan Thrust(MHT),but also spreads to the northern segment of the MHT.

高频GPS监测的阿拉斯加地震同震形变与震级预估

为了进一步研究2020年阿拉斯加矩震级(MW)7.8地震同震形变获取及震级预估,提出一种高频全球定位系统(GPS)监测的阿拉斯加地震同震形变与震级预估方法:利用双差动态定位方法处理震中周边9个高频GPS测站数据,并解算得到这些测站的三维位移波形;最后获取此次地震引起的同震形变并对震级结果进行预估分析。结果表明,近场GPS测站位移波形变化幅度显著,波动幅度变化不仅受震中距的影响,也可能受破裂断层、地震波传播路径及场地效应等的影响;距震中最近的AC12测站水平地面峰值位移约为40 cm,永久水平位移约为24 cm,垂向抬升约30.6 cm,震中140 km范围内的GPS测站均能够监测到量值大于1 cm的永久水平形变,330 km范围内的GPS测站能够监测到毫米级以上的永久水平形变,除AC12测站与AC45测站外,此次地震造成其余测站明显的永久沉降。这些结果反映出此次地震的震源特征表现为逆冲性质,也可为后续的研究工作提供参考;利用这些高频GPS地面峰值位移(PGD)预估此次地震的震级为7.78,与实际震级基本一致,表明利用高频GPS数据进行强震震级快速预估的可靠性。

GPS约束下的2022年台湾地区M_(W)6.9地震破裂滑动分布

利用9个GPS站水平和垂直向形变数据反演2022年台湾地区M_(W)6.9地震破裂滑动分布。结果表明,此次地震破裂至地表,滑移以走滑为主兼逆冲分量,主要沿NNE向延伸,有2个破裂集中区,共释放地震矩约5.73×10^(19) Nm。基于GPS观测和位错理论模型对此次地震的地表形变进行分析,认为同震形变整体上符合台湾岛东海岸区域构造运动特征,菲律宾海板块俯冲欧亚板块是中央山脉断裂活动的主要动力来源。

Surface Rupture and Co-seismic Displacement Produced by the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake of May ^(12)th,2008,Sichuan,China:Eastwards Growth of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

An earthquake of Ms 8 struck Wenchuan County, western Sichuan, China, on May 12^th, 2008 and resulted in long surface ruptures （〉300 km）. The first-hand observations about the surface ruptures produced by the earthquake in the worst-hit areas of Yingxiu, Beichuan and Qingchuan, ascertained that the causative structure of the earthquake was in the central fault zones of the Longmenshan tectonic belt. Average co-seismic vertical displacements along the individual fault of the Yingxiu-Beiehuan rupture zone reach 2.514 m and the cumulative vertical displacements across the central and frontal Longmenshan fault belt is about 5-6 m. The surface rupture strength was reduced from north of Beichuan to Qingchuan County and shows 2-3 m dextral strike-slip component. The Wenchuan thrust-faulting earthquake is a manifestation of eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau under the action of continuous convergence of the Indian and Eurasian continents.

Analysis of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake's Co-seismic Stress and Displacement Change by Using the Finite Element Method

The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms.

Co-seismic slip distribution of the 2011 Tohoku(MW 9.0)earthquake inverted from GPS and space-borne gravimetric data

Data obtained by GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) have been used to invert for the seismic source parameters of megathrust earthquakes under the assumption of either uniform slip over an entire fault or a point-like seismic source.Herein, we further extend the inversion of GRACE long-wavelength gravity changes to heterogeneous slip distributions during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake using three fault models:(Ⅰ) a constant-strike and constant-dip fault,(Ⅱ) a variable dip fault, and(Ⅲ) a realistically varying strike fault. By removing the post-seismic signal from the time series, and taking the effect of ocean water redistribution into account, we invert for slip models I, II, and III using co-seismic gravity changes measured by GRACE, de-striped by DDK3 decorrelation filter. The total seismic moments of our slip models, with respective values of 4.9×10^(22) Nm, 5.1×10^(22) Nm, and 5.0×10^(22) Nm, are smaller than those obtained by other studies relying on GRACE data. The resulting centroids are also located at greater depths(20 km, 19.8 km,and 17.4 km, respectively). By combining onshore GPS, GPS-Acoustic, and GRACE data, we obtain a jointly inverted slip model with a seismic moment of 4.8×10^(22) Nm, which is larger than the seismic moment obtained using only the GPS displacements. We show that the slip inverted from low degree space-borne gravimetric data, which contains information at the ocean region, is affected by the strike of the arcuate trench. The space-borne gravimetric data help us constrain the source parameters of a megathrust earthquake within the frame of heterogeneous slip models.

Co-seismic deformation derived from GPS observations during April 20th,2013 Lushan Earthquake,Sichuan,China

We process the standard 30 s, static GPS data and the 1 s, high-rate GPS （HRGPS） data provided by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China with GAMIT/GLOBK software package, and obtain the co- seismic displacements of near field and far field, and the epoch-by-epoch time series of HRGPS during Lushan earthquake. GPS data from about 20 sites in Sichuan province, which located between 40 and 450 km from the epicenter, are analyzed so as to study the characteristics of the static displacements and the dynamic crustal defor- mations, with periods ranging from several minutes to over a month. The result shows that： the static displacements caused by Lushan earthquake are limited to several centi- meters; the nearest station SCTQ at 43 km from the epi- center has the largest static displacement of about 2 cm, while the other stations generally have insignificant dis- placements of less than 5 mm. the stations in the east ofSichuan-Yunnan region shifts 5-10 mm toward the southwest, and the stations in the middle-west of Sichuan Basin moves indistinctively 1-2 mm toward the northwest; station SCTQ has the largest kinematic displacement of about 4 and 3 cm peak-to-peak on the north and east component, respectively, and is much greater than the static permanent displacement; for the stations located at a distance greater than 150 km from the epicenter, the kinematic motions are generally insignificant; exception- ally, station SCNC and station SCSN in central Sichuan Basin have significant kinematic motions although they are more than 200 km away from the epicenter.

Detecting Droughts in Southwest China from GPS Vertical Position Displacements

The solid Earth responds elastically to terrestrial water storage(TWS)changes.Here global positioning system(GPS)vertical position data at 31 stations from the crustal movement observation network of China(CMONOC)from August 2010 to December 2016 are used to detect droughts in Southwest China.Monthly GPS vertical position displacements respond negatively to precipitation changes and TWS changes observed by gravity recovery and climate experiments(GRACE)as well as river water level variations.GPS vertical position anomalies(the non-seasonal term)are well correlated negatively(correlations of about-0.70)with the commonly used meteorological composite index(CI)in China and the GRACE drought severity index(GRACE-DSI),but less correlated with the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI).Compared to CI,GPS vertical position anomalies have the advantage of detecting droughts caused by abrupt precipitation deficits in a short time.GRACE-DSI is less accurate in drought monitoring for some periods due to the missing data,while the severity of abrupt precipitation absent in some cases can be overestimated from SPEI with big variability.This study shows the reliability and advantages of GPS data in drought monitoring.

Coseismic displacements and inospheric changes of the 2013 Ms7. 0 Lushan earthquake from GPS measurements

By inverting GPS data recorded at stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） near the 2013 Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake, we found a horizontal displacement of 22 mm at a site about 32 kin SW of the epicenter and vertical displacements of as much as 12.4 mm at several sites. The vertical displacements were generally uplift on the west side of the nearby Longmenshan fault zone and subsidence on the east side. We also found coseismic ionospheric disturbances about 0.5 to 0.9 TECU in amplitude that lasted for about one hour.

A method to retrieve coseismic displacement by integrating GPS and strong motion data

We introduce a method of integrating Global Positioning System(GPS)and accelerometer data for high-rate seismogeodesy.This method is based on the GPS variometric approach which can obtain seismic waves in real time using only the readily available broadcast products and a single receiver.Collocated 5 Hz GPS and 200 Hz accelerometer data from the 2010 M_(W) 7.2 EI Mayor-Cucapaph earthquake were analyzed to verify the effectiveness of this method.Results reveal that this method can provide broadband and more accurate displacements qualified to avoid the baseline drifting caused by strong motion.Moreover,this method can effectively avoid the aliasing problem present in the 5-Hz GPS waveforms.We therefore conclude that this method can be a powerful tool to capture seismic waves in real time,which is crucial to tsunami early warning and earthquake rapid response.

DISPLACEMENT TIME SERIS AT FIDUCIAL STATIONS OBTAINED FROM GPS OBSERVATIONS IN CRUSTAL MOVEMENT OBSEREVATION NETWORK OF CHINA

A preliminary analysis of the time series of displacements at fiducial stations obtained from continuous GPS observations during the period of Sept. 1998 to Oct. 2001 in the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) is made. The selection of datum for producing displacement time series suitable for earthquake prediction is discussed. Time series of horizontal crustal displacements are obtained by using a datum of a stable group of 9 stations with very small relative horizontal displacements in eastern China as reference. Time series of vertical crustal displacements are obtained by using a stable group of 7 stations scattered in different regions with relatively small relative vertical displacements as reference. During the period of 2000 to 2001, anomalous horizontal and vertical displacements occurred twice at the fiducial stations in western China. These anomalies may be related to seismic activities of magnitudes about 6 in the Yunnan region on the North South seismic belt.

利用GPS垂直位移反演区域陆地水储量变化的TSVD-Tikhonov正则化方法

利用GPS垂直位移反演区域陆地水储量变化(TWSC)属于典型的病态问题,其关键是如何进行稳定求解并提高反演结果的精度和可靠性.本文引入TSVD-Tikhonov组合正则化方法对利用GPS垂直位移反演区域TWSC的病态问题进行求解,并以四川省TWSC反演为例进行分析与验证.首先,通过数值模拟对TSVD、Tikhonov和TSVD-Tikhonov正则化方法采用不同正则化参数选取策略(RMSE最小准则、GCV法和L-curve法)进行反演,结果显示基于TSVD-Tikhonov正则化反演的TWSC比单独使用TSVD或Tikhonov正则化反演结果的精度和可靠性更高,这三种正则化方法反演2005年1月至12月的TWSC差值的平均STD分别为14.97 mm、7.03 mm和5.04 mm.其次,利用中国地壳运动观测网络(CMONOC)的72个GPS测站的垂直位移数据,基于TSVD-Tikhonov正则化反演了四川省2010年12月至2021年2月的TWSC时间序列,结果表明GPS反演的TWSC与GRACE/GFO Mascon模型(JPL、CSR和GSFC)的空间分布特征及季节性变化符合较好,但其TWSC信号的振幅比GRACE/GFO Mascon模型更强.最后,采用广义三角帽方法(GTCH)融合不同类型的降水、蒸散发和径流数据,并根据水量平衡方程计算的dTWSC/dt序列(PER-dS/dt)对GPS反演的dTWSC/dt序列(GPS-dS/dt)和GRACE/GFO Mascon模型融合的dTWSC/dt序列(GRACE/GFO-dS/dt)进行验证,结果表明这三类dTWSC/dt序列的季节性变化符合较好,平滑后GPS-dS/dt和GRACE/GFO-dS/dt序列与PER-dS/dt序列的相关系数分别为0.78和0.87,但GPS相比GRACE/GFO对降水变化的响应更为敏感.本文研究证明了TSVD-Tikhonov组合正则化方法能够提高GPS垂直位移反演区域TWSC的精度和可靠性,同时也表明GPS观测数据对局部水质量负荷变化更为敏感,可作为GRACE/GFO反演区域TWSC的有益补充.

GPS观测到的2004年印度洋9.3级等大地震前后地壳运动

2004—2012年印尼西部海域发生多次大地震,其中2004年印度洋9.3级巨震为21世纪以来全球最强。利用印尼及其邻近区域35个GPS连续观测站和中国内地北京附近的GPS连续观测站BJFS站全球参考框架坐标时间序列,可得到以BJFS作为核心站的区域参考框架下这些观测站大地震震前位移积累、同震和震后位移,特别是震前水平位移积累和同震水平位移。该区大地震时空间隔密,且分布范围较大,观测站相互间与地震相关的地壳运动影响明显,地壳运动极为复杂。本文重点讨论了5次8级以上大地震前后地壳运动的特点、成因和相互影响。GPS观测结果显示,研究区域内7.5级以上地震的同震水平位移是震前水平位移积累的(弹性)回跳,震前水平位移积累是前兆。9.3级与2005年8.7级地震震级与时空相近,有重合与不重合的前兆形变区,是前者触发后者的主要条件;而9.3级与8.7级震后强烈地壳水平运动与2012年8.6级和8.2级地震的发生直接有关;2007年8.4级地震的发生与9.3级和8.7级地震无明显关系,但其震后水平位移影响了赤道南8.6级和8.2级地震的同震水平位移。尽管所采用的GPS连续观测站数量少、密度低,但仍为研究地震预测中多次地震前后地壳运动的复杂性提供了有意义的震例。研究表明,印尼西部地区是全球最有意义的地震预测探索区之一。

利用GPS观测资料分析2008年于田Ms7．3地震的同震位移及震后形变

2008年3月21日新疆于田发生M_S7.3级地震.本文通过处理、分析GPS数据,得到破裂断层北侧100 km附近的同震位移及震后形变信息.在观测区域GPS点监测到10 mm左右的同震位移,其中最大为南向14 mm,东向5 mm.同震位移呈现一致性的东南向运动特征,证实于田地震存在显著的左旋走滑分量.震后台站向西南方向运动,与同震位移方向不同,说明同震位移和震后形变具有不同的形变源.近普鲁断裂两侧的GPS点震后运动方向存在明显差异,表明于田地震可能触发了普鲁断裂的左旋滑动.普鲁断裂在于田地震发生后呈现的构造活动特征揭示普鲁断裂是康西瓦西阿尔金断裂带的一部分,兼具左旋走滑与逆冲分量,吸收了青藏高原西北缘相对于塔里木盆地的东向逃逸与北向入侵作用.

基于BFGS法融合InSAR和GPS技术监测地表三维形变

虽然InSAR技术具有高精度、大范围和高空间分辨率等优点,但只能监测雷达视线方向上的一维地表形变;而GPS技术虽可以监测地表的三维形变,但其空间分辨率很低.本文针对融合InSAR和GPS技术监测地表高空间分辨率三维形变展开研究.首先证明了简单的局部最优化迭代算法就能求得综合InSAR和GPS监测地表形变速率的能量函数模型的全局最优估值.随后提出了利用BFGS局部最优算法反演最优的地表三维形变速率.该方法既能避免全局最优化算法计算复杂且难以收敛的问题,又能克服传统的解析法中数值计算不稳定的缺点.最后,通过模拟实验和美国南加州真实数据实验表明,该方法能够得到高精度的地表三维形变速率场.而且当观测或插值误差导致解析法误差较大时,BFGS方法仍能得到高精度、稳定的全局最优解.

利用GPS监测高大建筑物动态位移法研究

应用GPS卫星导航定位系统对高大建筑物动态变形进行监测已成为可能。本文介绍了利用GPS进行建筑物动态监测的原理、方法，详细阐述了用该法对深圳地王大厦在台风作用下测试结构物的位移和振动频率的方法。用该方法测定了物体在强台风作用下动态位移，量程可达几百毫米，量测精度为±5mm，可测定0．1～10Hz的振动频率。测试结果表明GPS可以作为大型建筑物动态变形的一种测量方法。

温度变化对我国GPS台站垂直位移的影响

地表温度变化可以引起GPS台站上安装GPS天线的地表水泥墩内部温度变化,还可以通过热传导的方式引起GPS台站基岩温度变化,从而引起GPS台站垂直位移变化.在中国区域,由GPS台站基岩温度变化引起GPS台站垂直位移变化的周年振幅最大可以达到1 mm;在长江以北地区,此周年振幅一般大于0.5 mm.在我国地壳运动观测网络中的23个GPS基准站中,温度变化对GPS台站垂直位移总影响的周年振幅最大值为2.8 mm,其中13个GPS基准站垂直位移的周年振幅变化大于1 mm.因此,温度变化是引起GPS台站垂直位移周年变化的一个不可忽视因素.

用GPS位移资料计算应变方法的讨论

目前使用相同或类似的GPS资料求应变,不同研究者给出的结果会有显著差别。为此,对用GPS位移(或速度)资料计算应变(或应变速率)的方法进行了研讨。分析后认为,应变计算可以归结成两大类第一类是利用测点附近资料直接求微分或微分的加权平均值的直接计算法;第二类是用解析曲线拟合观测的位移,然后根据该曲线提供的总的趋势求测点的微分值的位移拟合法,这类方法在拟合中又可以分成整体拟合和分片拟合两种。应变计算应该在球面坐标系下进行,根据研究对象和要求,选择适当的方法。

2014年鲁甸6.5级地震GPS同震位移及反演分析

本文综合GPS流动和连续观测结果,并利用最速下降法(SDM)反演方法,给出并分析了2014年鲁甸6.5级地震同震位移、断层面滑动位移分布特征.GPS同震位移结果表明:此次地震沿北西方向表现出左旋应变释放特征、沿北东向表现出拉张应变释放的同震特征,并且随着离开断裂带距离的增加,拉张变形衰减;受包谷垴—小河断裂控制的左旋剪切应变释放的位移在莲峰、昭通—鲁甸断裂附近较弱,说明该断裂可能没有完全切割昭通—鲁甸断裂,不属于该区域主干断裂;昭通—鲁甸断裂带有一定的右旋应变释放,而逆冲应变释放不明显,表明该断裂带处于受南东向挤压的强闭锁状态.SDM反演结果表明,鲁甸地震以左旋走滑为主并兼有拉张性质,地震矩震级为MW6.3左右.综上所述,并结合其他研究成果,我们认为莲峰、昭通—鲁甸断裂带仍存在强震危险性.