Analysis of GPS Technology in Surveying and Mapping Engineering Technology

With the rapid advancement of digital and information technology,global positioning system(GPS)technology has seen increasing utilization in surveying and mapping engineering,extending its application across land,ocean,and various other domains.By analyzing the technical means of GPS in surveying and mapping engineering,understanding the characteristics and key technologies in different application environments,and exploring the application process and key technical means,accurate control can be effectively realized.Based on this,this paper mainly analyzes the specific application of GPS technology in surveying and mapping engineering technology for reference.

地形测绘中GPS-RTK技术的精度分析

GPS-RTK技术是现代测绘工程中常见的方法,该技术有着精确度高、测绘效率高等诸多优点,在城市建设、矿山测绘等多个行业有着较为广泛的应用。为了进一步分析该技术的应用技术要点,文章在对GPS-RTK技术原理进行简单介绍的基础上,以工程项目为对象,细致地分析GPS-RTK技术在地形测绘中的应用要点,并且对GPS-RTK技术的精确度和应用综合效益进行细致地探讨,以期为同行提供参考和借鉴。

Survey and Recommendations for Land Use of Agricultural Machinery Service Organization Facilities in Guizhou Province

With the advancement of agricultural modernization, agricultural machinery service organizations, as an important part of the rural operating entities, show an increasing trend year by year, and need new facilities land in the process of development and growth. Based on the written survey of 597 agricultural machinery service organizations in Guizhou Province, the demand and demand gap of various facilities land use in agricultural machinery service organizations were analyzed and compared. In addition, based on the field survey and policy background, the main practices and experiences of agricultural machinery service organizations in Guizhou Province in the approval and use of facility land were sorted out, and the problems and causes of large gap in facility agricultural land, lack of standards and difficulty in policy implementation were analyzed. Finally, it recommended that the site selection of agricultural machinery service organization facilities needs to be standardized, the land demand needs to be coordinated, the land scale needs to be scientifically demonstrated, and financial support should be sought to promote Guizhou agricultural machinery service organization to become bigger, better and stronger.

A Method for Surveying Control Network Optimization Based on Reliability Properties

Surveying control network optimization design is related to standards, such as precision, reliability, sensitivity and the cost, and these standards are related closely to each other. A new method for surveying control network simulation optimization design is proposed. This method is based on the inner reliability index of the observation values.

Admissibility of Bayes estimate with inaccurate prior in surveying adjustment

Based on the concept of admissibility in statistics, a definition of generalized admissibility of Bayes estimates has been given at first, which was with inaccurate prior for the application in surveying adjustment. Then according to the definition, the generalized admissibility of the normal linear Bayes estimate with the inaccurate prior information that contains deviations or model errors, as well as how to eliminate the effect of the model error on the Bayes estimate in surveying adjustment were studied. The results show that if the prior information is not accurate, that is, it contains model error, the generalized admissibility can explain whether the Bayes estimate can be accepted or not. For the case of linear normal Bayes estimate, the Bayes estimate can be made generally admissible by giving a less prior weight if the prior information is inaccurate. Finally an example was given.

Influence of Atmospheric Refraction on Horizontal Angle Surveying

Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying. Choosing oriented direction is crucial to distance and angle measurement in triangulateration network. How to select the oriented direction during angle measurement is presented, and the means to check the quality of auto-surveying with Georobot is brought forward as well. At last some solutions to reduce the influence of side-refraction while disposing and surveying ultrahigh-precision triangulateration network are put forward.

From Digitalized to Intelligentized Surveying and Mapping: Fundamental Issues and Research Agenda

Nowadays Surveying and Mapping(S&M)production and services are facing some serious challenges such as real-timization of data acquisition,automation of information processing,and intellectualization of service applications.The main reason is that current digitalized S&M technologies,which involve complex algorithms and models as the core,are incapable of completely describing and representing the diverse,multi-dimensional and dynamic real world,as well as addressing high-dimensional and nonlinear spatial problems using simple algorithms and models.In order to address these challenges,it is necessary to explore the use of natural intelligence in S&M,and to develop intelligentized S&M technologies,which are knowledge-guided and algorithm-based.This paper first discusses the basic concepts and ideas of intelligentized S&M,and then analyzes and defines its fundamental issues in the analysis and modeling of natural intelligence in S&M,the construction and realization of hybrid intelligent computing paradigm,and the mechanism and path of empowering production.Further research directions are then proposed in the four areas,including knowledge systems,technologies and methodologies,application systems,and instruments and equipments of intelligentized S&M.Finally,some institutional issues related to promoting scientific research and engineering applications in this area are discussed.

THE THEORY AND APPLICATION OF THE STRUCTURE LIGHT ENGINEERING SURVEYING BASED ON A LASER THEODOLITE WITH THREE FREEDOMS OF ROTATION

The concepts of “confining structure” and structure light are illuminated in this paper.A laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation,which is aimed at “confining structure”,is developed.Various scanning modes and their mathematical models based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation are discussed.According to the features of a huge object,,the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is determined as the main method in an actual application.The observation of four sound concrete posts and forced centering plates.Subsequently,it is transformed into the huge object coordinate system.The scanning mode with plumb plane is selected as the main mode in the whole work.And other assistant methods,such as close range photogrammetry and the method of using reflection sheet,are applied to the work of “scanning dead angle”.At last,a surveying accuracy estimation of this method is done and a surveying accuracy test is finished.It can be concluded that the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is considered to be an effective and applied method,and has many superiority to some other surveying methods in the work of surveying “confining structure”.

New opportunities and challenges in surveying underground cavities using photogrammetric methods

The exploitation of the underground is currently undergoing a major transformation process.Besides mining,alternative ways of utilization are playing an increasingly important role.These alternative utilizations include the storage of gases,the disposal of radioactive wastes,and the implementation of geothermal storage facilities.In addition,more and more mining operations are being shut down,like the German hard coal mining industry in 2018.But the integrity of closed mines must be ensured in the post-mining phase.In order to capture such large and complex structures efficiently and reliably,new surveying techniques are required.A promising approach is the use of photogrammetric methods to generate three-dimensional models of the cavity.Photogrammetry is currently known mainly from aerial photography.It is conceivable to use such methods for underground applications.In recent years,significant progress has been made in the algorithm-based orientation of unstructured image sets.More powerful computer systems and the growing range of unmanned aerial vehicles could enable partially automated capture.However,a number of problems have to be solved for underground imaging techniques.Unfavorable exposure conditions complicate image alignment.Furthermore,the models must be integrated into existing surveying systems with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy.In order to consider the numerous technical aspects,the development of an integrated capture and evaluation approach is necessary.This could make an important contribution to the monitoring of critical cavities of different commodities.Such an approach would also fit into the current digitization trend in the mining industry and provide new opportunities for ground control in particular.

GPR Surveying in the kernel area of Grove Mountains,Antarctica

The Grove Mountains, located between the Zhongshan Station and Dome A, are a very important area in inland Antarctic research. China has organized ifve investigations of the Grove Mountains, encompassing the geological structure, ancient climate, meteorites, ice-movement monitoring, basic mapping, meteorological observations, and other multi-disciplinary observational studies. During the 26th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition in 2010, the Grove Mountains investigation team applied specialized ground-penetrating radar （GPR） to survey subglacial topography in the eastern kernel area of the Grove Mountains. In this paper, we processed GPS and GPR data gathered in the ifeld and drew, for the ifrst time, two subglacial topographic maps of the Grove Mountains kernel area using professional graphics software. The preliminary results reveal the mystery of the nunatak landform of this area, give an exploratory sense of the real bedrock landforms, and indicate a possible sedimentary basin under the Pliocene epoch fossil ice in the Grove Mountains area. Additionally, it has been proven from cross-sectional analysis between Mount Harding and the Zakharoff ridge that the box-valley shape between two nunataks has already matured.

An outlier recognition approach in surveying data based on information entropy

A novel outlier recognition method in surveying data is presented based on Shannon information entropy. The probability distribution of surveying data does not need to be known or hypothesized in this method, and it is not only accurate but also convenient to calculate in this method compared with statistical recognition method.

The Impact of Frequency in Surveying Engineering Slopes Using Ground Penetrating Radar

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is one of the non-invasive techniques commonly used to identify “anomalies” in the ground. It has been proven very effective in different fields ranging from the location of pipes and other underground services to the identification of archaeological sites. After the 1994 Kwun Lung Lau accident in Hong Kong, the Government has been commissioning the feasibility of different geophysics techniques to identify any issues related to engineering slopes and retaining walls. Among the different techniques tested during phase I, Electrical Imaging (EI) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were the most applicable in the study of old masonry walls. This paper aims to stress the importance of using the appropriate frequencies during the GPR survey of engineering slopes. In order to do that, two independent contractors who used different frequencies to carry out the GPR survey on the same area will be compared.

Assessment of acoustic backscatter intensity surveying on deep-sea ferromanganese crust: Constraints from Weijia Guyot, western Pacific Ocean

Near-bottom observation data from the manned deep submersible Jiaolong with high-precision underwater positioning data from Weijia Guyot,Magellan Seamounts in the Western Pacific Ocean are reported.Three substrate types were identified:Sediment,ferromanganese crust,and ferromanganese crust with a thin cover of sediment.The ferromanganese crusts show clear zoning and their continuity is usually disturbed by sediments on areas of the mountainside with relatively gentle slope gradients.The identified substrate spatial distributions correspond to acoustic backscatter intensity data,with regions of high intensity always including crust development and regions of low intensity always having sediment.Therefore,acoustic backscatter intensity surveying appears useful in the delineation and evaluation of crust resources,although further more work is needed to develop a practicable methodology.

Refinery Fluid Flow Effects on Magnetic Surveying

Magnetic surveying is one of the methods of studying shallow subsurface structures by measuring variation in an area which can be compared to the surroundings.This method can disclose the magnetic minerals or metallic objects underground.In addition, fluid flow can affect these magnetic anomalies too. This paper is the result of a case study done in a 2500 m^2 region which investigates and reveals the effect

The application of modern surveying technology in mining survey

With the unceasing appearance and widespread application of new surveying technology,the present age mining survey has meet huge change.However,lots of prob- lems occurred while using the new techniques since the number of mine is large in China and condition of the mine district is complex,it in some sense influenced the mine exploi- tation and management of China.Summarized the present situation of new technical ap- plication in mining survey,including the advanced instrumentation equipment,the '3S' technology,the information and the network technology and the information fusion tech- nology and so on,and analyzed the problems which exists in the current mining survey,it also provided new ways to present age mining survey from the sustainable development angle.

Discussion on Application of 3S Technologies in Cadastral Surveying and Mapping

In order to explore the application of 3S technologies in modern urban cadastral surveying and mapping,we analyzed the equipment composition of the global positioning system,the advantages of GPS surveying and mapping technology,and the main functions of RS and GIS technologies.GPS technology can improve the accuracy of boundary points of surveying and mapping areas,thereby improving the efficiency of surveying and mapping work and the accuracy of surveying and mapping information;remote sensing surveying and mapping technology has a large observation range and observation space,and RS technology can be used to collect data in remote mountainous areas to reduce the cost of manpower and material resources in surveying and mapping work;and GIS technology provides important data support for land planning and ownership definition.3S technologies optimize and streamline the surveying and mapping process with their own advantages,making the cadastral surveying and mapping work more scientific and efficient.

A New Method of Surveying Underwater Parts of Self Elevating Drilling Platform

It is a new method of surveying leg spuds of self-elevating drilling platforms to lift them out of water with the help of additional middle guide blocks. Its main advantages in comparison with other methods normally used up to now are: less expensive, time saving, no need for specially designated water area, direct visual observation, good reliability and safety. The working principle has been presented with the example of two platforms 'Bohai No. 8' and 'Bohai No. 10', to which the method was used. Also a comprehensive comparison with other methods in technological and economical aspects is given in the paper.

Establishment and Data Processing of High-Precision City Subsidence Monitoring Network by GPS Surveying Instead of Leveling

The feasibility of moni-toring the change of city settlementusing GPS surveying instead of level-ing is studied. A fiducial network anda monitoring network are establishedin Ningbo city. Two periods of GPSobservation are completed. Somemeasures are taken during the obser-vation in order to ensure to obtain thehigh-precise height component. TheSaastamoinen model is adopted in thedata processing of the dry componentpart of the tropospheric delay. Thewet component change of the tropo-spheric delay is estimated by stochasticprocesses model. When Bernese soft-ware is used to process the data, themillimeter level precision of heightmeasuring is achieved.

Mine surveying in information era

With the flourish of Digital Earth and Digital Urban, Digital Mine is also imperative. The most fundamental condition for Digital Mine is mastering multiple spatial and property data. Various drawing materials and property data for mine industry provided by mine surveying workers in our country over the past half century will be the foundation of Digital Mine. The authors believe that the first step of Digital Mine is to develop basic mine geographic information system (for short MGIS), based on which Web Mine Geographic Information System can be set up. Besides when selecting software desk, including system softwares, supporting softwares, tool softwares and other auxiliary softwares, following standard, compatiblity, transplantation and co-operation, the function and efficiency of the selected software environment, as well as the supporting and expansion of adopting new technology should all be considered.

GPS-RTK技术在地质找矿测量中的应用研究

研究GPS-RTK技术在地质找矿测量中的应用,需了解GPS技术、RTK技术的基本定义与内涵,结合实际案例研究该项技术的应用过程,确定案例中矿区的基本信息,综合地质找矿测量目的,设置GPS-RTK技术应用方案,包括准备工作、参考站、移动站建立、控制点选点、布设等,最后进行测量结果的分析与核验,以此来保证测量结果的准确性,后续还需结合本次测量经验,分析实际地质找矿测量的真实需求,进行测量方案的灵活调整、不断完善,从而发挥其更大效能。