Gabriel合成胺反应的工艺改进

采用经典的Gabriel反应合成了直链型多胺骨架,并用1H/13C NMR,MS等方法确证了中间体以及目标化合物的结构.研究表明,在实验条件下,Gabriel反应经历了新的反应历程;经过工艺改进,建立了一条效率较高的工艺路线.

Gabriel法合成2-(4-氟苯磺酰基)-乙胺

利用Gabriel合成法,以氨基乙醇为起始原料,经取代、氧化、肼解、酸化,得到高纯度的2-(4-氟苯磺酰基)-乙胺盐酸盐,总收率为21.2%,其结构由IR1、H NMR表征确认.考察不同反应条件下对反应收率的影响,确定最优合成工艺条件,氧化反应:115℃,3 h,n(30%H2O2):n(硫醚)=5?1;肼解反应:80℃,5 h,水合肼稍过量.

分式R_0代数及R_0代数上的Gabriel滤子

引进了相对于交闭系统的分式R0代数的概念,并研究了R0代数上的Gabriel滤子,证明该滤子可以确定R0代数上的一种同余关系,为进一步研究局部化R0代数奠定了基础。

基于测地Gabriel图的非线性流形判别分析

针对位于非线性流形上类别数据的判别分析问题,提出了一种基于测地Gabriel图的局部判别器融合算法.利用测地距离表征流形的内在几何结构,由此构造测地Gabriel图确定异类数据相互靠近的局部临界区域,进而训练得到局部线性的判别器.整体的非线性判别器由多个局部判别器融合得到:基于柔性边界准则函数,以迭代优化的方式,为每个局部判别器分配最佳的权重系数,整体上逐步提高异类样本间的区分度.在人工合成数据集以及人脸图像库上的实验证明了本文算法的有效性.

Gabriel合成法制备4-氨基丁醇

采用Gabriel合成法,首次使用4-氯丁醇、邻苯二甲酰亚胺作为初始原料,四丁基溴化铵作为相转移催化剂,反应制备N-(4-羟基丁基)邻苯二甲酰亚胺(中间体),中间体在氢氧化钠的作用下水解得到4-氨基丁醇.通过高分辨质谱、核磁共振光谱等对中间体和产品进行了表征.考察了反应溶剂、4-氯丁醇与邻苯二甲酰亚胺物质的量比、反应温度、反应时间对中间体收率的影响,优化反应条件之后4-氨基丁醇最佳的总收率为77.1%.此工艺路线具有合成方法简便、反应条件温和、产品收率高等优点,可以进行工业放大.

Bacteriology of Healthcare-Associated Infections in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of CHU Gabriel Touré

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a public health issue. An infection is said to be associated with the care if it occurs during or after the care of a patient, and if it was neither present nor incubation at the beginning of the care. Objective: The purpose of this work was to study the bacteriology of infections associated with obstetric care in the gynecology-obstetrics department of CHU Gabriel Touré. Patients and Methods: This is an epidemiological, descriptive, analytical study conducted in the gynecology-obstetrics department of the CHU Gabriel Touré, from April 11th, 2016 to August 29th, 2016 (5 months). Data collection focused on the clinical and laboratory characteristics of healthcare-associated infections in patients during their hospitalization. Included in the study were any patients hospitalized in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department who agreed to participate in the study. The criteria used to diagnose the associated infection were those of the Atlanta CDC. Operative wound monitoring was done up to the 30th postoperative day. Results: We have recorded 200 patients, out of whom 138 were operated on and 23 cases of bacterial infection associated with care (11.50%). The average age of the patients was 32.52 years ± 13.36 years against 29.36 years ± 10.28 years for the patients who did not present the infection. Seven point five percent of the evacuated patients had an infection associated with care. The most common types of infection were surgical site infection (60.86%), urinary tract infection (26.08%), endometritis and sepsis with 13.04% each. The isolated organisms were all resistant to Amoxicillin, to Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid (88.88%) and to Ciprofloxacin (77.77%). The average duration of hospitalization for patients who developed the infection was 14.70 days. The lethality was 1.50%. The average cost of management of patients who developed the surgical site infection was 119,837 FCFA. Conclusion: The bacterial infections associated with the care remain frequent in our service and dominated by the infections of the operating site. Isolated organisms were all resistant to amoxicillin in 88.88% case ciprofloxacin.

Pulmonary Embolism in Hospitalization in the Department of Cardiology of Gabriel Toure University Hospital

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and Para clinical characteristics in patients hospitalized for pulmonary embolism in the cardiology department of Gabriel Toure University Hospital. Methodology: It was a retrospective and descriptive study from January 2011 to December 2014 and involved all patients hospitalized during the study period. Results: The study included 21 patients out of 1738 hospitalized patients, with a prevalence of 1.21%. The mean age was 38.57 years with extreme ages of 18 and 64 years. The sex ratio was 0.40. Risk factors found in the study were oral contraception (19.05%), overweight (19.05%), smoking (14.28%), HIV (4.76%) and heart failure (4, 76%). 61.90% (n = 13) had isolated pulmonary embolism, 38.09% (n = 8) had venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism association. Through the chest angio-CT, 28.57% of obstructions were located at the left branch of the pulmonary artery, 9.52% at the right branch and 61.90% were bilateral obstructions. Four deaths were recorded, all in a context of massive pulmonary embolism, with a fatality rate of 19.05%. Conclusion: Pulmonary embolism is a serious and common disease, often difficult to diagnose. It is a cardiovascular emergency and requires immediate and adequate care.

Gabriel拓扑与相对本原代数的张量积

本文在域上代数的张量积环上定义了相应的Gabriel扑拓的张量积,讨论了相对本原代数的张量积的性质,某些结果推广了本原代数张量积的相应结果。

一类Gabriel拓扑的内射上生成子

设 R 是一个有单位元的交换环,maxspccR 是 R 的所有极大理想作成的集合.假设ζ是 R 的一个 Gabriel 拓扑,M∈maxspccR,则ζM={IM|I∈ζ}是 RM 的一个 Gabriel 拓扑.对任意 M∈maxspccR,设 C[M]是 RM 的 Gabriel 拓扑ζM 的一个内射上生成子,则ПM∈maxspccRC[M]是内射 R—模。我们的问题是在什么条件下,ПM∈maxspccRC[M]是 R 的 Gabriel 拓扑ζ的一个内射上生成子.为叙述方便。

Feature detection on point clouds via Gabriel Triangles creation and l1 normal reconstruction

In this paper, we present a robust subneighborhoods selection technique for feature detection on point clouds scattered over a piecewise smooth surface. The proposed method first identifies all potential features using covariance analysis of the local- neighborhoods. To further extract the accurate features from potential features, Gabriel triangles are created in local neighborhoods of each potential feature vertex. These triangles tightly attach to underlying surface and effectively reflect the local geometry struc- ture. Applying a shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm on ~ 1 reconstructed normals of created triangle set, we classify the lo- cal neighborhoods of the potential feature vertex into multiple subneighborhoods. Each subneighborhood indicates a piecewise smooth surface. The final feature vertex is identified by checking whether it is locating on the intersection of the multiple surfaces. An advantage of this framework is that it is not only robust to noise, but also insensitive to the size of selected neighborhoods. Ex- perimental results on a variety of models are used to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of our method.

Study of Cofactors Associated with Precancerous High-Grade Cervical Lesions at the Teaching Hospital Gabriel Touré, 2010 to 2015

Introduction: High grade dysplasia of the cervix has a high incidence and can progress to cervical cancer. The aim was to study cofactors associated with high-grade cervical dysplasia. Methodology: This was a retrospective case-control study without matching. Women with high grade dysplasia were the cases while those with a normal screening test represented the controls. The study took place at the Gabriel Touré University Hospital Center in Bamako. We included 351 cases and 420 controls. The capture and analysis were performed using the SPSS 20 software. A univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for the analysis of risk cofactors. The statistical tests used were the odds ratio and its confidence interval and the statistical significance threshold was set at p Results: In univariate analysis, the co-factors statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of high-grade dysplasia were parity 0.6 (0.5 - 0.9), gestational 0.7 (0.5 - 0.9), smoking of the spouse 3.4 (1.1 - 11.3), the non-schooling 1.4 (1.2 - 2.1). In multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounding factors, two co-factors have significantly increased the risk of high-grade dysplasia: lack of schooling 1.4 (1.2 - 2.0) and polygamy 1.5 (1.4 - 2.5). Conclusion: At the end of this study, polygamy and lack of schooling were the main risk factors. The prevention of cervical cancer will go through the education of girls and women as well as communication for behavioral change and social change.

Blows and Voluntary Wounds of the Emergency Unite in Gabriel Toure Teaching Hospital in Bamako

Introduction: Voluntary assault and injuries are acts that damage the physical and psychological integrity of a human being. WHO in its global report on violence and health estimates that in 2000, 1.6 million people worldwide died as a result of self-harm, interpersonal or collective violence, resulting in an overall rate adjusted by age of 28.8 per 100,000 population. Because of the seriousness of this phenomenon and the heavy socio-economic and health consequences that they generate, it seemed important to us to undertake this study, which aimed to study the deliberate injuries in the emergency unite of the Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital in Bamako. Material and methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study with a prospective study from September 1st, 2016 to August 31st, 12 months, covering 295 patients, including any patient received for voluntary injury consultation with a workable medical record and/or a full investigation record with or without requisition. Our data were collected on individual survey cards and subsequently analyzed with Word, Excel, IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. Results: The majority of victims of assault and bodily injury were male with 83.1%;with a sex ratio of 4.9, the 18 to 28 age group was the most concerned with 163 cases of the 295 cases in our study, 55.2%. The extremes were 6 and 100 years old with an ectype at 11.08. The most affected ethnic group was Bambara with 38.6% (n = 114) followed by Fulani with 15.6% (n = 46). Students were the most affected at 24.7% (n = 73), followed by traders at 10%. The victims coming from outside Bamako are the most predominant with 22.4% (n = 66) followed by those of commune IV of Bamako 15.6% (n = 46). In 92.2% of the cases the mechanism was direct with n = 272. Of the lesions recorded in our study, wounds came first with 53.2% of cases. Radiography was the most used imaging at 44.7% (n = 89) followed by computed tomography at 34.7% (n = 69). The hemoperitoneum objectified by abdominal ultrasound represented 29.3% (n = 12). Fractures embarrure associated with bruising-hemorrhagic bruises were the most predominant with 13.4% (n = 10) objectified by brain scan. Conclusion: We note that the phenomenon of violence has reached worrying proportions, especially among young adults, particularly among students and is observed in all so-cio-professional layers. The polymorphism of these injuries caused by the predominant use of knives must draw the attention of our authorities to take measures to reduce these aggressions.

Hydroelectrolytic Disorders in Cerebroleted Patients in the Intensive Care Unit of Gabriel TouréTeaching Hospital

A cerebrole is a patient with a neurological deficit of central origin;these patients very often present disorders of the ion concentration, hence the need for hospitalization in intensive care. The aim of our study was to study hydro-electrolyte disorders in brain-damaged patients, to describe the clinical aspects, to identify the contributing factors and to determine the prognosis of these patients in the intensive care unit of gabriel touré teaching hospital. Material and Methods: It was a prospective cross-sectional study, descriptive of a period of 11 months going from June 2015 to April 2016 in the intensive care unit of CHU Gabriel TOURE we included all the cerebral patients admitted in intensive care in which hydro-ionic disorders have detected on arrival or during hospitalization. Data were collected through transfer sheets, a survey sheet and medical records. Data entry and analysis were done respectively on SPSS software (version 19) and Microsoft Word Starter 2010 software. Results: During our study, out of 450 hospitalization patients, we identified 110 brain-damaged patients and 75 patients were retained in our study, i.e. a prevalence of 16.6%. Male was predominant with 72% with a sex ratio of 2.5 the age group 20 - 50 years was majority with 45.3%, the average age was 38.49 years. The majority of patients (58.7%) were admitted from the emergency department. The most common reason for admission was impairment of consciousness in 94.7% (Table 1) of cases and the Glasgow admission score was less than or equal to 8 in 58.7% (Table 1) of patients. Hydro-electrolyte disturbances were present in 93.3% of patients on admission. Hyponatremia was the most common disorder with 56% (42 cases). Followed by hyperkalaemia 10.7% (8 cases), hypernatremia 9.3% (7 cases), at hypocalcemia 9.3% (7 cases), associated disorders 8% (6 cases). Brain CT was performed in 52% of the patients. In our study, malaria was the most common etiology of ionic disorders with 36%. Of the patients who died, 80% had developed hyponatremia after 5 days in hospital, and the overall lethality was 73.3%. Conclusion: Hydro-electrolyte disorders are frequent in the intensive care setting and their management must be rapid in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Digestive Bleeding by Rupture of Esophageal Varicose Veins and Prognosis Value of Blood Transfusion in the Hepatogastroenterology Department of the Gabriel Toure Hospital

Digestive hemorrhage by rupture of esophageal Varices is common and has a pejorative prognosis in our context. Purpose: The main purpose of this work was to study the digestive bleeding by esophageal varices and prognosis value of blood transfusion in the Hospital of Gabriel Touré. Methodology: It was a prospective study that took place in the service of Hepato-gastroenterology of Gabriel Touré Hospital from June 2016 to May 2017 and from November 2017 to August 2018. Results: At the end of the study, 77 patients met the inclusion criteria out of 1396 patients hospitalized during the same period. Varices bleeding represented a prevalence of 5.5% among hospitalized patients during the same period. The average age of our patients was 46.58 ± 15.09 years. The male sex was more reported in our study with a prevalence of 67.5%. At admission, 63.2% had clinical anemia, 58.4% low arterial pressure and 50.6% hemoglobin rate less than 7 g/dL. Blood transfusion was indicated in 47 patients (61%). The mortality rate was 23.4% and was comparable in both groups (p = 0.0990). Early rebleeding was significantly observed in the case of transfusion (p = 0.0452). Hepatic encephalopathy was the leading cause of death of our patients with 72.2%. Conclusion: Digestive bleeding by esophageal varices is a worsen complication in cirrhosis in hospital setting. Transfusion has not significantly improved the prognosis of our patients.

Anesthetic Activities of Scheduled Surgery at CHU Gabriel Touré

Concept: We opted for this study because the hospital unit Gabriel Touré was renovated with 7 surgical specialties. Our study was the very last study before the advent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). Goal: Evaluate the anesthetic activities of the planned surgery at the University Hospital Center CHU Gabriel Touré. Method and Material: This was a descriptive prospective study carried out in the cold operating theater of the CHU Gabriel Touré from January to December 2018. It focused on all patients operated on for regulated surgery and who had benefited from anesthesia. Our data was entered and analyzed on SPSS 25 software. Word processing performed on Microsoft WORD® 2016 and graphics on Microsoft EXCEL® 2016. Results: During the study period 1700 patients were operated on in the operating room for scheduled surgery. The age range of 0 to 5 years accounted for (14.8%). The average age was 6.64 years;male predominance (52.6%) of operated patients with a sex ratio of 1.1. A history of general anesthesia was found in 62.1%. The classification of the American Anesthesia Society (ASA) ASA1 class represented 92.7%. Tonsillitis was the most common operative diagnosis (9.5%). Hernia cures and eventrations were the most common surgical technique (11.8%). General anesthesia was achieved in 65.3% of patients. Hypotension was the most common adverse event in the operating room, 44.5%. The intraoperative mortality was 0.11%. Conclusion: Our study covered the entire population anesthetized. It provided an update on the practice of anesthesia in the intensive care unit anesthesia. General anesthesia was the most used technique;a predominance of cardiovascular adverse events, occurring more often in induction and mainly favorable outcome with mortality intraoperative 0.11%. A growing presence of MAR and DES who had performed more than 30% of anesthesia.

Tuberculosis in Children: Epidemio-Clinical Aspects in the Paediatric Department of the Gabriel TouréUniversity Hospital Center

Introduction: Globally, tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent ahead of HIV/AIDS. Approximately 10 million people contracted TB in 2017, 10% of whom were children aged 0 - 15 years, or about 1 million with 250,000 deaths in 2016 (including children with HIV-associated TB). The signs of TB in children are not always specific and diagnosis remains difficult unlike in adults. According to a study conducted in 2011 in the paediatric department of the CHU-Gabriel Touré, only seventeen cases of all forms of tuberculosis were found, or approximately 0.2% of hospitalised children. The objective of our study was to investigate the epidemiological and clinical aspects of tuberculosis in children. Materials and Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study that took place from 24 October 2017 to 23 October 2018, or 12 months in children aged 0-15 years. Data were collected from an individual medical record opened for each patient and an individual survey form established for each child. Results: During the study period, 40,434 children were consulted. Tuberculosis was suspected in 91 children, with a frequency of 0.22%. The age range of 1 to 4 years was 36.3% with a median age of 72 months. The sex ratio was 1.8. Chronic cough with 84.6% and malnutrition with 24.17% were the most frequent symptoms. Chest X-ray revealed bilateral pulmonary lesions in 52.7% and mediastinal adenopathy in 12.1%. TST was positive in 10.9% of patients, microscopy in 26.4%, Gene Xpert in 18.7%, and culture in 16.5%. The biological diagnosis of tuberculosis was retained in 48.4% of the patients, the pulmonary form represented 93.2%. The therapeutic regime (2RHZE/4RH) was used in 81.6% of cases and the evolution was favourable in 65.9% of patients. Conclusion: The diagnosis of tuberculosis in children remains difficult in our context. The clinical signs are not always specific, and further studies are needed to further elucidate this disease.

Traumatic Diaphragmatic Injury at Gabriel Toure University Hospital, Mali

Traumatic diaphragmatic injury (TDI) is rare and is most often the result of a traffic road accident (TRA) or an assault. We initiated this study with the aims of determining the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of TDI at Gabriel Toure University Hospital. This was a retrospective study from January 1999 to June 2021 that included all patients who presented a diaphragmatic injury consecutive to abdominal and/or thoracic trauma. In 22 years and 6 months, 46 cases of TDI were collected. They represented 0.17% of hospitalizations, 0.26% of surgical emergencies and 5.5% of thoraco-abdominal traumas. The average age was 31.69 years with a sex ratio of 3.2. Criminal stabbings accounted for 56.5% and TRA for 19.6%. Penetrating injuries accounted for 78.3% of cases. The parietal lesion was thoracic in 21 cases (45.7%), abdominal in 19 cases (41.3%) and thoraco-abdominal in 6 cases (13%). The chest X-ray, performed in 15 patients, showed an intrathoracic gas bubble (4 cases) and hemothorax (6 cases). Diagnosis of diaphragmatic lesion was preoperative in 21.7% (10 cases). The diaphragmatic breach was on the left side in 65.2% (30 cases) and the average size was 3.17 cm. Laparotomy was performed in 89.1%, thoracotomy in 4.4% and thoraco-laparotomy in 6.5% of cases. The surgical procedure consisted of reduction of the herniated viscera in 15.2% (7 cases) and closure of the diaphragmatic breach with non-absorbable sutures in 82.6% (36 cases). Chest tube drainage was performed in 73.9%. The average length of hospital stay was 9.8 days. Mortality was 13.04%. Conclusion: Traumatic diaphragmatic injury is rare but its frequency is increasing in our country. It most often affects the young man victim of assault or TRA. This type of trauma is rarely isolated;you have to think about it in case of any thoraco-abdominal trauma. The treatment is surgical. The prognosis depends on the severity of the associated lesions.

Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Congenital Hydrocephalus in the Neonatal Department of Gabriel TouréTeaching Hospital Bamako Mali

Objective: The aim of our work was to access the epidemiological and clinical aspects of congenital hydrocephalus in the pediatrics department of Gabriel Touré teaching Hospital Bamako. Methods: We conducted a retro and prospective study that ran from January, 1st 2018 to July, 30, 2019. All newborns of 72 hours of life or less with hydrocephalus confirmed by sonography or CT scan were enrolled in this study. Results: During the study period, 5416 patients were hospitalized in the neonatology department. Among them, 39 patients (0.72%) presented congenital hydrocephalus and congenital infectious causes accounted for 25.6%. The sex ratio (M/F) was 1.78. Mothers were housewives and not educated in 79.5% and 64.1% respectively. The parents resided outside Bamako in 61.5% of cases. Prenatal consultations were conducted in 32 patients (82%). Consanguinity between the 2 parents was present in 38.5%. The antenatal diagnosis was made in 8 patients (20.5%). Vaginal delivery was the main mode of birth (67%). The average birth weight was 2930 g (1000 to 5400 g) and the average head circumference was 37.82 cm (26 - 55 cm). In 87.2% of cases, newborns were eutrophic. The main clinical signs were bulging anterior fontanel (46.2%), sunset gaze (20.5%), prominent forehead (48.7%), reduced face (20.5%), enlarged cranial sutures (43.6%), macrocrania (25.6%). Transfontanellar ultrasound and CT scan were performed in 51.3% and 48.7% of cases respectively. Associated malformations were spina bifida in 30.8% of cases followed by Dandy Walker malformation (5.1%), and omphalocele (2.5%). The neurological signs were diminished neonatal reflexes (51.3%), hypotonia (30.8%), motor deficit (38.4%), intracranial hypertension (25.6%), seizures 10.25% and psychomotor delay (43.6%). Surgery was performed in 8 neonates (20.5%). Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPB) was the main treatment. Postoperative complications were infectious (37.5%) and mechanical complications (12.5%). The postoperative mortality rate was 12.5%.The overall mortality was 13 cases (33.3%). Conclusion: The hospital frequency of congenital hydrocephalus in our environment seems low but does not reflect reality.

TfS倡议:石化供应链的可持续发展——专访TfS全球总裁Rü diger Eberhard先生和总经理Gabriele Unger博士

当前,在中国经济新常态下,各行业都在探讨可持续发展,化工行业也不例外,不仅探讨生产工艺的创新,而且还在进一步探讨供应链的可持续发展。尤其因化工行业供应链具有特殊性质,对配套供应商的要求非常严格。2011年年底,由6家跨国化工公司（巴斯夫、拜耳、赢创、汉高、朗盛和索尔维）共同发起了携手可持续发展（Tf S）倡议,截至目前全球已有16家公司加入Tf S。

From "living dead" to "reviving after death"——An Interpretation of The Dead from Gabriel's Epiphany

James Joyce is one of the greatest pioneers of Modern novel history.The Dead is the most famous story in his early short story collection Dubliners,and is widely recognized as one of the finest short stories in the English language.This study tries to analyze the hero Gabriel's mind change:from "living dead" to "reviving after death" from his epiphany,indicating that there is merely a delicate line between the two:death is the end of life as well as the beginning of a new life for death actually carries within itself a new life.