Timing of Magma Mixing in the Gangdisê Magmatic Belt during the India-Asia Collision: Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating

Abundant mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) extensively distribute in granitoids in the Gangdise giant magmatic belt, within which the Qüxü batholith is the most typical MME-bearing pluton. Systematic sampling for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro nearby at two locations in the Qüxü batholith, and subsequent zircon SHRIMP II U-Pb dating have been conducted. Two sets of isotopic ages for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro are 50.4±1.3 Ma, 51.2±1.1 Ma, 47.0±l Ma and 49.3±1.7 Ma, 48.9±1.1 Ma, 49.9±1.7 Ma, respectively. It thus rules out the possibilities of mafic microgranular enclaves being refractory residues after partial melting of magma source region, or being xenoliths of country rocks or later intrusions.Therefore, it is believed that the three types of rocks mentioned above likely formed in the same magmatic event, i.e., they formed by magma mixing in the Eocene (c. 50 Ma). Compositionally, granitoid host rocks incline towards acidic end member involved in magma mixing, gabbros are akin to basic end member and mafic microgranular enclaves are the incompletely mixed basic magma clots trapped in acidic magma. The isotopic dating also suggested that huge-scale magma mixing in the Gangdise belt took place 15-20 million years after the initiation of the India-Asia continental collision, genetically related to the underplating of subduction-collision-induced basic magma at the base of the continental crust. Underplating and magma mixing were likely the main process of mass-energy exchange between the mantle and the crust during the continental collision, and greatly contributed to the accretion of the continental crust, the evolution of the lithosphere and related mineralization beneath the portion of the Tibetan Plateau to the north of the collision zone.

Geochronologic Constraints on the Magmatic Underplating of the Gangdisê Belt in the India-Eurasia Collision: Evidence of SHRIMP II Zircon U-Pb Dating

Abundant small mafic intrusions occur associated with granitoids along the Gangdise^ magmatic belt. In addition to many discrete gabbro bodies within the granitoid plutons, a gabbro-pyroxenite zone occurs along the southern margin of the Gangdise^ belt to the north of the Yarlung Zangbo suture. The mafic intrusion zone spatially corresponds to a strong aeromagnetic anomaly, which extends -1400 km. The mafic intrusions consist of intermittently distributed small bodies and dikes of gabbro and dolerite with accumulates of pyroxenite, olivine pyroxenite, pegmatitic pyroxenite and amphibolite. Much evidence indicates that the Gangdise^ gabbro-pyroxenite assemblage is most likely a result of underplating of mantle-derived magma. Detailed field investigation and systematic sampling of the mafic rocks was conducted at six locations along the Lhasa-Xigaze^ segment of the mafic intrusive zone, and was followed by zircon SHRIMP Ⅱ U-Pb dating. In addition to the ages of two samples previously published （47.0±1 Ma and 48.9±1.1 Ma）, the isotopic ages of the remaining four gabbro samples are 51.6±1.3Ma, 52.5±3.0 Ma, 50.2±4.2Ma and 49.9±1.1Ma. The range of these ages （47-52.5 Ma） provide geochronologic constraints on the Eocene timing of magma underplating beneath the Gangdise^ belt at ca. 50 Ma. This underplating event post-dated the initiation of the India-Eurasia continental collision by 15 million years and was contemporaneous with a process of magma mixing. The SHRIMP Ⅱ U-Pb isotopic analysis also found several old ages from a few zircon grains, mostly in a range of 479-526 Ma （weighted average age 503±10 Ma）, thus yielding information about the pre-existing lower crust when underplating of mafic magma took place. It is believed that magma underplating was one of the major mechanisms for crustal growth during the Indian-Eurasia collision, possibly corresponding in time to the formation of the 14-16 km-thick ＂crnst-mantle transitional zone＂ characterized by Vp=6.85-6.9 km/s.

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks in the Yeba Formation on the Gangdise Magmatic Arc, Tibet

The Early Jurassic bimodal volcanic rocks in the Yeba Formation, situated between Lhasa, Dagze and Maizhokunggar, composed of metabasalt, basaltic ignimbrite, dacite, silicic tuff and volcanic breccia, are an important volcanic suite for the study of the tectonic evolution of the Gangdise magmatic arc and the Mesozoic Tethys. Based on systematic field investigations, we carried out geochemical studies on representative rock samples. Major and trace element compositions were analyzed for these rock samples by XRF and ICP-MS respectively, and an isotope analysis of Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd was carried out by a MAT 262 mass spectrograph. The results show that the SiO2 contents in lava rocks are 41 %-50.4% and 64 % -69 %, belonging to calc-alkaline basalt and dacite. One notable feature of the basalt is its low TiO2 content, 0.66%-1.01%, much lower than those of continental tholeiite. The ∑REE contents of basalt and dacite are 60.3-135 μg/g and 126, 4--167.9μg/ g respectively. Both rocks have similar REE and other trace element characteristics, with enriched LREE and LILE relative to HREE and HFS, similar REE patterns without Eu anomaly. The basalts have depleted Ti, Ta and Nb and slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies, with Nb = 0.54--1.17 averaging 0. 84. The dacites have depleted P and Ti and also slightly negative Nb and Ta anomalies, with Nb= 0. 74 -1. 06 averaging 0. 86. Major and trace elemental and isotopic studies suggest that both basalt and dacite originated from the partial melting of the mantle wedge at different degrees above the subduction zone. The spinal Iherzolite in the upper mantle is likely to be their source rocks, which might have been affected by the selective metasomatism of fluids with crustal geochemistry. The LILE contents of both rocks were affected by metamorphism at later stages. The Yeba bimodal volcanic rocks formed in a temporal extensional situation in a mature island arc resulting from the Indosinian Gangdise magmatic arc.

MULTIPLE ISLAND ARC-BASIN SYSTEM AND ITS EVOLUTION IN GANGDISE TECTONIC BELT,TIBET

Gangdise tectonic belt, located in the middle part of Tibet—Qinghai plateau Tethys tectonic domain, is the most representative region in Tibet—Qinghai plateau Tethyan evolution especially in Mesozoic era. It is mainly covered by thick Jurassic—Cretaceous system layer. During the Mesozoic to Cenozoic era, strong island\|arc types volcanism and volcanic rocks and intrusive rocks belt.. Geologists had divided the Tibet Tethyan evolution into three or four stages (Huang, Jiqing, 1987; Pan Guitang, Li Xinzheng, 1993), according to the ocean\|land conversion process of Tethyan evolution .The Tethyan evolution and the nature of Gangdise tectonic belt had been well\|studied by geologists (Huang Jiqing, 1987; Deng Wanming, 1984; Xia Daixiang, 1986; Cheng Changlun 1987; ZhouXiang 1993; Pan Guitang, 1996). Studies showed that Gangdise tectonic belt, from upper Paleozoic to Mesozoic era, had been developed alternate multiple island arc\|basin system, and characterized by many basin types and strong tectonic\|magma activity. Based on the study of Gangdise multiple island arc\|basin system, I present another version of Gangdise tectonic belt tectonic units division and evolution here.

PETROGENETIC AND METALLOGENETIC AGES FOR THE PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSITS IN THE GANGDISE METALLOGENIC BELT IN SOUTHERN TIBET

Recent examination and assessment about the porphyry copper deposits in Gangdise metallogenic belt in southern Tibet have revealed that these porphyry copper deposits are highly prospective. Several methods have been used for the isotopic dating of the Qulong, Tinggong and Chongjiang porphyry copper deposits, which gives out a petrogenetic age of 17.58±0.74Ma (single-zircon dating of SHRIMP), a metallogenetic age of 15.99±0.32Ma (Re-Os isochron dating) and an alteration age ranging between 12.00Ma and 16.5Ma (K-Ar dating). The metallogenetic age is in general agreement with the alteration age. It can be seen that the petrogenetic and metallogenetic ages for the porphyry copper deposits in Gangdise metallogenic belt are noticeably later than the age for the collisional granitic intrusion in this belt. The authors contend that the porphyry copper deposits in the study area were formed in a post-collisional extensional tectonic setting, and are closely related to the delamination of the mountain roots of the orogenic belts and the uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Copper-Polymetal Metallogenic Series and Prospecting Perspective of Eastern Section of Gangdise

Geological, geophysical, geochemical and remote sensing comprehensive studies show that big ore-prospecting potentiality is contained in the eastern section of the Gangdise Mountains, Tibet. There are various mineralization types with dominant types of porphyry and exhalation. According to their relations with tectonic evolution, they are divided into four kinds of metallogenic series as follows: magmatic type (Cr, Pt, Cu, Ni) and exhalation type (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag) ore deposit series related to Neo-Tethys oceanic crust subduction action (125-96 Ma); epithermal type (Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Sb), altered fractured rock type (Cu, Mo) and skarn rock type (Cu) ore deposit series related to arc-continental collision; porphyry type (Cu, Mo), cryptoexplosion breccia type (Cu, Au, Pb, Zn), shear zone type (Au, Ag, Sb) and skarn rock type (Cu, Fe) ore deposit series with relation to post-orogenic extensional strike-slip. From subductive complex to the north, zoning appears to be crystallization differentiation type (segregation type)-shear zone type (altered rock type)-skarn rock type, epithermal type-porphyry type-porphyry type and exhalation type-exhalation type-hydrothermal filling-replacement type. The ore deposit is characterized by multi-places from the same source, parity and multi-stage, hypabyssal rock from the deep source and poly genetic compound as a whole.

Characteristics and evolution of ore-forming fluids of the Chongjiang copper deposit in the Gangdise porphyry copper belt, Tibet

Petrography, microthermometry, and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer （SEM/EDS） studies were performed on the fluid inclusions in the ore-beating quartz veins and quartz phenocrysts in the porphyry of the Chongjiang porphyry copper deposit. The analyses of the fluid inclusions indicate that the ore-forming fluids were exsolved from magma. They are near-saturated, supercritical, rich in volatile constituents, and have the capture temperature of 362-389℃ and salinities of 17.7wt%- 18.9wt% NaC1 eq. With the decreasing of temperature and pressure, the supercritical fluids were separated into a low salinity vapor phase and a high salinity liquid phase. During quartz-sericitization, the high salinity fluid boiled and separated into a low salinity vapor phase and a high salinity liquid phase. The high salinity inclusions that formed in the boiling process had daughter mineral melting temperatures higher than the homogenization temperatures of the vapor and liquid phases. The late fluids that are responsible for argillization are of lower temperature and salinity.

PORPHYRY AND SKARN Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au METALLOGENY OF THE GANGDISE PLUTONIC -VOLCANIC ARC, TIBET

The Gangdise plutonic\|volcanic arc is situated in the eastern section of the Tethys\|Himalaya metallogenic province. It is acknowledged as a “tectonic\|magmatic complex" because of its well\|developed fault and igneous activities. Intermediate to acid plutons and dikes were mainly emplaced in the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene volcanic rocks. The unique tectonic position and extremely complicated evolution history of the Gangdise arc have given rise to favorable conditions for polymetal mineralization. From Xietongmen in the west to Mozhugongka in the east of the arc, Au, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ag show large ore\|forming potentials with well overlapped and highly intensified polymetal anomalies. In the arc region, many localities, like Jiama (Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag) and Qulong (Cu, Pb, Zn) in Mozhugongka county, Lakang’e (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo) in Lazi county, Tinggong (Cu, Mo) and Chongjiang (Cu, Mo) in Nimu county, Dabu (Cu, Au) in Qushui county, and Dongga (Au, Cu) in Xietongmen county, have sound prospective for polymetals.

Positioning the Southern Margin of Asia Prior to Its Collision with India: Paleomagnetic Constraints from Late Cretaceous Dykes in Gangdise Belt

The pre-collisional southern margin of Asia can be restored using paleomagnetic data from late Cretaceous rocks from the Lhasa terrane.However,the available data are based either on the red beds or on the intercalated thin layers of lava flows,both of which had been involved in strongly folding.Recent studies show clear evidence for the possibility of serious overprint hence the data could not be reliably used for tectonic interpretation.We report paleomagnetic data from diorite dykes and the grano-diorite country rock in the Gandise belt near the city of Lhasa.U–Pb isotopic dating indicates the intrusive rocks have an age of;2–86 Ma.Fifteen sites yield acceptable Ch RM directions which pass a reversal test.SEM and light microscope observations show primaryintergrowth relationship between magnetite and other minerals within the thin sections.AMS measurement defines a primary magma flow fabric for the intruded dykes and the country rocks.All the characteristics support that the Ch RMs are primary.The paleomagnetic pole calculated from the remanence of the dykes and the country rocks yields a paleolatitude of;4°N which provide a reliable constraint for the southern margin of Asia near Lhasa.Furthermore,the recorded declination shows significant counterclockwise rotation of;0°for the sampling location relative to the north.In consideration of the strike and tectonic setting of the dykes,the strike of the southern margin of Asia is restored which is compatible with the hypothesis of a quasi-linear margin of Eurasia prior to its collision with India.

Glacial changes in the GangdisêMountains from 1970 to 2016

Based on the revised First Chinese Glacier Inventory (FCGI), the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory (SCGI) and Landsat OLI images for 2015-2016, we analyzed the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of glaciers in the Gangdisê Mountains from 1970 to 2016. The results showed that there were 3953 glaciers with a total area of 1306.45 km2 and ice volume of ~58.16 km3 in the Gangdisê Mountains in 2015-2016. Glaciers with sizes of 0.1-5 km2 and <0.5 km2 accounted for the largest area and the most amounts of glaciers in the Gangdisê Mountains, respectively. Over the past five decades, the area of glaciers in the Gangdisê Mountains decreased by 854.05 km2 (−1.09%a−1), accounting for 39.53% of the total glacier area in 1970. The increase in temperature during the ablation period was the most important cause for glacier retreat. Compared to other mountains in western China, the Gangdisê Mountains have experienced the strongest glacial retreat, and the rate of recession has increased in recent years. The decrease of glacier area was mainly concentrated at elevations of 5600-6100 m, and no change in glacier area was observed at elevations above 6500 m. The number and area of glaciers decreased in all orientations in the Gangdisê Mountains except for south- and southeast-oriented glaciers. Among them, north-oriented glaciers suffered the largest loss of glacier area, while glacier retreat saw the fastest in northwest-oriented glaciers. The rate of glacier retreat increased from west to east in the Gangdisê Mountains. The relative rate of glacier area change was the highest in the eastern section of the Gangdisê Mountains (−1.72%a−1), followed by the middle section (−1.67%a−1) and the western section (−0.83%a−1).

Discovery of Early Triassic conodonts in western Gangdisê and the establishment of the Tangnale Formation

Most geologists believe that there are no Early and Middle Triassic strata in the W. Gandisê stratigraphic subregion, but the present authors have found Early Triassic conodonts for the first time in the Shiquanhe area, including five conodonts genera (Form genera): Pachycladina, Neohindeodella, Cornudina, Hadrodontina and Hibbardella sp. etc. Then we affirm that Early Triassic deposits exist in the Gandisê stratigraphic subregion, and establish the Tangnale Formation. The conclusion is new important complementary basal data for Triassic stratigraphy division of Gangdisê, reconstructing palaogeography and studying Gangdisê from Paleozoic to Mesozoic island-arc evolution and transi-tion.

西藏龙玛拉矽卡岩型铅锌多金属矿床金属矿物特征及地质意义

龙玛拉铅锌多金属矿床是冈底斯成矿带东段北缘念青唐古拉矽卡岩型多金属成矿带一个典型的铅锌矿床,矿床以铅锌银矿化为主,伴生铁铜矿化,具有矿化元素丰富,品位高的特点。矿体在纵向上发育明显的矿化分带,从矿体顶部向下依次发育铅锌银矿化、锌铜矿化、铁铜矿化和铁矿化,表现出从矿体顶部到矿体,从低温到高温的元素和矿物组合的分布规律。镜下鉴定及电子探针分析结果表明,矿床主要金属矿物有方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和磁铁矿,同时存在少量的斜方辉铅铋矿、自然铋等铋矿物以及白铁矿、铜蓝、孔雀石等次生矿物,金属矿物间具有复杂的穿插交代关系,根据详细的野外观察和镜下鉴定厘清了矿物生成顺序。黄铁矿Co/Ni比值集中在1~5之间,显示出岩浆热液成因的特点,其Fe/(S+As)比值和胶状黄铁矿的出现暗示矿床形成于中浅成环境,闪锌矿富Fe、Mn,多为铁闪锌矿,表明其形成于中高温环境,按照Fe元素温度计估算出闪锌矿成矿温度为259~305℃,磁黄铁矿以单斜磁黄铁矿为主,为低温成因,且在浅部围岩和矿体中均大量出现,显示出成矿流体运移至近地表后快速降温,在强还原条件下发生了硫化物沉淀,龙玛拉矿床为远端岩浆热液矽卡岩型矿床。矿床中铋矿物与银具有密切的时空关系,指示铋对银的富集可能具有重要作用,对该带银成矿规律的研究具有一定的指示意义。

冈底斯成矿带谢通门县梅巴切勤早白垩世高分异A型花岗岩的地球化学特征与钨锡成矿作用

高分异花岗岩因其特殊的成矿专属性而受到广泛关注。谢通门县梅巴切勤复式岩体出露于冈底斯成矿带,由黑云母正长花岗岩、二云母正长花岗岩和白云母正长花岗岩构成,钨锡矿体处于白云母正长花岗岩内部或外接触带。在详细地质研究的基础上,用LA-ICP-MS方法获得了129.7±0.9 Ma(黑云母正长花岗岩)、128.4±1.6 Ma(二云母正长花岗岩)与129.5±0.5 Ma(白云母正长花岗岩)的^(206)Pb/^(238)U加权平均年龄。花岗岩具有高SiO_(2)、K_(2)O、K_(2)O+Na_(2)O,低Al_(2)O_(3)、CaO、MgO的特点,相对富集Zr、Nb、Ce、Y、Hf等元素,亏损Ti、Ba、Sr、P等元素,具有较高的10000Ga/Al、全岩Zr饱和温度和明显的Eu负异常,显示其为高分异A型花岗岩,形成于碰撞后的伸展环境。白云母正长花岗岩是分异演化的最终产物,为稀有金属花岗岩,存在较明显的稀土元素四分组效应,其更为强烈的熔体—流体作用造成W、Sn、Nb、Ta等稀有金属进一步富集,碰撞后的伸展环境以及热扰动在提供通道和热源的同时,也延长了岩浆分异演化时间,有利于成矿物质在岩浆演化的晚期阶段富集和品位高、规模大的稀有金属矿床的形成。梅巴切勤地区良好的成矿地质条件预示着其具有形成大—超大型矿的潜力,该研究对于冈底斯成矿带W、Sn、Nb、Ta等稀有金属找矿有着重要的引导和参考意义。

西藏当雄县九子拉蛇绿混杂岩中超基性岩地球化学特征及地质意义

通过对九子拉区域出露的蛇绿混杂岩中超基性岩进行了岩石学、岩相学、地球化学特征等方面的研究,结果表明:九子拉地区超基性的岩石类型为辉橄岩,岩石具强烈蛇纹石化。主量元素方面表现出高Mg(MgO=43.27%45.46%)、高Si(SiO_(2)=43.93%46.52%)、贫Al(Al_(2)O_(3)=0.52%0.86%)、低铁Fe(FeOT=8.33%8.84%)的特征,经球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分模式表现为从轻稀土略富集趋势向右缓倾的特征,其(La/Yb)N为3.29.42,具较轻铕负异常(Eu/Eu^(*)=0.151.99)和较轻正铈异常(Ce/Ce^(*)=0.711.14)。微量元素明显富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、P,相对富集Rb、Ta等元素,贫Hf、Sm、Yb元素,属典型的镁铁质超基性岩。样品中LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb最小年龄为119 Ma。结合区域构造背景,认为九子拉地区中部可能是一个早侏罗世开始俯冲、早白垩世闭合的具有独立演化历程的局限性洋盆,代表了特提斯洋向南俯冲诱导出的一系列藕断丝连的中生代弧间及弧后扩张盆地。

西藏吉如斑岩铜矿地质特征及流体包裹体均一温度对成矿过程的指示意义

吉如斑岩型铜矿位于冈底斯斑岩成矿带中段,发育有中新世和始新世两期斑岩矿化。通过研究这两期矿化形成的石英—硫化物脉中的包裹体特征,并测定了其均一温度,发现二者存在较大差异,并推测流体温度的降低可能是矿质沉淀的主要因素。

基于随机森林算法的找矿预测——以冈底斯成矿带西段斑岩——浅成低温热液型铜多金属矿为例

【研究目的】矿产资源定位预测的核心是矿产分布与控矿地质因素之间的非线性关系,大数据及机器学习技术在解决这类复杂非线性关系问题方面已经体现出巨大的优势。小比例尺地物化遥信息的预测数据集具有高维和极不平衡的特点,依靠传统的逻辑假设或统计分析很难适应。本文尝试将随机森林算法引入到小比例尺找矿预测领域来开展研究,探索大数据及机器学习技术在小比例尺找矿预测中的应用。【研究方法】近年来,冈底斯成矿带西段新发现了鲁尔玛、拔拉扎、达若、红山和罗布真等多个斑岩型、浅成低温热液型铜金多金属矿床(点),证实冈底斯西段具有寻找斑岩型、浅成低温热液型铜金多金属矿的巨大潜力。本文以新发现的典型矿床为研究对象,在总结冈底斯成矿带西段斑岩铜矿成因模式的基础上,结合物化遥综合信息,构建地物化遥综合找矿模型,最后利用随机森林法开展研究区找矿预测。【研究结果】本文结合典型矿床与区域地质、地球物理、地球化学及遥感综合信息,利用随机森林法在冈底斯成矿带西段开展斑岩型、浅成低温热液型铜金多金属矿的找矿预测,圈定出斑岩—浅成低温热液型铜多金属矿找矿远景区11个(包含Ⅰ级远景区2个,Ⅱ级远景区3个,Ⅲ级远景区6个),其中罗布真、打加错、达若、拔拉杂、尕尔穷和布东拉等远景区找矿潜力较大。【结论】基于大数据机器学习的欠采样随机森林预测模型,有望适应综合地物化遥信息的预测数据高维和极不平衡特点,为成矿带尺度区域找矿预测提供方向。本次工作确定的远景区有望发现新的矿床(点),为冈底斯成矿带找矿勘查打开了新的视野。

冈底斯岩浆带中段岩浆混合作用:来自花岗杂岩的证据

巨型冈底斯岩浆岩带横旦于青藏高原南部,主要由花岗质岩石组成,其中存在大量的镁铁质微粒包体,以辉长岩为主的基性岩相对集中在岩浆岩带南部。辉长岩类与花岗质岩石呈渐变过渡关系。辉长岩中出现有石英,暗色矿物沿着长石颗粒边部分布,花岗闪长岩中出现有基性倍长石(An＞80),辉长岩中有中长石(An=45)出现,镁铁质微粒包体(MME)包体中倍长石-钙长石(An=72～90)和中长石(An=37)共存,这些矿物组合的不协调现象是岩浆演化过程中混合作用的表现形式;MME的化学成分相对高钾、铝和铁镁,MME、花岗岩类寄主岩及辉长岩类岩石化学成分呈直线变异趋势(相对MgO), MME的SiO_2和K_2O、Na_2O成分的过渡性变化也都反映出混合作用特征;基性辉长岩类、酸性花岗质岩石和MME包体的稀土配分模式基本一致,其微量元素特征也具有明显的一致性,反映了岩浆混合作用的特征;辉长岩类的^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd比值较高,^(87) Sr/^(86)Sr比值较低,而偏酸性的花岗质岩石中^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd比值较低,^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr比值较高,构成直线性分布趋势,并位于地幔演化线的延伸方向上,显示区域岩浆混合作用特征;辉长岩、花岗岩类和MME的同位素年龄值十分接近,也表明三者属于岩浆混合作用产物。研究证明,冈底斯岩浆岩带中不同岩性均由不同比例的基性端元和酸性端元成分混合而成,其中基性端元成分所占的比例变化在16%～90%不等,仅从侵入岩浆推算,幔源基性岩浆对冈底斯地壳垂向增厚的贡献率超过5%。可以推断,随着俯冲-碰撞过程中产生的基性岩浆底侵作用,冈底斯岩浆岩带发生壳幔岩浆混合作用,其时代为50～45Ma,属于印度-欧亚大陆碰撞开始15Ma后的主碰撞期内,岩浆混合作用是碰撞过程中壳幔物质与成分交换的主要形式之一,是研究主碰撞带北部青藏高原的陆壳增生与改造、地壳结构及成分变化重要途径之一。

西藏冈底斯成矿带矿产资源远景评价与展望

西藏冈底斯成矿带是中国西部地质工作程度极低的地区之一,但成矿条件有利。综合近年地质大调查工作的最新成果,在对冈底斯成矿带的成矿地质背景、成矿条件进行分析和研究的基础上,认为冈底斯是一个找矿潜力巨大的铜、铁、多金属成矿带。根据成矿作用类型将冈底斯主要的矿床类型分为与斑岩、弧火山岩、中酸性侵入岩和蛇绿混杂岩等有关的铜、铁、金、银多金属矿床;并根据其资源找矿潜力,在冈底斯成矿带中划分5个找矿远景区,指出铜矿、富铁矿、富银铅锌矿及金矿是冈底斯成矿带的优势矿种,斑岩铜矿、火山岩型铜矿是冈底斯成矿带中2个最重要的矿床类型。

西藏冈底斯南缘构造格架与成矿系统

近年来我国的地质勘查评价工作在西藏冈底斯地区取得了重要的进展 ,除了初步证实其中的甲马、冲江、厅宫、驱龙等多个斑岩型铜矿床具有大型或超大型矿床的找矿前景外 ,富铁、富银多金属等矿产在冈底斯也具较大的资源远景 ,显示出西藏冈底斯成矿带有望成为具有世界级规模的铜、富铁、多金属成矿带。笔者综合近年来在西藏冈底斯地区地质勘查评价工作所取得的新成果 ,在对西藏冈底斯成矿带的成矿地质背景、成矿条件进行初步分析的基础上 ,对南冈底斯成矿带成矿系统的主要类型及其特征进行了初步研究 ,并根据成矿地质条件和已知矿床特征 ,在冈底斯成矿带中划分出 5个铜、富铁、多金属成矿远景区 ,指出驱龙铜矿、厅宫铜矿、白容铜矿以及恰功富铁矿、洞中松多银多金属矿是冈底斯成矿带进一步勘查评价工作的首选目标。

西藏冈底斯巨型斑岩铜矿带勘查研究最新进展

冈底斯斑岩铜矿带是近年来中国在世界三大斑岩铜矿带之一的喜马拉雅—特提斯成矿域中铜矿找矿取得重大突破的斑岩成矿带。驱龙等大—超大型斑岩铜矿床的发现与评价,标志着一个超千万吨级的斑岩铜矿勘查开发基地已经初步形成。笔者在重点介绍近年来驱龙、朱诺、冲江、吉如等斑岩铜矿最新找矿成果的基础上,对该带控岩控矿构造、含矿斑岩及其源区特征、成矿规律、成矿系列、成矿时代等主要理论研究成果进行了归纳与总结,并对其勘查和研究工作中存在的不足以及今后的努力方向提出了建议。