The Impact on Extraction Effect of Polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum by Different Pretreatment

[Objectives] The research aimed to study the impact on extraction effect of polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum( lingzhi) by different pretreatment methods. [Methods] The impacts on extraction of G. lucidum polysaccharide by soaking,microwave and air flow fine pulverization were contrasted,and the extraction effect of G. lucidum polysaccharide by combining the optimal pretreatment manner with hot water extraction,alcohol extraction,alkali extraction,ultrasonic binding enzyme extraction,and microwave extraction was compared. Finally,the property of G. lucidum polysaccharide obtained after air flow fine pulverization pretreatment was detected and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. [Results] The optimal pretreatment method was air flow fine pulverization. Compared with traditional method-direct extraction( coarse grinding combining hot water extraction),crude yield changed little,while polysaccharide content and yield were improved by 114% and 104%. The best combination manner was air flow fine pulverization pretreatment combining with alkali extraction. Compared with traditional method,crude yield,polysaccharide content and yield were improved by 76%,78% and 215% respectively. The property of G. lucidum polysaccharide obtained after air flow fine pulverization pretreatment was detected and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. It was found that the treatment method had little impact on the property of G. lucidum polysaccharide. [Conclusions]Air flow fine pulverization pretreatment could greatly improve extraction effect of G. lucidum polysaccharide,which mainly improved the content and yield of G. lucidum polysaccharide,and extraction was more complete,with less impact on the property of the extracted polysaccharide. It was speculated that air flow fine pulverization pretreatment mainly destroyed mechanical support wall membrane structure of G. lucidum fine powder,making that intracellular functional substances completely dissolved out of the cell,and the content would be studied in follow-up experiment.

Optimization of enzyme assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum

In the present work,an enzyme assisted extraction method is used to isolate crude polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. The isolating effect was optimized with orthographic graph statistic method with three levels and four independent variables. Complex enzyme,extraction temperature,extraction time and extraction pH were combined to obtain the best possible combination to get maximum amount of extract and crude polysaccharides yield. The optimum extraction conditions were:complex enzyme amount of 3 %(w/v),extraction temperature at 45 ℃,extraction time of 3 h and extraction pH at 7. Under these conditions,the experimental amount of extract is 8.9 % and the yield of crude polysaccharides is 1.1 %,which are in close agreement with the value predicted by the model.

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Hot Water Extracts from 7 Different Sources of Ganoderma Lucidum

[Objectives] To study the in vitro antioxidant activity of hot water extracts from 7 different sources of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom.[Methods] The in vitro antioxidant activity of hot water extracts from 7 different sources of G. lucidum was studied from total reducing capacity,scavenging of hydroxyl free radical( ·OH),superoxide anion( O_2^(2-)·),and DPPH free radical.[Results]Under the same concentration,hot water extracts wild G. lucidum in Maoer Mountain showed the strongest reducing capacity with the absorbency being 2. 48,the highest scavenging capacity of hydroxyl free radical( · OH) with the scavenging rate being 99. 46%,and the strongest scavenging ability of DPPH free radical with its scavenging rate being 96. 62%. The ability of scavenging superoxide anion free radical( O_2^(2-)·) ranked the third.[Conclusions]The hot water extracts from Maoer Mountain wild G. lucidum showed the highest antioxidant ability in three aspects,indicating that Maoer Mountain wild G. lucidum has high development potential.

Study on the Anti-aging Efficacy of the Active Ingredients in Aqueous Extract of Ganoderma lucidum

[ Objective ] The research aimed to develop anti-aging masks with aqueous extracts of Ganoderma lucidum and to study the clinical efficacy on the delaying of skin aging. [Method] The anti-aging efficacy of the aqueous extract of C.anoderrna luciclum was evaluated by sensory evaluation, safety evaluation, instrumental measurements, etc. [ Result] The results of sensory evaluation showed that after continuous application of the test materials for 12 weeks, the skin dryness, elasticity, surface sheen, fine wrinkles and smoothness were well improved, and the improvement rates were 9l. 17%, 91.17% , 94.12% , 11.76% and 91.18% , respectively. The measurement results by specialized instrument showed that the skin hydration on the target site increased continuously with the prolonging of the using time. Significant differences existed between each time point after using the products and the time before using. There was no signiScant difference existed in elasticity index 112 and R5 compared with before using. [Result] Clinical data showed that the active ingredients in aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum had a certain effect on the delaying of skin aging.

Comparison of the antitumor activity of polysaccharides extracted by boiling water and enzyme assistance from Ganoderma lucidum

Polysaccharides are the most important pharmacologically active constituents of Ganoderma lucidum. In this work,polysaccharides were extracted from Ganoderma lucidum with boiling water method and enzyme assisted method. The human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 was used to compare the antitumor effect of the two kinds of extraction with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) test. Both of these two kinds of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides reduced cell viability of cancer cell HepG2 in a dose and time-dependent manner. At low concentrations,there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of L1 and L2;while at concentrations over 0.8 μg/mL,the difference in the effectiveness of L2 in comparison to L1 became significant. At the concentrations of 3.2 μg/mL,the cancer cells were almost killed in 2 d.

Breaking and Characteristics of Ganoderma Lucidum Spores by High Speed Entrifugai Shearing Pulverizer

The spores of Ganoderma lucidum were ground and broken to ultrafine particles by high speed centrifugal shearing（HSCS） pulverizer. The characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum spores were analyzed by scanning electron microscope （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry （FTIR）. Ultraviolet-visible pectrophotometer was used to determine the extraction ratio of aqueous solubility polysaccharide between the raw and broken spores. The immunological function on the mice before and after the breaking of spores wan investigated. The experimental results show that after being ground, the sporoderm-broken ratio reachs 100%, the original active ingredients of ganoderma lucidum spores do not change, and the extraction ratio of aqueous solubility polysaccharide is greatly increased by 40.08%. The broken spores show much higher immunological activity comparing with original spores of Ganoderma lucidum.

灵芝提取物通过Nrf2/ARE通路对肝硬化小鼠肝功能的保护作用研究

[目的]探讨灵芝提取物(ganoderma lucidum extract,GLE)对肝硬化小鼠的肝保护作用及机制。[方法]将10只雄性C57BL/6小鼠作为对照组,剩余40只小鼠采用四氯化碳橄榄油混悬液诱导肝硬化模型,并随机分为模型组和GLE低(50 mg/kg·d)、中(100 mg/kg·d)、高(200 mg/kg·d)剂量组,对照组及模型组均灌胃等量0.9%氯化钠溶液。计算肝脏指数;以全自动生化分析仪检测小鼠血清中谷氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)活性和总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TB)和肌酐(creatinine,Cr)水平;以苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin eosin,HE)染色观察肝组织病理学变化,Masson染色观察肝组织纤维化程度;以脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记(terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling,TUNEL)染色观察肝细胞凋亡情况;酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-6、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性;免疫印迹法检测肝组织中总核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2 related factor 2,Nrf2)和核Nrf2、血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)及醌氧化还原酶1[NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1]、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(CollagenⅠ)及E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)的表达情况。[结果]与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝损伤明显,肝脏指数,血清ALT、AST活性,TC、TB及Cr水平,肝纤维化程度,肝细胞凋亡指数,血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及MDA水平,α-SMA及CollagenⅠ蛋白相对表达量升高(P<0.05),血清SOD和GSH-Px活性、肝组织总Nrf2和核Nrf2、HO-1、NQO1及E-cadherin蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,GLE低、中、高剂量组小鼠肝损伤逐步减轻,肝脏指数,血清ALT、AST活性,TC、TB及Cr水平,肝纤维化程度,肝细胞凋亡指数,血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及MDA水平,α-SMA及CollagenⅠ蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),血清SOD和GSH-Px活性、肝组织总Nrf2和核Nrf2、HO-1、NQO1及E-cadherin蛋白表达升高(P<0.05)。[结论]GLE可减轻肝硬化小鼠组织病理损伤,改善肝功能,这可能与激活Nrf2/ARE通路,抑制氧化应激和炎症反应,进而干预肝纤维化有关。

不同灵芝菌丝体水提物对乙醇诱导LO2肝细胞损伤的保护作用

为了探讨不同灵芝菌丝体水提物对乙醇诱导LO2肝细胞损伤的保护作用,本文分析了7种不同灵芝菌株发酵菌丝体水提物对乙醇诱导LO2细胞损伤的保护作用。利用乙醇诱导LO2细胞建立体外肝损伤模型,并以细胞存活率、谷丙转氨酶(Alanine Aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate Aminotransferase,AST)、活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)和丙二醛(Malondiadehyde,MDA)水平为指标考察灵芝菌丝体水提物对乙醇诱导LO2细胞损伤的保护效果。结果表明,7种灵芝菌株的菌丝体水提物均具有不同程度的保护作用。综合比较,G0119与G0154菌丝体的水提物作用效果较优,相较模型组,LO2细胞存活率显著提高(P<0.05),细胞培养液中的ALT、AST活力显著降低(P<0.05),细胞内ROS水平显著降低(P<0.05),SOD活力、GSH含量显著升高(P<0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。经相关性分析,发现水提物中多糖组分2的分子量大小与其保肝活性呈正相关,即分子量越大,活性越强。综上,灵芝菌丝体水提物对乙醇诱导的体外肝损伤起到保护作用,并且G0119与G0154菌株的作用效果较优,其保肝作用与提取物中多糖组分的分子量大小相关。

灵芝复合剂乙酸乙酯提取物的化学组成及其抗肿瘤活性

该文研究了灵芝复合剂乙酸乙酯提取物(Ganoderma lucidum Complex Ethyl Acetate Extract,GCE)的化学组成及抗肿瘤活性。GCE由灵芝、菟丝子、五味子、党参(质量比50.3:25.2:15.7:8.8)组成复合剂后再经乙酸乙酯萃取所得。试验采用超高压液相色谱飞行时间质谱联用仪(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)分析其物质组成;设空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、GCE低、中、高剂量组。检测其抑瘤率,脏器指数,脾淋巴细胞增殖能力,血清细胞因子。结果表明:GCE主要由11种化合物组成:L-焦谷氨酸、DL-亮氨酸腺苷、D-赤酮酸内酯、L-正亮氨酸、邻苯三酚、2-羟基-3-甲基吡喃-4-酮、绿原酸、3-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)丙酸、槲皮素、五味子素;GCE低、中、高剂量组(50、100、200 mg/kg)H22荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤率分别为35.14%、38.25%、50.87%;与模型组相比,GCE低、中、高剂量均能显著促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖(P<0.01);GCE高剂量能显著促进小鼠的IL-6、TNF-α和IL-12分泌(P<0.05)。结论,GCE对H22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤有一定抑制作用,该研究结果可为抗肿瘤功能的产品研发提供新思路。

灵芝多糖的构效关系、提取工艺及药理作用研究进展

灵芝是一种广受欢迎的药食两用真菌,因其极高的药用价值而被广泛地研究和栽培。灵芝多糖作为重要的生物活性成分,具有抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗炎、降血糖、保护肝脏、调节中枢神经等作用。本文通过灵芝多糖的构效关系、提取工艺和药理作用3个方面做出了详细的归纳和阐述,以期为灵芝多糖的开发和综合应用提供理论依据。

用血清药理学方法研究灵芝浸膏GLE的抗肿瘤作用机制

探讨灵芝浸膏 (GanodermalucidumExtract,GLE)的抗肿瘤作用及其机制。方法 :采用血清药理学与体内外抑瘤实验相结合方法。MTT法测肿瘤细胞增殖程度 ,流式细胞仪测细胞凋亡 ,同时采用生物法测TNF α,ELISA测定IFN γ ,并用RT PCR方法检测mRNA表达。结果 :(1)GLE(5、10、2 0 g·kg-1)灌胃显著抑制小鼠移植性肉瘤S180的生长 ;(2 )GLE直接加入S180细胞体外培养不能抑制其生长 ,亦无诱导其凋亡的作用 ;(3)GLE血清显著抑制S180细胞生长并诱导其凋亡 ,GLE血清中TNF α、INF γ水平显著升高 ,而且GLE显著促进其mRNA的表达。结论 :GLE无直接的抗肿瘤作用 ,其抗肿瘤作用是通过促进TNF α和INF γmRNA表达及其生成而实现的。

赤芝提取物的抗氧化美白及细胞增殖作用研究

目的:研究赤芝提取物(GLE)抗氧化美白及细胞增殖作用。方法:以测定GLE中糖类含量,体外1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基清除力、蘑菇酪氨酸酶活性抑制力、抑制B16F10细胞黑色素合成及酪氨酸酶活性抑制、结晶紫实验和划痕实验为评价指标,研究GLE抗氧化美白及对L929成纤维细胞增殖的作用。结果:GLE中富含总糖、多糖,GLE相较于β-熊果苷对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基表现出较弱的清除作用,其自由基清除率半抑制浓度(IC 50)分别为1.6 mg/mL和1.2 mg/mL;对蘑菇酪氨酸酶活性有很强的抑制能力,基于α-MSH促黑激素细胞表型造模实验显示,0.4 mg/mL和0.8 mg/mL的GLE具有显著抑制B16F10细胞酪氨酸酶活性以及黑色素生成的作用;GLE具有促进L929成纤维细胞增殖作用。结论:GLE是美白及功能食品开发利用领域的候选者。

灵芝孢子油的制备工艺研究

为探究灵芝孢子油制备工艺路线,考察了不同提取工艺影响,利用单因素及响应面试验优化超临界CO_(2)萃取工艺条件,研究分子蒸馏精制对灵芝孢子油质量的改善。结果表明,正己烷浸提与超临界CO_(2)萃取工艺所得灵芝孢子油提取率、三萜含量、酸价皆无显著差异;超临界CO_(2)萃取工艺中,前处理需进行制粒工艺,最佳萃取条件为温度50℃、压力28 MPa、时间3.5 h。此条件下小试灵芝孢子油得率为28.57%,中试得率为29.12%;经分子蒸馏后,灵芝孢子油的感观、酸价及塑化剂含量得到极大改善。

灵芝水溶性和碱溶性多糖的提取工艺优化

对灵芝多糖的微波辅助水提取、碱提取工艺进行探究。以多糖得率为指标,采用响应面分析法对灵芝多糖的微波辅助水提取和碱提取工艺进行优化。水提取的最佳工艺条件为:微波功率325 W,料液质量比1∶35、提取时间24 min;碱提取的最佳工艺条件:NaOH质量分数5.4%,料液质量比1∶35、提取温度40℃、提取时间75 min。利用优化后的工艺对沪农灵芝和龙芝2号的子实体进行多糖提取,水溶性多糖(GLP1)得率均大于1%,碱溶性多糖(GLP2)得率均大于5%。多糖的红外谱图显示:沪农灵芝的GLP1、GLP2和龙芝2号的GLP1、GLP2均有可能是氨基多糖;沪农灵芝的GLP2和龙芝2号的GLP2中存在吡喃糖环、甘露糖苷。优化后的工艺能显著提高灵芝水溶性、碱溶性多糖产量,不同灵芝材料中水溶性多糖、碱溶性多糖具有差异性。

菌草灵芝醇提物的体外抗氧化和免疫活性

采用乙醇提取菌草灵芝,对菌草灵芝醇提物(JGEH)的体外抗氧化和免疫活性进行了研究.结果表明:JGEH含量为2 mg·mL^(-1)时对DPPH、ABTS和羟基自由基的清除率分别达到85.61%、80.25%、100.00%;JGEH含量为25~200μg·mL^(-1)时对巨噬细胞RAW264.7无毒副作用,可促进细胞增殖,且细胞增殖率高达121.71%;JGEH可显著增强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,JGEH含量为25μg·mL^(-1)时的细胞吞噬指数高达345.21%;在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的细胞炎症模型中,JGEH表现出较强的抗炎活性,JGEH含量为25~200μg·mL^(-1)时可降低细胞中NO的释放量;JGEH可降低巨噬细胞中炎症相关因子基因的表达,降低细胞炎症反应.综上可知,JGEH有较强的体外抗氧化和免疫活性.

发酵灵芝主要活性物质变化及对HepG_(2)细胞的抑制作用

为探究鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵灵芝子实体粉的主要活性物质变化及对肝癌细胞HepG_(2)的抑制作用,采用固体发酵的方式,以鼠李糖乳杆菌为发酵菌种,灵芝子实体粉为发酵基质,制备发酵灵芝粉,研究其主要活性成分及抗氧化能力。对灵芝子实体粉进行植物代谢组学测定,通过扫描电镜观察其表面结构的变化。采用CCK-8法检测灵芝醇提物对肝癌细胞的抑制作用;细胞划痕的方法检测灵芝醇提物对肝癌细胞迁移的影响;Hoechst 33258检测灵芝醇提物对细胞核的影响,验证凋亡效果;PCR法分析HepG_(2)细胞凋亡相关基因的表达。结果表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵灵芝粉的三萜类物质含量为4.075mg/g、多糖含量为2.347 g/100 g、黄酮含量为4.604 mg/g与发酵前相比均提高;鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵灵芝粉抗氧化能力较原灵芝粉和发酵对照灵芝粉显著提高;植物代谢组学的结果显示,3种样品的物质成分和峰面积均有显著差异。细胞试验结果显示,发酵灵芝醇提物抑制HepG_(2)细胞增长和阻滞细胞迁移能力明显增加,且Hoechst 33258结果凋亡现象更加显著。通过PCR试验验证发酵灵芝醇提物干预细胞使得促进细胞凋亡相关基因Bax、Cyclin-A、CDK-2、P21、P53显著上调,抑制细胞凋亡相关基因Bcl-2显著下调。结论:鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵灵芝可提高灵芝主要活性物质,如灵芝三萜类化合物、灵芝多糖、黄酮的含量,发酵灵芝醇提物对HepG_(2)细胞的抑制作用更强。

灵芝孢子粉提取物延缓皮肤衰老作用研究

寻找天然有效成分以延缓皮肤衰老是近年来人们关注与研究的热点。为研究灵芝孢子粉提取物(Ganoderma lucidum spore extract,GLSE)对新生儿人真皮成纤维细胞(human dermal fibroblasts neonatal,HDFn)氧化损伤保护作用及其抗衰老作用,构建叔丁基过氧化氢(tert-butyl hydroperoxide,TBHP)诱导HDFn氧化损伤衰老模型,测定GLSE对衰老模型的保护作用以及细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性以及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平、线粒体膜电位变化;同时测定衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶活性以及抗氧化应激相关Nrf2/HO-1通路表达情况。结果显示,GLSE预处理后对TBHP诱导的衰老模型具有保护作用;GLSE作用HDFn后,能够降低MDA含量,提高细胞SOD和GSH-Px活性,稳定细胞线粒体膜电位,并且可以抑制细胞β-半乳糖苷酶活性,激活通路Nrf2/HO-1 mRNA表达。因此,GLSE作用于HDFn后,可以有效地减弱TBHP诱导的氧化损伤,从而达到延缓皮肤衰老的作用。

不同干燥方式对复方赤灵芝提取物中5-羟甲基糠醛含量的影响

研究在干燥复方赤灵芝提取物时5-羟甲基糠醛的含量变化并探索合适干燥方案。该研究采用了喷雾干燥、真空干燥、红外线干燥、热泵干燥、热风干燥以及真空冷冻干燥对复方赤灵芝提取物进行处理,研究了不同工艺参数下5-HMF含量变化。喷雾干燥的进料速度、通气量逐渐增加时5-HMF含量先增加后减少;真空干燥下5-HMF含量随干燥温度、物料厚度的增加而增加,5-HMF含量、水分含量随真空度的增加而降低(P<0.05);红外线、热泵及热风干燥下5-HMF含量随温度升高而增加。真空冷冻干燥后样品5-HMF含量为779.29 mg/kg,加工时间为50 h,耗时最长。在各优选方案下真空干燥所得样品5-HMF及水分含量最低为774.32 mg/kg、4.97%,加工时间17 h,耗时最短,样品呈黑褐色,质脆硬,不易复溶。因此,为保证有害物质5-HMF含量最低同时综合加工时间等因素,应优先考虑真空干燥方式,但还需采取进一步措施改善产品外观及复溶性。

灵芝三萜真空耦合超声提取工艺优化及其抗帕金森病活性

目的优化灵芝三萜真空耦合超声提取工艺,并考察其抗帕金森病活性。方法在单因素试验基础上,以超声时间、超声温度、乙醇体积分数、料液比为影响因素,灵芝三萜得率为评价指标,正交试验优化真空耦合超声提取工艺。采用1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)诱导的小鼠帕金森病模型评价灵芝三萜抗帕金森病活性。结果最佳条件为超声时间60 min,超声温度60℃,乙醇体积分数95%,料液比1∶20,灵芝三萜得率为0.887%。与模型组比较,灵芝三萜组小鼠转棒时间、悬挂时间延长(P<0.05,P<0.01),Nissl、TH阳性细胞数及TH阳性纤维数增加(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论该方法稳定可靠,可用于真空耦合超声提取具有较强抗帕金森病活性的灵芝三萜。

不同段木基质、初加工方法及提取方法对赤芝三种灵芝酸含量的影响

以不同的段木基质栽培赤芝LZ01,以不同的初加工和提取方法处理赤芝LZ02,再采用HPLC法对不同处理下获得的子实体样品中灵芝酸A、灵芝酸B、灵芝酸C的含量进行测定。比较3种段木基质栽培发现,白栎木材栽培时赤芝LZ01子实体中灵芝酸A含量最高且3种灵芝酸总含量最高,黄栎木材栽培时灵芝酸C含量最高,3种木材栽培方式下的赤芝LZ01子实体均基本不含灵芝酸B。比较不同初加工处理方式发现,赤芝LZ02新鲜子实体中灵芝酸A的含量最高且3种灵芝酸总含量最高,晒干处理下灵芝酸B、灵芝酸C的含量最高。比较不同提取方法发现,水浴回流提取法下赤芝LZ02子实体中灵芝酸A、灵芝酸B、灵芝酸C的含量均为最高。