RECENT TECTONIC DEFORMATION ANOMALY AND EARTHQUAKES IN GANSU-NINGXIA-QINGHAI AREA

By processing and analyzing geodetic data of vertical deformation, fault deformation and horizontal deformation by GPS in Gansu Ningxia Qinghai area and by comparing them with geological structures and many medium to strong earthquake activities in this area, some features of recent tectonic deformation anomaly and the development of medium to strong earthquakes are studied. The results show that: ①Near the main faults tectonic deformations are relatively large. The amount of vertical movement and the deformation status evolve with time. The horizontal movement and deformation show obvious compressional strike slip character. ②The dominant stress of tectonic deformation and seismic development in this area comes from the persistent northeastward compression of Qinghai Tibet block;The time spatial distribution evolution of tectonic deformation and seismic activities are closely related to dynamic evolution of block motion and regional tectonic stress field. ③The abnormal uplift and high gradient deformation belts and remarkable fault deformation anormaly on the borders of regional tectonic blocks are indicators of developing moderate to strong earthquakes but earthquakes may not necessarily take place in the position of maxium deformation, it usually occurred in the region where fault deformation anormaly shows “trend accumulation acceleration turn ” variation character or nearby. On the basis of above study, a preliminary prediction for strong earthquake risk in this area is given.

Six New Species of Sawflies from Gansu and Qinghai Provinces of China (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

Three new Tenthredinidae species are reported from Gansu and three from Qinghai Provinces of China. Tenthredo （Tenthredo） sinotemula sp. nov., Tenthredo （Tenthredella） labrangensis sp. nov. and Tenthredo （Tenthredella） sinosimplex sp. nov. are described from Gansu, Tenthredo （Tenthredella） rolleri sp. nov., Tenthredo （Tenthredella） qinghaiensis sp. nov. and Tenthredo （Tenthredella） yunningsiensis sp. nov. from Qinghai Province.

Progress of Geological Survey Using Airborne Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data in the Gansu and Qinghai Regions

Hyperspectral remote sensing is now a frontier of the remote sensing technology. Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing data have hundreds of narrow bands to obtain complete and continuous ground-object spectra. Therefore, they can be effectively used to identify these grotmd objects which are difficult to discriminate by using wide-band data, and show much promise in geological survey. At the height of 1500 m, have 36 bands in visible to the CASI hyperspectral data near-infrared spectral range, with a spectral resolution of 19 nm and a space resolution of 0.9 m. The SASI data have 101 bands in the shortwave infrared spectral range, with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a space resolution of 2.25 m. In 2010, China Geological Survey deployed an airborne CASI/SASI hyperspectral measurement project, and selected the Liuyuan and Fangshankou areas in the Beishan metallogenic belt of Gansu Province, and the Nachitai area of East Kunlun metallogenic belt in Qinghai Province to conduct geological survey. The work period of this project was three years.

Wet-dry changes in the borderland of Shaanxi,Gansu and Ningxia from 1208 to 1369 based on historical records

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought （F/D） index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region （BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan＇anlu in the Yuan Dynasty） was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208-1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. （1） 1208-1240： drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. （2） 1240-1320： long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. （3） 1320-1369： drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the MongoI-Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic change, might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.

The impacts of climate change on the Neolithic cultures of Gansu-Qinghai region during the late Holocene Megathermal

The Holocene Megathermal is divided into early, middle and late periods, each having different impacts on the Neolithic cultures due to their different climate changing trends This study is based on a comparative analysis of the environmental evolution information recorded in the Qinghai Lake, the western edge of the Loess Plateau and Zoige and the spatial distribution of Neolithic sites of the Gansu-Qinghai region. Results show that the early and middle periods towards warm and humid promoted the development of Neolithic cultures with agriculture as the main sector in the Gansu-Qinghai region, furthermore a heyday of Yangshao Culture prosperity emerged. The Holocene entered the late period after the cold climate event at 5.9 ka BP in the Gansu-Qinghai region. Later the climate began to turn cold. However, at the 5.8-4.2 ka BP a relatively stable warm and humid climate created the conditions for the development of Majiayao Culture of the Neolithic Age in this region, thus the distribution of its cultural heritage sites expanded towards high altitudes and high latitudes. From 4.2 ka BP onwards, the climate became cold and dry, which had a significant influence on the Neolithic cultures of the Gansu-Qinghai region, leading to a dramatic change in the cultural characters and spatial distribution of Qijia Culture around 4.2 ka BP. After a nearly 300 years of cold and dry period, the unified Neolithic farming culture completely collapsed. Afterwards an industrial division of animal husbandry and farming and regional multiple cultures formed, and ultimately led to the end of primitive society and the starting of a civilized society.

Response of vegetation restoration to climate change and human activities in Shaanxi-Gansu- Ningxia Region

The ＂Grain for Green Project＂ initiated by the governments since 1999 were the dominant contributors to the vegetation restoration in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern China. Climate change and human activities are responsible for the improvement and degradation to a certain degree. In order to monitor the vegetation variations and clarify the causes of rehabilitation in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region, this paper, based on the MODIS-NDVI and climate data during the period of 2000-2009, analyzes the main charac- teristics, spatial-temporal distribution and reasons of vegetation restoration, using methods of linear regression, the Hurst Exponent, standard deviation and other methods. Results are shown as follows. （1） From 2000 to 2009, the NDVI of the study area was improved progres- sively, with a linear tendency being 0.032/10a, faster than the growth of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program （0.007/10a） from 1982 to 2006. （2） The vegetation restoration is characterized by two fast-growing periods, with an ＂S-shaped＂ increasing curve. （3） The largest proportion of the contribution to vegetation restoration was observed in the slightly improved area, followed by the moderate and the significantly improved area; the degraded area is distributed sporadically over southern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as well as eastern Dingbian of Shaanxi province, Huanxian and Zhengyuan of Gansu province. （4） Climate change and human activities are two driving forces in vegetation restoration; more- over anthropogenic factors such as ＂Grain for Green Project＂ were the main causes leading to an increasing trend of NDVI on local scale. However, its influencing mechanism remains to be further investigated. （5） The Hurst Exponent of NDVI time series shows that the vegetation restoration was sustainable. It is expected that improvement in vegetation cover will expand to the most parts of the region.

陕甘宁红色旅游流的网络结构特征研究

开展陕甘宁红色旅游流网络结构特征研究,可以指导目的地旅游网络结构优化,推动红色旅游高质量发展。运用地理信息技术系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术、社会网络分析等方法,对陕甘宁红色旅游流整体网络特征、网络节点特征进行系统研究。结果表明,陕甘宁红色旅游流网络结构松散,密度低,呈现典型的“核心-边缘”特征;红色旅游流网络凝聚特征显著,地域集中性强,跨区域合作有待强化;延安革命纪念馆等关键节点功能地位突出,网络极化效应显著;核心节点对周边节点存在“虹吸效应”。研究进一步从构建多极化红色旅游流网络体系、推动红色旅游与相关业态协调发展和创新融合等方面就推动陕甘宁红色旅游流网络优化提出了相关对策建议。

陕甘宁三省区植被NPP时空变化及影响因素

对植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空变化及其驱动机制进行分析,可以在一定程度上反映生态恢复与管理工程的水平,具有十分重要的现实意义。本研究基于MOD17A3 NPP数据集以及同期气象、地形等数据,采用趋势分析、偏相关分析以及地理探测器等方法,对2001—2020年陕甘宁植被NPP时空变化及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:1)陕甘宁植被NPP整体呈增长趋势,增速为4.51 g/(m^(2)·a),其中陕西增长最为显著,甘肃和宁夏变化较为相近,植被固碳能力均不断提升。植被NPP在空间上有明显的差异性,总体呈现东南高西北低的特点,其中陕西汉中、安康、商洛以及甘肃陇南等地区植被资源丰富,向西北逐渐过渡到草原和荒漠草原,植被NPP开始不断减弱。2)陕甘宁植被NPP受到自然因素和人类活动的综合影响,与降水的相关性强于气温,相对湿度、降水、风速是引起植被NPP变化的主要气候因子,近年来人类活动产生的改善作用也在不断增强。地理探测器分析结果显示,双因子交互作用的解释力显著大于单因子,表现为非线性增强或双因子增强。研究结果揭示了气候变化和人类活动对植被NPP的影响,可为陕甘宁植被恢复和高质量发展提供依据,从而因地制宜制定有效的生态保护和管理策略。

革命课程话语的诞生——论中国共产党在陕甘宁边区的课程改革

中国共产党领导的陕甘宁边区的课程改革,创造性地建构了承载着红色文化的革命课程话语,其形成经历了全民族抗战的国防课程、提高质量的正规化课程、联系实际的本土化课程、转向文化知识的新型正规化课程四个历史阶段。革命课程话语的知识谱系与内涵集中地反映在政治、国文、历史三科之中,表现出贯穿唯物主义精神,促进语言文字大众化,以人民为社会历史的创造者等价值取向。革命课程话语的文化实践与价值意蕴体现在充分发挥育人价值,发扬人的主体自觉性;推动民族解放与独立,形成民族认同;造就民族国家共同体,并提供强大的精神动力;承载红色文化,形成革命的优良传统,探索出了一条本土化的中国课程道路。

话语转变与政治动员——论陕甘宁文艺运动中的“下乡入伍”

“下乡入伍”是抗战时期的一项重要文化政策和实践。与重口号宣传而轻组织动员的国统区大后方相比,在中国共产党领导下的陕甘宁边区,“下乡入伍”作为延安知识分子了解、反映边区军民生活的重要途径,不仅得到了边区机关、学校及各类协会的高度重视和有效组织,成为陕甘宁文艺运动的一个部分;更因为延安文艺座谈会的召开划分为各具特征的前后两期,在起到知识分子话语转变作用的同时,也对边区军民民族、国家意识的培养及其对中国共产党意识形态、政策制度的接受认可方面,发挥出巨大的政治动员效应。

1936年:环县在中国共产党历史上重要地位的确立

1936年在中国共产党的历史上是比较重要的年份,中央红军先后进行了东征和西征,三大主力红军在甘肃、宁夏会师,抗日民族统一战线初步形成,红军取得了山城堡战役的胜利。这一系列事件中环县扮演着重要的角色。6月西征战役开始不久,中国共产党提出把以环县洪德城为中心的新苏区建成“西方根据地的重心”,陕甘宁省成立后省委和省政府迁移到今环县洪德镇河连湾村,使河连湾村成为新苏区的枢纽,起到了“西方根据地的重心”的作用。10月,红一、红二、红四方面军在会宁和将台堡分别会师后,继续进行战略转移,充分说明红军长征还在继续。11月下旬,红军三个方面军互相配合取得了山城堡战役的胜利。山城堡战役胜利标志着红军长征最终结束,山城堡应是红军长征的结束地。

交互共存:从甘青“花儿”看多民族的交往交流交融

“花儿”是生长在西北大地上的一朵艺术奇葩,蕴含丰厚的历史积淀和文化内涵。“花儿”是西北地区多民族集体的智慧结晶,也是多民族交往交流交融的文化自信和文化认同的基质。在中华文化的大熔炉中,“花儿”是其中的瑰宝,它的旋律流淌过岁月的文化长河,歌词浸染着各民族文化的鲜明色彩,以摄魂夺魄的艺术魅力,涤荡着千千万万民众的心灵,真正彰显了各民族交融共生的社会理路。文章以传唱在甘青地区最为广泛的河州“花儿”为例,以交互共存的文化特质为切入点,探讨甘青“花儿”中呈现的多民族交往交流交融,以期为铸牢中华民族共同体意识提供养分,为实现中华民族伟大复兴凝聚精神力量。

西夏·青史淡淡千百年——漫步地震五千年(10)

西夏是一个生机蓬勃而神秘的王朝,它的兴亡都伴有地震的发生,而甘肃—宁夏地区恰是地震高发区,值得关注这里的地震活动。对于存疑的996年地震事件,从小震密集、史料记载、地质探槽、地震强度上做了初步探讨,推测了这次地震位置和大小。介绍了1739年平罗地震的水患教训。注意到1920年海原8.5级地震的新研究中,发现了许多有价值的新信息,揭示了全球地震活动的大背景。甘肃—宁夏三角区的力学关系是三体问题,不可忽视旋转运动;对于发震条件,除断层带外,还要重视深部物性的结构差异。

明代藏传佛教在甘青地区的传播与发展

甘青地区是我国藏传佛教流布的重要地区,明代是藏传佛教在这一地区传播与发展的关键时期。有明一代,由于统治者的大力扶持,加之具有深厚的信仰基础,藏传佛教成为这里占据主导性地位的意识形态。明王朝对这里采取“因其俗尚,用僧徒化导”的怀柔政策,只要该宗教领袖具有一定的实力,不论是属于藏传佛教哪一教派,都根据其信众多寡和实力大小授予相应的封号,以示优宠。同时,将在内地行之已久的僧司制度移植到了西北地区,使其成为管理该区域内部各种宗教事务的官方机构。明政府还在甘青地区敕建了瞿昙寺、大崇教寺、弘化寺等大批寺院,有力地推动了该地区藏传佛教寺院的兴建。藏传佛教格鲁派兴起以后,引起了明王朝的高度重视,其宗教领袖释迦也失被明政府封为“大慈法王”,格鲁派与明王朝的联系日渐密切。在明政府的支持与推动下,明代中后期在甘青地区形成了格鲁派传播与发展的高潮,大批寺院如雨后春笋般纷纷拔地而起,一些其他教派寺院也相继改宗格鲁派。

地理环境对藏传佛教在甘青地区传播与发展的影响

甘青地区是我国藏传佛教流布的重要地区,是藏传佛教发展史上具有特殊意义的一个区域。宗教产生与传播的前提是和其所处的自然环境协调、适应,藏传佛教的产生与发展离不开青藏高原特殊的地理环境。藏传佛教在甘青地区的传播与发展和此地区的自然地理环境、人文地理发展,以及甘青地区的地理区位都密切相关。青海和西藏山水相连,青海省以及甘肃部分地区与西藏自治区共同构成了“世界屋脊”青藏高原的主体。由于地理的、宗教的、军事的、政治的、民族的,以及文化、经济等多方面的原因,西藏与甘青地区在历史发展过程中的相互牵动与影响非常明显。甘青地区尤其青海和甘南地区成为藏传佛教的重要传播区域,而甘肃其他区域作为农牧交错的过渡地区,在吐蕃王朝势力强大时也几乎被其全部占领,也受到藏传佛教文化程度不一的影响。甘青地区是重要的多民族聚居区,也是控厄西北的核心地带,又是中原联结新疆、西藏等地的锁钥之地,甘青不稳则新疆、西藏必失。甘青地区这种不可替代的区位特征,对历代王朝在这里所推行的藏传佛教的政策具有深刻影响,继而对藏传佛教的传播和发展产生了重大影响。

基于县域乡村振兴视角的甘青川藏族聚居县返贫风险研究

文章旨在对甘青川藏族聚居县的返贫风险进行研究。样本数据和资料源于对甘青川藏族聚居县精准扶贫及脱贫工作的田野调查。通过调研甘青川三省藏族聚居县的脱贫攻坚工作,从中总结出一些具有地方特色的精准扶贫模式,如迭部县“特色产业模式”、泽库县“拉格日模式”、若尔盖县“跨地域协作模式”,发现在实践层面,甘青川藏族聚居县存在扶贫项目的立项随意性的问题、部分脱贫技能培训脱离实际的问题、易地搬迁扶贫模式带来的问题。文章通过返贫风险分析,针对巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴有效衔接的实现路径提出相关意见建议。

20世纪40年代陕甘宁边区的食盐运输合作事业——以南区合作社运输队为个案

20世纪40年代,食盐的运输和外销是封锁环境下陕甘宁边区财政自给自足的依靠。为确保按期收到公盐,便利人民运输并提高边区运输力量,党和政府提倡广泛地“组织起来”,发展食盐运输合作事业。在党政的坚强领导下,南区合作社运输队历经三个主要的发展阶段,创造和积累了一套有效经验,带动边区盐运成功地突破个体运输局限,成为全边区食盐运输合作事业的模范。

百年中国法治历史中的陕西党史元素

中国特色社会主义法治模式,是百年来中国共产党领导法治的探索成果,是从革命时期局部执政到当代中国治国理政法治经验的总结。党领导法治的历史,特别是中共中央在延安的十三年,蕴含着丰富的陕西党史元素,不仅体现在局部执政的法治建设、依规治党的经验,还体现为陕西党史中的红色法制历程。总结和凝练党领导法治历史中的陕西元素,有助于理解当代中国的法治,拓展陕西党史的研究。

全面抗战时期陕甘宁边区乡村党员教育研究

全面抗战时期,陕甘宁边区持续开展党员教育,以提高农民党员的思想认识与政治水平,引导广大乡村党员干部坚定理想信念和政治方向,围绕党的政治路线和中心工作,坚持抗日民族统一战线,一切为战胜日本帝国主义而奋斗。在中共中央、西北局(边区党委、边区中央局)领导下,边区乡村党员教育以西北局高干会为界,分为前后两个阶段。前一阶段,乡村党员教育中的教条主义、主观主义比较严重,教学方式以照本宣科为主,教育形式主要是流动训练班,教材内容艰深、枯燥无味。后一阶段,结合全党整风,较好地纠正了党员教育中存在的偏差,面向乡村党员干部的扫盲教育与政治教育取得显著效果,基本实现了巩固和发展党员的目标。