Numerical Simulation of the Parallel Gap Resistance Welding Process of a Solar Cell and Mo/Pt/Ag Interconnector

Energy for space vehicles in low Earth orbit(LEO) is mainly generated by solar arrays, and the service time of the vehicles is controlled by the lifetime of these arrays, which depends mainly on the lifetime of the interconnects. To increase the service life of LEO satellites, molybdenum/platinum/silver(Mo/Pt/Ag) laminated metal matrix composite(LMMC) interconnectors are widely used in place of Mo/Ag LMMC and Ag interconnectors in solar arrays. A 2D thermal-electrical-mechanical coupled axisymmetric model was established to simulate the behavior of the parallel gap resistance welding(PGRW) process for solar cells and Mo/Pt/Ag composite interconnectors using the commercial software ANSYS. The direct multicoupled PLANE223 element and the contact pair elements TARGE169 and CONTA172 were employed. A transitional meshing method was applied to solve the meshing problem due to the ultrathin(1 μm) intermediate Pt layer. A comparison of the analysis results with the experimental results revealed that the best parameters were 60 W, 60 ms, and 0.0138 MPa. The voltage and current predicted by the finite element method agreed well with the experimental results. This study contributes to a further understanding of the mechanism of PGRW and provides guidance for finite element simulation of the process of welding with an ultrathin interlayer.

Nano-scale gap filling and mechanism of deposit-etch-deposit process for phase-change material

Ge2Sb2Te5 gap filling is one of the key processes for phase-change random access memory manufacture. Physical vapor deposition is the mainstream method of Ge2Sb2Te5 film deposition due to its advantages of film quality, purity, and accurate composition control. However,the conventional physical vapor deposition process cannot meet the gap- filling requirement with the critical device dimension scaling down to 90 nm or below. In this study, we find that the deposit-etch-deposit process shows better gap-filling capability and scalability than the single-step deposition process, especially at the nano-scale critical dimension. The gap-filling mechanism of the deposit-etch-deposit process was briefly discussed. We also find that re-deposition of phase-change material from via the sidewall to via the bottom by argon ion bombardment during the etch step was a key ingredient for the final good gap filling. We achieve void-free gap filling of phase-change material on the 45-nm via the two-cycle deposit-etch-deposit process. We gain a rather comprehensive insight into the mechanism of deposit-etch-deposit process and propose a potential gap-filling solution for over 45-nm technology nodes for phase-change random access memory.

The efficacy of Kriging spatial interpolation for filling temporal gaps in daily air temperature data: A case study in northeast China

Quality-controlled and serially complete daily air temperature data are essential to evaluating and modelling the influences of climate change on the permafrost in cold regions. Due to malfunctions and location changes of observing stations, temporal gaps （i.e., missing data） are common in collected datasets. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of Kriging spatial interpolation for estimating missing data to fill the temporal gaps in daily air temperature data in northeast China. A cross-validation experiment was conducted. Daily air temperature series from 1960 to 2012 at each station were estimated by using the universal Kriging （UK） and Kriging with an external drift （KED）, as appropriate, as if all the ob-servations at a given station were completely missing. The temporal and spatial variation patterns of estimation uncertainties were also checked. Results showed that Kriging spatial interpolation was generally desirable for estimating missing data in daily air temperature, and in this study KED performed slightly better than UK. At most stations the correlation coefficients （R2） between the observed and estimated daily series were 〉0.98, and root mean square errors （RMSEs） of the estimated daily mean （Tmean）, maximum （Tmax）, and minimum （Tmin） of air temperature were 〈3 ℃. However, the estimation quality was strongly affected by seasonality and had spatial variation. In general, estimation uncertainties were small in summer and large in winter. On average, the RMSE in winter was approximately 1 ℃ higher than that in summer. In addition, estimation uncertainties in mountainous areas with complex terrain were significantly larger than those in plain areas.

Gap Filling of Net Ecosystem CO₂Exchange (NEE) above Rain-Fed Maize Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

The eddy covariance technique is an accurate and direct tool to measure the Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide. However, sometimes conditions are not amenable to measurements using this technique. Thus, different methods have been developed to allow gap-filling and quality assessment of eddy covariance data sets. In this study first, two different Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) approaches, the Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) trained by the Back-Propagation (BP) algorithm, and the Radial Basis Function (RBF), were used to fill missing NEE data measured above rain-fed maize at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, Nebraska. The gap-filled data were then compared by different statistical indices to gap-filled data obtained with the technique suggested by Suyker and Verma in 2005 [S&V method], and the ANN approach presented by Papale in 2003. The results showed that the RBF network was able to find better fits for missing values compared to the MLP (BP) network and S&V method. In addition, unlike the S&V method, which depends on different gap-filling procedures over the year;the structure of RBF and MLP (BP) networks was constant. However, data analysis indicated Papale’s approach gave better fits than the RBF and MLP (BP) methods. Thus, based on this work, Papale’s approach is the best method to estimate the missing data;though the applied statistical indices, which were used for model evaluation, show little difference between Papale’s approach and the RBF and MLP (BP).

A Data-Adaptive Filter of the Tahiti-Darwin Southern Oscillation Index and the Associate Scheme of Filling Data Gaps

The Tahiti-Darwin Southern Oscillation index provided by Climate Analysis Center of USA has been used in numerous studies. But, it has some deficiency. It contains noise mainly due to high month-to-month variability. In order to reduce the level of noise in the SO index, this paper introduces a fully data-adaptive filter based on singular spectrum analysis. Another interesting aspect of the filter is that it can be used to fill data gaps of the SO index by an iterative process. Eventually, a noiseless long-period data series without any gaps is obtained.

Lexical Gaps＂ Their Filling and Impacts

The issue of lexical gaps is one of the major concerns in linguistics. By confining it to one and the same languageand redefining a lexical gap as any lexical item which can potentially occupy a reasonable slot but does not do so inreality in a lexical field, this paper conducts an exploration into the devices for their filling with a purpose tohighlight the impacts thus arising.

Gap States of ZnO Thin Films by New Methods:Optical Spectroscopy,Optical Conductivity and Optical Dispersion Energy

The optical reflectance and transmittance spectra in the wavelength range of 300-2500 nm are used to compute the absorption coefficient of zinc oxide films annealed at different post-annealing temperatures 400, 500 and 600°C.The values of the cross point between the curves of the real and imaginary parts of the optical conductivity ɑ_1 and ɑ_1 with energy axis of films exhibit values that correspond to optical gaps and are about 3.25-3.3 eV. The maxima of peaks in plots dR/dλ and dT/dλ versus wavelength of films exhibit optical gaps at about 3.12-3.25 eV.The values of the fundamental indirect band gap obtained from the Tauc model are at about 3.14-3.2 eV. It can be seen that films annealed at 600°C have the minimum indirect optical band gap at about 3.15 eV. The films annealed at 600°C have Urbach＇s energy minimum of 1.38 eV and hence have minimum disorder. The dispersion energy d of films annealed at 500°C has the minimum value of 43 eV.

明胶/氧化纳米纤维素高弹性模量高孔隙皮肤支架的3D打印工艺

背景:在采用主动修复治疗手段应对皮肤创伤时,需要使用组织工程技术生成新的组织来代替坏死组织,皮肤支架在创伤修复领域具有良好的应用前景。皮肤支架需要呈现具有一定力学强度的三维多孔结构,以满足细胞增殖分裂的需求,而目前使用的明胶基生物材料力学强度弱,无法达到皮肤支架的使用要求。目的:针对明胶/氧化纳米纤维素复合材料制备组织工程皮肤支架时使用的3D打印工艺进行研究,重点研究不同工艺参数下制备皮肤支架的孔隙率与其力学强度之间的关系。方法:从葎草中提取10%浓度的氧化纳米纤维素晶须,再与5%的明胶复合得到明胶/氧化纳米纤维素复合材料,检测明胶与明胶/氧化纳米纤维素复合材料的弹性模量。以明胶/氧化纳米纤维素复合材料为基材,采用3D打印挤压成型方法制备皮肤支架,通过对材料进行力学性能测试和流变特性测试确定挤压成型工艺参数(填充间隙1.5-2.5 mm,0.1 mm均布;气压160-200 kPa),并以此制备具有三维多孔结构的皮肤支架。对皮肤支架进行了抗压性能的测试并与有限元分析结果相对比,论证了支架打印时的填充间隙与支架孔隙率及力学强度之间的关系。结果与结论:①通过实验得出,加入10%浓度的氧化纳米纤维素晶须使5%明胶的弹性模量度提升了8.84倍;在气压160 kPa下挤出成型可以得到1 mm直径的丝状凝胶,此时填充间隙从1.5 mm增大到2.5 mm会使支架的理论孔隙率从33%上升到60%,但抗压强度从230000 Pa降低到95000 Pa;②结果显示,使用2 mm填充间隙制备得到了理论孔隙率为50%、弹性模量160000 Pa的皮肤支架,该支架具有清晰的三维多孔结构。

砂土-混凝土接触面剪切带细观变形特征的试验研究

接触面剪切带的细观变形特征是研究结构物与土体相互作用的核心问题。为探明砂土-混凝土接触面剪切带变形特征,利用大型直剪仪开展砂土-混凝土接触面直剪试验,采用灌砂变形标记法实测砂土变形,依据标记线剪应变沿竖向的变化特征对砂土变形区域进行划分。在此基础上,研究粗糙度、法向应力和密实度对砂土-混凝土接触面剪切带细观变形特征的影响规律。研究结果表明:1)砂土可分为非剪切区、过渡区和应变集中区,应变集中区仅存在剪切面之上。2)规则型接触面的上剪切带厚度均值为33D_(50),远大于下剪切带9D_(50)和“光滑”接触面剪切带厚度20.4D_(50)。3)密实度对剪切带及其过渡区厚度的影响微弱,而粗糙度对其影响显著;法向应力、密实度对应变集中区厚度影响有限,应变集中区厚度随粗糙度的增大近似线性增大;应变集中区长度随粗糙度的增大先增大后减小,随密实度的增大近似线性增大,随法向应力增大而减小。4)随剪切位移增大,上剪切带厚度不断增大而下剪切带厚度先增大后保持基本不变,应变集中区的长度增大,但剪切位移对应变集中区厚度的影响有限。5)获得归一化剪切带厚度取值h_(t)/D_(50)与D_(50)的关系,在有限元模拟规则型结构与砂土的相互作用时,建议砂土体细化网格单元的范围不小于最大剪切带厚度37D_(50)。研究成果深化了砂土-规则型接触面剪切带变形特征的认识,可为大粗糙度、带肋桩的承载变形特性的精细化有限元模拟分析提供重要参考和依据。

融合裂缝形态信息的电阻率测井成像图空白条带填充方法

电阻率测井成像图中存在宽度和位置不定的空白条带,而目前常用的空白条带反距离加权插值填充法仅依靠像素点距离参数计算插值,往往导致填充后区域与实测区域纹理不连贯,纹理易呈现直线状,与实际状况不符。为此,将裂缝区域形态与分布信息作为参量,构建插值计算模型,形成融合裂缝形态分布信息的空白条带填充法。该填充算法能根据插值点与裂缝形态拟合线的相对位置关系,动态调整参考点对插值点插值的权重系数,填充后的裂缝区域纹理连贯平滑,更符合裂缝实际形态和分布的规律。实际测井数据应用表明,相较于传统填充方法,采用该方法填充后的裂缝分布拟合线与霍夫变换后曲线相似度提升25%以上,不连贯填充点数量下降88%以上,性能提升明显。该方法的应用成果可为后续测井图像中各种裂缝的智能识别和精确分割提供更好的数据支撑。

新型钢管混凝土梁柱节点力学性能试验研究

为研究内加强环式圆钢管混凝土柱与矩形钢管混凝土梁这种新型连接节点的力学性能,设计了缩尺钢管混凝土梁柱节点试件,开展了相同梁柱节点试件的静力加载试验和低周往复加载试验。通过研究该节点试件的破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线以及拟静力加载试验的骨架曲线、核心区剪切变形等,分析了节点试件的承载能力、延性和耗能能力,全面考察了同一梁柱节点在静力加载和低周往复加载两种工况下的受力性能和破坏模式。结果表明:钢管混凝土梁柱节点试件核心区强度较强,破坏模式主要为梁端破坏,低周往复加载试验时试件梁柱连接处附近的梁端钢板发生拉裂破坏和钢板鼓曲,静力加载试验时试件梁端焊缝发生拉裂破坏;试件延性较好,加载过程中经历了弹性、弹塑性和塑性发展阶段。最后提出了该类钢管混凝土梁柱节点核心区的抗剪强度计算公式。

创业的性别差异研究——同群效应的视角

优化劳动力市场的性别结构对中国经济转型和可持续发展具有重要意义。基于2010—2020年CFPS六期的追踪调查数据研究创业的性别差异问题,结果显示,中国男性创业比例持续高于女性,但这一差异逐期收敛。应用广义倾向得分匹配(GPSM)和工具变量法控制同群效应的“反射”问题。分析认为,同群效应不仅对创业活动存在显著的正向效应,而且对男性和女性的影响是不同的。从不同世代的角度来看,同群效应对个人创业行为存在代际传递效应和性别趋同性,女性创业受到母亲行为的影响更大,男性创业受到父亲行为的影响更大;从同世代的角度来看,女性创业主要受到同群女性创业行为的影响,男性创业主要受到同群男性创业行为的影响,且同群效应对女性创业的影响大于男性;同群效应对个体创业概率的影响呈现先递增后递减的非线性特征,因此,同群效应对创业活动的正向作用是短期的。异质性分析表明,在生存型创业中,同群效应对女性创业的影响显著大于男性,在机会型创业中没有显著的性别差异;男性主导型行业中,同群效应对女性创业的影响显著大于男性,而女性主导型行业中,创业的同群效应没有显著的性别差异。在控制了人口流动导致的自选择问题后,研究结论仍然是稳健的。政府应重视创新创业,推进信息和资源的共享性,同时,中国劳动力市场激励机制设计应着眼于从结构上提高人力资本和行业的匹配度,实现创业性别结构的平衡。

高原地区隧道净空绝缘间隙修正

高原地区雷害频繁,电气外绝缘性能降低。修建高原铁路隧道需要对隧道净空绝缘间隙进行修正,其中隧道-架空接触网气隙间距是确定隧道净空间隙的重要依据,雷电冲击放电电压是确定该气隙最小间距的控制因素。国内外现有高海拔修正系列标准均不适用于3000 m以上地区,考虑放电基本特性和原理,在人工气候实验室搭建铁路隧道的典型结构,并模拟高原地区气候特点,研究300~700 mm 5个短间隙在243~4000 m 5个海拔条件下的正、负极性雷电冲击放电特性。基于大气实际参数提出了3种隧道净空绝缘间隙修正方法,建议在2、3、4 km海拔处分别按照340、390、440 mm进行隧道-架空接触网绝缘间隙修正,从而确定最小隧道净空高度。该方法可为高海拔地区铁路的电气化设计和改造提供指导,具有工程应用意义。

中国市域新型工业化高质量发展:水平测度、组群分析与推进策略

深刻把握新时代新型工业化的特征事实,需将高质量发展的要求与标准贯穿新型工业化全过程。本文基于新发展理念构建市域新型工业化高质量发展水平的测度体系,利用熵值法测算2012-2021年各地级市新型工业化高质量发展水平指数,运用Dagum基尼系数分解代表性城市群的空间差异及主要来源,借助Moran’sⅠ指数检验市域新型工业化高质量发展的空间相关性,采用障碍因素诊断模型剖析市域新型工业化高质量发展进程中的阻力因素。研究发现:(1)市域新型工业化高质量发展指数总体呈现上升态势,但水平有待提高;在层级分布上呈现高水平与低水平相当、中高水平和中低水平集簇的“纺锤型”形态。(2)在时序上,新型工业化高质量水平的差距随时间演进呈现下降→上升→下跌→上浮的“W”形演变特征,总体差距主要来源于城市群间差异;在空间上,新型工业化高质量发展表现出正向空间集聚特征。(3)公共研发强度、信息基础设施、科技人才根基是制约城市新型工业化高质量发展的主要障碍因素。基于以上事实,本文从培育工业新质生产力、推动区域协调化发展和紧抓关键破局着力点三方面,提出加快推进新型工业化高质量发展的策略与建议。

长板-短桩工法承载特性参数影响分析

文中采用有限元数值仿真的方法研究了长板-短桩工法处理吹填土地基的承载特性以及桩间距、桩长、塑料排水板间距三个因素对长板-短桩法吹填土复合地基承载特性的影响规律.结果表明:①桩长对长板-短桩复合地基的影响在于能有效控制地基沉降与提供承载力,在有效桩长范围内,桩长越长效果越好;②桩间距主要影响粉喷桩与桩间土承受的应力与面积置换率,桩间距越小,长板-短桩复合地基承载能力就越大;③塑料排水板对长板-短桩复合地基的影响在于提升桩间土的渗透系数,在一定范围内,排水板越是密集,固结沉降速度越快,能有效提高桩间土的承载力;④提出了对于不同厚度吹填土地基其最优长板-短桩复合地基参数设计.

便捷填充U型管盐桥的制备与探索

Cu-Zn原电池实验是基础化学实验的重要组成部分,盐桥批量制备的品质是实验的关键,常规操作的温度高、消耗大、效率低。本文分别从U型管盐桥的填充材料和灌装方式两方面进行研究。针对盐桥的制作难度及功能特点进行探索,对琼脂和可溶性淀粉载体盐桥的导电能力、凝结时间进行分析。改进灌装方式,针对大批量盐桥制作需求,设计半自动式灌装机代替传统人力操作,提高盐桥的制作效率。为化学实验中盐桥的制备提供便捷高效的解决方案,提高相关实验数据的准确性和稳定性。

局部环向变厚度方钢管混凝土柱偏压力学性能研究

针对海洋环境中飞溅区造成的钢管混凝土柱局部环向腐蚀现象,采用机械削减方式模拟钢管壁厚局部环向腐蚀,进行了7个方钢管混凝土柱偏压试验,揭示了削弱率和偏心率对其偏压承载力的影响,并通过数值模拟对削弱率进行拓展分析.提出了基于削弱率的偏压承载力降低系数,代入中、美规范进行偏压承载力计算.结果表明:钢管的局部环向变厚度严重削弱了方钢管混凝土柱的偏压承载力和侧向挠曲能力;较大的加载偏心率也降低了其偏压承载力,但增大了其侧向挠曲能力.引入偏压承载力降低系数后,根据中、美规范计算得到的偏压承载力与试验值均吻合较好;相比于我国规范,美国规范在计算偏压承载力时相对更加保守.

动能侵彻弹装药起爆可靠性试验及敏感因素分析

为研究弹体结构设计对弹体装药起爆可靠性的影响,设计了一种低成本、便捷式引战静态匹配试验装置,开展了不同条件下引信与装药的传爆裕度试验。基于移动最小二乘法,构建了可表征起爆可靠性的多变量响应函数,定量分析了各敏感因素及其耦合作用对起爆可靠性的影响规律。结果表明:传爆间隙和缓冲层厚度对弹体装药起爆影响较大,而隔板厚度在预设3~5 mm范围内的影响较小;为保证动能侵彻弹在使用环境温度范围内可靠作用,引信相对偏离位置、隔板厚度、传爆间隙以及缓冲层厚度分别不应超过25、3.5、25以及22 mm。该试验装置、分析方法及研究成果可为动能侵彻弹结构设计及可靠性验证提供借鉴和指导。

充水作用下露天煤矿内排土场边坡稳定性分析

为分析废弃矿坑改造成蓄水湖时充水高度对内排土场边坡稳定性的影响,采用室内相似试验、数值模拟和理论分析的方法对不同水位高度下内排土场边坡稳定性进行研究。研究结果表明:随着充水高度的增加,浸润线运移速度、边坡最大位移、孔隙水压力和边坡土体受到的压力整体呈增长趋势。充水高度越大,边坡倾角越大,边坡稳定系数越低。研究结论为露天煤矿改造成蓄水湖或蓄能水电站项目工程提供参考。

气隙取气斜流式通风汽轮发电机转子的温度场研究

为了研究气隙取气斜流式通风汽轮发电机转子的温度场的分布特点,本文依据传热学基本理论,建立了三维全域的转子耦合计算模型,利用有限体积法对模型中的控制方程进行数值计算与分析。首先分别对转子槽内铜排、匝间绝缘、转子铁芯进行整体温度场的分析,研究其温度分布的异同点,然后对比了各风区中心截面的温度,最后研究铜排沿轴向和周向的温度分布特点,分析了温度分布趋势的产生原因。结果表明:转子温度场沿轴向呈波浪形分布,转子中心截面、磁极中心线及其垂直线高度对称,最高温度出现在靠近汽端和励端的出风区;槽内越靠下的铜排,温度峰谷差越小,温度不均的程度越小;在周向上,靠近大齿铜排的温度比其余铜排温度略低。本文的结论可为气隙取气斜流式通风汽轮发电机的深度调峰运行和转子结构优化提供参考。