Responses of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Leaf Traits and Anatomical Structures to Drought Stress in Purple Soil

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the response of Gardenia to purple soil drought stress,hoping to provide a reference for the selection of plants for vegetation restoration in purple soil regions.[Methods]The pot-weighing water control method was used to apply different degrees of drought stress to Gardenia seedlings in purple soil,and the effects of drought stress on the electrical conductivity,chlorophyll content,leaf morphology and structure of Gardenia leaves were explored.[Results]The leaf electrical conductivity increased with the increase of drought stress intensity,and the leaf electrical conductivity under severe drought stress increased by 59.93%compared with the control;the chlorophyll content of Gardenia showed a single-peak changing trend that increased and then decreased with the development of drought stress,and it was the highest in each stress stage under severe drought stress;the leaf thickness,palisade tissue thickness and sponge tissue thickness of Gardenia were reduced with the stress degree increasing,and showed the largest decreases under severe stress;the stomatal length,stomatal width and stomatal opening of Gardenia gradually decreased with the increase of stress,while the stomatal density gradually increased.[Conclusions]This study provides a technical and resource basis for vegetation restoration in purple soil.

Technique of Three-dimensional Cuttage of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the propagation efficiency of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and improve the quality of plantlets.[Methods]A G.jasminoides cutting experiment was carried out with three different cuttage modes and two cutting treatment methods,and the rooting time,rooting rate,root amount and plantlet growth were measured and analyzed.[Results]The three-dimensional cutting model of CL1 could not only shorten the nursery cycle and promote root development,but also effectively improve the quality of plantlets and increase the yield of plantlets per unit area.It is an ideal way to improve the quality and efficiency of cutting plantlets.[Conclusions]This study has a positive role in promoting the healthy development of the nursery stock industry.

Practical Cultivation Techniques of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis for Flowers-Fruits in Hunan Province

In order to protect and develop the local resources of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis with Hunan characteristics,this paper uses the existing technology,analyzes the existing achievements in the cultivation of G.jasminoides Ellis,investigates and analyzes the actual situation of the seedling base and cooperatives in Hunan,and collects the relevant index data related to the cultivation of G.jasminoides Ellis.This paper summarizes the practical techniques related to land selection,soil preparation,seedling breeding,afforestation technology,tending management,pest control and so on,in order to provide reference basis for planting and cultivateon and industrial development of G.jasminoides Ellis in Hunan.

Potential mechanism of cholagogic effect about Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis(Zhizi)-mediated increase of bile acids urinary excretion in normal rats

Objectives： Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis（Zhizi）, belonging to Rubiaceae family, has been traditionally used for treatment cholestasis and jaundice for centuries in Asian countries. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhizi could dispel dampness and heat via the urine to execute its choleretic effects. However, the potential molecular mechanism has been still poorly clarified. Here, we investigated the effect of different dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder（0.3 g/kg/d and 0.9 g/kg/d） on urinary excretion of bile acids（BAs）, and defined the potential mechanism via renal BAs efflux transporters Mrp2 and Mrp4 in normal rats.Methods： Male Wistar rats were orally administrated with 0.3 or 0.9 g/kg/d dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder for 2 weeks, then body weight, serum aminotransferase, total BAs concentrations in liver, bile,serum, kidney and urine, 1 h bile flow, 12-h urinary volume, biliary and urinary excretion amount of total BAs as well as protein expression of major renal BAs efflux transporter Mrp2 and Mrp4, were all evaluated.Results： Zhizi especially the high dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder could reduce hepatic total BAs concentration. Additionally, bile flow and biliary excretion had no significant difference, but the remarkable increasing urinary excretion of BAs and 2 to 3 folds up-regulated renal Mrp2 expression were observed after administrated with Zhizi as compared with the control group.Conclusion： The findings indicate that Zhizi reduces hepatic total BAs level by increasing urinary excretion rather than the biliary excretion of BAs, which, in turn ascribed to elevated protein expression of Mrp2 at apical membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells.

栀子炮制的本草考证

栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)为药食两用果实类传统中药,生用有护肝利胆的功效,性味苦寒,易伤脾胃,经炮制后可改善,并具凉血、止血的功效。对历代古籍本草和古今文献资料进行研究,发现栀子大多采用去皮取仁并切制、炒制(炒、微炒、炒黄、炒焦和炒黑)和加辅料制(酒制、甘草水制、姜制、盐制、蜜制和童便制)等加工炮制方法。按照历史脉络,通过查阅大量本草文献梳理了栀子炮制与功效的历史沿革,为统一栀子的炮制工艺和栀子不同炮制品的质量评价提供本草学依据。

Research and application progress of Gardenia jasminoides

Fruits of Gardenia jasminoides（Zhizi in Chinese） have been used as dietary supplement and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Recent studies on Gardenia jasminoides reveal that the extracts or the active components play an essential role in oxidative stress, inflammation, hepatoprotection,neuroprotection, anti-diabetes, antitumor and so on. Here, we reviewed G. jasminoides in the aspects of botanical identity, chemical ingredients, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, safety and toxicity evaluation, clinical application, etc.

栀子活性物质石油醚层组分快速抗抑郁作用及机制

本研究旨在研究栀子的石油醚层组分的快速抗抑郁作用及其机制。通过行为测试和蛋白质印迹分析,我们发现栀子石油醚层组分具有显著的抗抑郁效果,并且可以增加海马中BDNF和TrkB的表达。悬尾试验和强迫游泳试验结果显示,栀子石油醚层组分可显著减少不动时间,表明其具有抗抑郁活性。蔗糖偏爱试验结果显示,栀子石油醚层组分可增加小鼠对蔗糖的偏好。研究结果表明,栀子石油醚层组分的抗抑郁作用可能与BDNF-TrkB信号转导途径的调节有关。这些发现为进一步研究栀子石油醚层组分的抗抑郁机制和开发相关药物提供了重要线索。

Hepatic CYP3A4,SULT2A1,and UGT1A1 synergistically mediate metabolic detoxification of genipin

In the present study,we aimed to ascertain the metabolic detoxification routes of genipin via CYP3A4,SULT2 A1,and UGT1 A1 in Hepa RG cells.It was found that the hepatic CYP3A4,SULT2 A1,and UGT1 A1 synergistically mediated the metabolic detoxification of genipin,and the CYP3A4 was the limited enzyme.In detail,the pivotal detoxification pathway was CYP3A4-SULT2 A1/UGT1 A1,indicating that SULT2 A1 and UGT1 A1 further catalyzed the phase II detoxification metabolism followed by the genipin metabolization by CYP3A4 to the phase I metabolites with alleviated toxicity.Our findings provided valuable cues for future studies on the detoxification of genipin,even the compatibility detoxification of Zhi-zi.Moreover,these data facilitated the development and rational administration of genipin and Zhi-zi.