Chronic active and atrophic gastritis as significant contributing factor to the development of gastric cystica profunda

Gastric cystica profunda(GCP)is an uncommon but underestimated gastric lesion.Its precancerous potential determines its significance.In addition to previous mucosa injury due to operations,biopsy or polypectomy,chronic active and atrophic gastritis may also lead to the development of GCPs.By carefully examining the stomach and taking biopsy samples from the susceptible regions,the stage of atrophy can be determined.Chronic atrophic gastritis is a risk factor for cancer evolvement and it can also contribute to GCPs formation.GCPs frequently occur close to early gastric cancers(EGCs)or EGC can arise from the cystic glands.Endoscopic resection is an effective and minimally invasive treat-ment in GCP.

Update understanding on diagnosis and histopathological examination of atrophic gastritis:A review

Chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG)is a complex syndrome in which long-term chronic inflammatory stimulation causes gland atrophy in the gastric mucosa,reducing the stomach's ability to secrete gastric juice and pepsin,and interfering with its normal physiological function.Multiple pathogenic factors contribute to CAG incidence,the most common being Helicobacter pylori infection and the immune reactions resulting from gastric autoimmunity.Furthermore,CAG has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations,including gastroenterology and extraintestinal symptoms and signs,such as hematology,neurology,and oncology.Therefore,the initial CAG evaluation should involve the examination of clinical and serological indicators,as well as diagnosis confirmation via gastroscopy and histopathology if necessary.Depending on the severity and scope of atrophy affecting the gastric mucosa,a histologic staging system(Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment or Operative Link on Gastritis intestinal metaplasia)could also be employed.Moreover,chronic gastritis has a higher risk of progressing to gastric cancer(GC).In this regard,early diagnosis,treatment,and regular testing could reduce the risk of GC in CAG patients.However,the optimal interval for endoscopic monitoring in CAG patients remains uncertain,and it should ideally be tailored based on individual risk evaluations and shared decision-making processes.Although there have been many reports on CAG,the precise etiology and histopathological features of the disease,as well as the diagnosis of CAG patients,are yet to be fully elucidated.Consequently,this review offers a detailed account of CAG,including its key clinical aspects,aiming to enhance the overall understanding of the disease.

Yiwei Xiaoyu granules for treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis with deficiency syndrome of the spleen and stomach

BACKGROUND The Correa sequence,initiated by Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori),commonly progresses to gastric cancer through the stage of chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG).Although eradication of H.pylori only reduces the risk of gastric cancer,it does not eliminate the risk for neoplastic progression.Yiwei Xiaoyu granules(YWXY)are a commonly used composite preparation in Chinese clinics.However,the pursuit of excellence in clinical trials and the establishment of standardized animal experiments are still needed to contribute to full understanding and application of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of CAG.AIM To demonstrate the effectiveness of YWXY in patients with CAG and spleenstomach deficiency syndrome(DSSS),by alleviating histological scores,improving response rates for pathological lesions,and achieving clinical efficacy in relieving DSSS symptoms.METHODS We designed a double-blind,randomized,controlled trial.The study enrolled seventy-two H.pylori-negative patients(mean age,52.3 years;38 men)who were randomly allocated to either the treatment group or control group in a 1:1 ratio,and treated with 15 g YWXY or 0.36 g Weifuchun(WFC)tablet combined with the respective dummy for 24 wk.The pre-randomization phase resulted in the exclusion of 72 patients:50 participants did not meet the inclusion criteria,12 participants declined to participate,and 10 participants were excluded for various other reasons.Seven visits were conducted during the study,and histopathological examination with target endoscopic biopsy of narrow-band imaging was requested before the first and seventh visits.We also evaluated endoscopic performance scores,total symptom scores,serum pepsinogen and gastrin-17.RESULTS Six patients did not complete the trial procedures.Treatment with YWXY improved the Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment(OLGIM)stage,compared with WFC(P<0.05).YWXY provided better relief from symptoms of DSSS and better improvement in serum gastric function,compared with WFC(P<0.05).CONCLUSION YWXY compared with WFC significantly reduced the risk of mild or moderate atrophic disease,according to OLGIM stage,significantly relieved symptoms of DSSS,and improved serum gastric function.

Effect of Jianpi Xiaowei Decoction on Gastric Function and Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Chronic Atrophic Gastritis of Liver-Stomach Stagnation Heat Type

[Objectives]To observe the effect of Jianpi Xiaowei Decoction on gastric function and quality of life in elderly patients with chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG)of liver-stomach heat stagnation type.[Methods]Seventy-two elderly patients with CAG of liver-stomach stagnation-heat type were randomly divided into study group and control group.The two groups were treated with Jianpi Xiaowei Decoction and Rabeprazole Enteric-coated Tablets respectively.The curative effect of TCM syndromes,serum pepsinogen I and II(PG-I and PG-II),gastrin-17(G-17)and quality of life(SF-36 table)scores of gastric function indicators before and after treatment were observed.[Results]After treatment,the total effective rate of the study group was 97.22%(35/36),which was significantly higher than that of the control group 77.78%(28/36)(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no significant difference in the levels of gastric function indicators between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the indicators of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group(t=12.239,6.010,5.928,10.420,P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no significant difference in SF-36 scores between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the SF-36 scores in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group(t=3.520,10.335,11.300,9.693,P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jianpi Xiaowei Decoction can achieve significant curative effect in the treatment of CAG with liver and stomach stagnation heat type in the elderly,and can significantly improve the key gastrointestinal hormone levels and quality of life of elderly patients.It is worthy of promotion in the same clinical cases.

Yangyin Huowei mixture alleviates chronic atrophic gastritis by inhibiting the IL-10/JAK1/STAT3 pathway

BACKGROUND The Chinese medicine Yangyin Huowei mixture(YYHWM)exhibits good clinical efficacy in the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG),but the mechanisms underlying its activity remain unclear.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effects of YYHWM and its underlying mechanisms in a CAG rat model.METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into control,model,vitacoenzyme,and low,medium,and high-dose YYHWM groups.CAG was induced in rats using Nmethyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine,ranitidine hydrochloride,hunger and satiety perturbation,and ethanol gavage.Following an 8-wk intervention period,stomach samples were taken,stained,and examined for histopathological changes.ELISA was utilized to quantify serum levels of PG-I,PG-II,G-17,IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-α.Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate protein expression of IL-10,JAK1,and STAT3.RESULTS The model group showed gastric mucosal layer disruption and inflammatory cell infiltration.Compared with the blank control group,serum levels of PGI,PGII,and G-17 in the model group were significantly reduced(82.41±3.53 vs 38.52±1.71,23.06±0.96 vs 11.06±0.70,and 493.09±12.17 vs 225.52±17.44,P<0.01 for all),whereas those of IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αwere significantly increased(30.15±3.07 vs 80.98±4.47,69.05±12.72 vs 110.85±6.68,and 209.24±11.62 vs 313.37±36.77,P<0.01 for all),and the protein levels of IL-10,JAK1,and STAT3 were higher in gastric mucosal tissues(0.47±0.10 vs 1.11±0.09,0.49±0.05 vs 0.99±0.07,and 0.24±0.05 vs 1.04±0.14,P<0.01 for all).Compared with the model group,high-dose YYHWM treatment significantly improved the gastric mucosal tissue damage,increased the levels of PGI,PGII,and G-17(38.52±1.71 vs 50.41±3.53,11.06±0.70 vs 15.33±1.24,and 225.52±17.44 vs 329.22±29.11,P<0.01 for all),decreased the levels of IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-α(80.98±4.47 vs 61.56±4.02,110.85±6.68 vs 89.20±8.48,and 313.37±36.77 vs 267.30±9.31,P<0.01 for all),and evidently decreased the protein levels of IL-10 and STAT3 in gastric mucosal tissues(1.11±0.09 vs 0.19±0.07 and 1.04±0.14 vs 0.55±0.09,P<0.01 for both).CONCLUSION YYHWM reduces the release of inflammatory factors by inhibiting the IL-10/JAK1/STAT3 pathway,alleviating gastric mucosal damage,and enhancing gastric secretory function,thereby ameliorating CAG development and cancer transformation.

Non-improvement of atrophic gastritis in cases of gastric cancer after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is closely related to the development of gastric cancer(GC).However,GC can develop even after H.pylori eradication.Therefore,it would be extremely useful if GC could be predicted after eradication.The Kyoto classification score for gastritis(GA)is closely related to cancer risk.However,how the score for GC changes after eradication before onset is not well understood.AIM To investigate the characteristics of the progression of Kyoto classification scores for GC after H.pylori eradication.METHODS Eradication of H.pylori was confirmed in all patients using either the urea breath test or the stool antigen test.The Kyoto classification score of GC patients was evaluated by endoscopy at the time of event onset and three years earlier.In ad-dition,the modified atrophy score was evaluated and compared between the GC group and the control GA group.RESULTS In total,30 cases of early GC and 30 cases of chronic GA were evaluated.The pathology of the cancer cases was differentiated adenocarcinoma,except for one case of undifferentiated adenocarcinoma.The total score of the Kyoto classifi-cation was significantly higher in the GC group both at the time of cancer onset and three years earlier(4.97 vs 3.73,P=0.0034;4.2 vs 3.1,P=0.0035,respectively).The modified atrophy score was significantly higher in the GC group both at the time of cancer onset and three years earlier and was significantly improved only in the GA group(5.3 vs 5.3,P=0.5;3.73 vs 3.1,P=0.0475,respectively).CONCLUSION The course of the modified atrophy score is useful for predicting the onset of GC after eradication.Patients with severe atrophy after H.pylori eradication require careful monitoring.

Paradoxical association between dyspepsia and autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis:Insights into mechanisms,pathophysiology,and treatment options

BACKGROUND Autoimmune gastritis(AIG)is a progressive,chronic,immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells leading to hypo/anacidity and loss of intrinsic factor.Gastrointestinal symptoms such as dyspepsia and early satiety are very common,being second in terms of frequency only to anemia,which is the most typical feature of AIG.AIM To address both well-established and more innovative information and knowledge about this challenging disorder.METHODS An extensive bibliographical search was performed in PubMed to identify guidelines and primary literature(retrospective and prospective studies,systematic reviews,case series)published in the last 10 years.RESULTS A total of 125 records were reviewed and 80 were defined as fulfilling the criteria.CONCLUSION AIG can cause a range of clinical manifestations,including dyspepsia.The pathophysiology of dyspepsia in AIG is complex and involves changes in acid secretion,gastric motility,hormone signaling,and gut microbiota,among other factors.Managing dyspeptic symptoms of AIG is challenging and there are no specific therapies targeting dyspepsia in AIG.While proton pump inhibitors are commonly used to treat dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease,they may not be appropriate for AIG.Prokinetic agents,antidepressant drugs,and non-pharmacological treatments may be of help,even if not adequately evidence-based supported.A multidisciplinary approach for the management of dyspepsia in AIG is recommended,and further research is needed to develop and validate more effective therapies for dyspepsia.

Incidence and prevalence of gastric neuroendocrine tumors in patients with chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis

BACKGROUND The incidence of type I gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms(gNENs)has increased significantly over the past 50 years.Although autoimmune gastritis(AIG)increases the likelihood of developing gNENs,the exact incidence and prevalence of this association remain unclear.AIM To evaluate the incidence and prevalence of type I gNENs in a cohort of patients with a histological diagnosis of AIG.METHODS Patients with a histological diagnosis of AIG were enrolled between October 2020 and May 2022.Circulating levels of CgA and gastrin were assessed at enrollment.Included patients underwent regular endoscopic follow-up to detect gastric neoplastic lesions,enterochromaffin-like(ECL)cell hyperplasia,and the development of gNEN.RESULTS We included 176 patients[142 women(80.7%),median age 64 years,interquartile range(IQR)53–71 years]diagnosed with AIG between January 1990 and June 2022.At enrollment.One hundred and sixteen patients(65.9%)had ECL hyperplasia,of whom,29.5%had simple/linear,30.7%had micronodular,and 5.7%had macronodular type.The median follow-up time was 5(3–7.5)years.After 1032 person-years,33 patients developed a total of 50 type I gNENs,with an incidence rate of 0.057 person-years,corresponding to an annual cumulative incidence of 5.7%.Circulating CgA levels did not significantly differ between AIG patients who developed gNENs and those who did not.Conversely,gastrin levels were significantly higher in AIG patients who developed gNENs[median 992 pg/mL IQR=449–1500 vs 688 pg/mL IQR=423–1200,P=0.03].Calculated gastrin sensitivity and specificity were 90.9%and 1.4%,respectively,with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 30%and a calculated area under the gastrin receiver operating characteristic curve(AUROC or AUC)of 0.53.CONCLUSION Type I gNENs are a significant complication in AIG.Gastrin’s low diagnostic accuracy prevents it from serving as a marker for early diagnosis.Effective strategies for early detection and treatment are needed.

Mucosal patterns change after Helicobacter pylori eradication:Evaluation using blue laser imaging in patients with atrophic gastritis

BACKGROUND Mucosal patterns(MPs)observed on blue laser imaging in patients with atrophic gastritis can be classified as spotty,cracked,and mottled.Furthermore,we hypothesized that the spotty pattern may change to the cracked pattern after Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication.AIM To further substantiate and comprehensively investigate MP changes after H.pylori eradication in a larger number of patients.METHODS We included 768 patients who were diagnosed with atrophic gastritis with evaluable MP using upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Nishikawa Gastrointestinal Clinic,Japan.Among them,325 patients were H.pylori-positive,and of them,101 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy before and after H.pylori eradication were evaluated for post-eradication MP changes.The patients’MPs were interpreted by three experienced endoscopists who were blinded to their clinical features.RESULTS Among 76 patients with the spotty pattern before or after H.pylori eradication,the pattern disappeared or decreased in 67 patients[88.2%,95%confidence interval(CI):79.0%-93.6%),appeared or increased in 8 patients(10.5%,95%CI:5.4%-19.4%),and showed no change in 1 patient(1.3%,95%CI:0.2%-7.1%).In 90 patients with the cracked pattern before or after H.pylori eradication,the pattern disappeared or decreased in 7 patients(7.8%,95%CI:3.8%-15.2%),appeared or increased in 79 patients(87.8%,95%CI:79.4%-93.0%),and showed no change in 4 patients(4.4%,95%CI:1.7%-10.9%).In 70 patients with the mottled pattern before or after H.pylori eradication,the pattern disappeared or decreased in 28 patients(40.0%,95%CI:29.3%-51.7%),appeared or increased in 35 patients(50.0%,95%CI:38.6%-61.4%),and showed no change in 7 patients(10.0%,95%CI:4.9%-19.2%).CONCLUSION After H.pylori eradication,MPs changed from spotty to cracked in most patients,which may help endoscopists easily and precisely evaluate H.pylori-related gastritis status.

Efficacy and safety of Huangqi Jianzhong decoction in the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Chronic atrophic gastritis is a persistent disorder of the digestive system where the gastric mucosa epithelium and glands undergo atrophy,leading to a decrease in their number and thinning of the gastric mucosa.It is worth noting that the prevalence of chronic atrophic gastritis is higher in China compared to the global average,and it is also considered a precancerous condition for gastric cancer.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of Huangqi Jianzhong decoction in treating chronic atrophic gastritis.Chronic atrophic gastritis is a persistent illness characterized by the progressive disappearance of healthy gastric glands due to repeated injury.Huangqi Jianzhong decoctions are widely used in China to treat chronic atrophic gastritis.However,there is limited scientific evidence regarding their efficacy in treating this illness.METHODS The present meta-analysis adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and used the Cochrane Collaboration methodology.We performed a comprehensive search for clinical trials investigating the use of Huangqi Jianzhong decoction in treating chronic atrophic gastritis published until January 2023.The risk of bias and the quality of the included studies were evaluated using the Cochrane Handbook guidelines.Finally,a meta-analysis was conducted using the RevMan 5.4 softRESULTS This study included a total of 13 articles,comprising 1269 samples.The meta-analysis was conducted on these 13 articles,yielding the following results:I2=0%,P=0.60,[RR=1.24,95%CI:1.18 to 1.30,P<0.00001].The forest plot analysis of the Helicobacter pylori clearance rate revealed I2=0%,P=0.36,[RR=1.20,95%CI:1.05 to 1.38,P=0.009].The forest plot of PG-I level showed I2=99%,P<0.00001,[MD=4.99,95%CI:-1.59 to 11.58,P=0.14].The forest plot of stomach pain demonstrated I2=54%,P=0.04,[MD=-0.63,95%CI:-0.68 to-0.58,P<0.00001].The forest plot of reflux indicated I2=82%,P=0.0009,[MD=-0.48,95%CI:-0.63 to-0.33,P<0.00001].The forest plot of recurrence rate exhibited I2=0%,P=0.92,[RR=0.15,95%CI:0.04 to 0.66,P=0.01].The forest plot of adverse reactions showed no heterogeneity in outcome data,[RR=1.07,95%CI:0.53 to 2.17,P=0.86].CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that Huangqi Jianzhong decoction improved various factors in adults with chronic atrophic gastritis.These factors included the total effective rate,Helicobacter pylori clearance rate,symptoms such as stomachache and acid reflux alleviation,and recurrence rates.

Efficacy of fexuprazan compared with rebamipide in Korean patients with gastritis:A matching-adjusted indirect comparison

BACKGROUND Gastritis is one of the most frequently diagnosed diseases requiring medical treatment in South Korea.Fexuprazan,a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker,has been approved for treating gastritis and erosive esophagitis.Meanwhile,rebamipide is the most commonly used mucoprotective agent for acute and chronic gastritis in real-world settings in South Korea.However,there have been no studies comparing the efficacy of these two drugs yet.AIM To compare the efficacy of fexuprazan with that of rebamipide for acute and chronic gastritis.METHODS This was a matching-adjusted indirect comparison.Individual patient data from a phase III study of fexuprazan(10 mg BID)were compared with cumulative data from two matching studies of rebamipide(100 mg TID).Erosion improvement and healing rates were compared between two weeks of fexurapan,two weeks of rebamipide,and four weeks of rebamipide.The two main outcome variables were presented as percentages,and the risk differences(RD)and 95%confidence intervals(CI)were calculated for the relative treatment effects.RESULTS In the primary analysis,the erosion improvement and healing rates after a twoweek treatment with fexuprazan were 64.5%and 53.2%,respectively,while a twoweek treatment with rebamipide resulted in erosion improvement and healing rates of 43.6%(RD:21.0%;95%CI:9.6-32.3;P<0.01)and 35.6%(RD:17.6%;95%CI:6.1-29.2;P=0.003),respectively.In the additional analysis,the erosion improvement and healing rates for the two-week fexuprazan treatment(64.2%and 51.2%,respectively)were similar to those obtained during a four-week treatment with rebamipide(60.6%;RD:3.6%;95%CI:-9.8,17.0;P=0.600 and 53.5%;RD:-2.3%;95%CI:-16.1,11.5;P=0.744,respectively).CONCLUSION The two-week fexuprazan treatment was superior to the two-week rebamipide treatment and similar to the fourweek rebamipide treatment for patients with gastritis.

Metabolic dynamics in chronic gastritis:Examining urinary profiles post Helicobacter pylori eradication

Chronic gastritis is the persistent and insidious inflammation of the gastric lining.Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)has been identified as the most common cause of chronic gastritis and consequently elimination of H.pylori can lead to its cure.This editorial explores the use of urinary metabolic profiles before and after eradication to identify biomarkers that can aid in prognosis and treatment.Despite providing promising insights,there are limitations such as a small sample size(17 patients),a narrow treatment period of 2 wk,and treatment heterogeneity,which raise concerns.Nevertheless,these findings have opened a gateway to enhancing the treatment and prognosis of chronic gastritis through urinary metabolomics.

History of chronic gastritis:How our perceptions have changed

Currently,the diagnostic strategy for chronic gastritis(CG)is aimed not just at fixing the presence of gastric mucosal inflammation,but also at gastric cancer(GC)risk stratification in a particular patient.Modern classification approach with the definition of the stage of gastritis determines the need,activities and frequency of dynamic monitoring of a patient.However,this attitude to the patient suffering from CG was far from always.The present publication is a literature review describing the key milestones in the history of CG research,from the description of the first observations of inflammation of the gastric mucosa,assessment of gastritis as a predominantly functional disease,to the advent of endoscopy of the upper digestive tract and diagnostic gastric biopsy,assessment of the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in progression of inflammatory changes to atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,dysplasia and GC.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated gastritis:Patterns and management

Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)are widely used due to their effectiveness in treating various tumors.Immune-related adverse events(irAEs)are defined as adverse effects resulting from ICI treatment.Gastrointestinal irAEs are a common type of irAEs characterized by intestinal side effects,such as diarrhea and colitis,which may lead to the cessation of ICIs.Although irAE gastritis is rarely reported,it may lead to serious complications such as gastrorrhagia.Furthermore,irAE gastritis is often difficult to identify early due to its diverse symptoms.Although steroid hormones and immunosuppressants are commonly used to reverse irAEs,the best regimen and dosage for irAE gastritis remains uncertain.In addition,the risk of recurrence of irAE gastritis after the reuse of ICIs should be considered.In this editorial,strategies such as early identification,pathological diagnosis,mana-gement interventions,and immunotherapy rechallenge are discussed to enable clinicians to better manage irAE gastritis and improve the prognosis of these patients.

Clinical manifestation,lifestyle,and treatment patterns of chronic erosive gastritis:A multicenter real-world study in China

BACKGROUND Although chronic erosive gastritis(CEG)is common,its clinical characteristics have not been fully elucidated.The lack of consensus regarding its treatment has resulted in varied treatment regimens.AIM To explore the clinical characteristics,treatment patterns,and short-term outcomes in CEG patients in China.METHODS We recruited patients with chronic non-atrophic or mild-to-moderate atrophic gastritis with erosion based on endoscopy and pathology.Patients and treating physicians completed a questionnaire regarding history,endoscopic findings,and treatment plans as well as a follow-up questionnaire to investigate changes in symptoms after 4 wk of treatment.RESULTS Three thousand five hundred sixty-three patients from 42 centers across 24 cities in China were included.Epigastric pain(68.0%),abdominal distension(62.6%),and postprandial fullness(47.5%)were the most common presenting symptoms.Gastritis was classified as chronic non-atrophic in 69.9%of patients.Among those with erosive lesions,72.1%of patients had lesions in the antrum,51.0%had multiple lesions,and 67.3%had superficial flat lesions.In patients with epigastric pain,the combination of a mucosal protective agent(MPA)and proton pump inhibitor was more effective.For those with postprandial fullness,acid regurgitation,early satiety,or nausea,a MPA appeared more promising.CONCLUSION CEG is a multifactorial disease which is common in Asian patients and has non-specific symptoms.Gastroscopy may play a major role in its detection and diagnosis.Treatment should be individualized based on symptom profile.

Comparison of operative link for gastritis assessment, operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment, and TAIM stagings among men with atrophic gastritis

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the world’s third most lethal malignancy. Most gastric cancers develop through precancerous states of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Two staging systems, operative link for gastritis assessment(OLGA)and operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment(OLGIM), have been developed to detect high gastric cancer risk. European guidelines recommend surveillance for high-risk OLGA/OLGIM patients(stages Ⅲ–Ⅳ),and for those with advanced stage of atrophic gastritis in the whole stomach mucosa. We hypothesize, that by combining atrophy and intestinal metaplasia into one staging named TAIM, more patients with increased gastric cancer risk could be detected.AIM To evaluate the clinical value of the OLGA, OLGIM, and novel TAIM stagings as prognostic indicators for gastric cancer.METHODS In the Helsinki Gastritis Study, 22346 elderly male smokers from southwestern Finland were screened for serum pepsinogen I(PGI). Between the years 1989 and1993, men with low PGI values(PGI < 25 μg/L), were invited to undergo an oesophagogastroduodenoscopy. In this retrospective cohort study, 1147 men that underwent gastroscopy were followed for gastric cancer for a median of 13.7 years, and a maximum of 27.3 years. We developed a new staging system, TAIM,by combining the topography with the severity of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia in gastric biopsies. In TAIM staging, the gastric cancer risk is classified as low or high.RESULTS Twenty-eight gastric cancers were diagnosed during the follow-up, and the incidence rate was 1.72 per 1000 patient-years. The cancer risk associated positively with TAIM [Hazard ratio(HR) 2.70, 95%CI: 1.09–6.69, P = 0.03]. The risk increased through OLGIM stages 0-Ⅳ(0 vs Ⅳ: HR 5.72, 95%CI: 1.03–31.77, P for trend = 0.004), but not through OLGA stages 0–Ⅳ(0 vs Ⅳ: HR 5.77, 95%CI:0.67–49.77, P for trend = 0.10). The sensitivities of OLGA and OLGIM stages Ⅲ–Ⅳ were low, 21% and 32%, respectively, whereas that of TAIM high-risk was good, 79%. On the contrary, OLGA and OLGIM had high specificity, 85% and81%, respectively, but TAIM showed low specificity, 42%. In all three staging systems, the high-risk men had three-to four-times higher gastric cancer risk compared to the general male population of the same age.CONCLUSION OLGIM and TAIM stagings show prognostic value in assessing gastric cancer risk in elderly male smokers with atrophic gastritis.

Urinary metabolic profiles during Helicobacter pylori eradication in chronic gastritis

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection is a major risk factor for chronic gastritis,affecting approximately half of the global population.H.pylori eradication is a popular treatment method for H.pylori-positive chronic gastritis,but its mecha-nism remains unclear.Urinary metabolomics has been used to elucidate the mechanisms of gastric disease treatment.However,no clinical study has been conducted on urinary metabolomics of chronic gastritis.AIM To elucidate the urinary metabolic profiles during H.pylori eradication in patients with chronic gastritis.METHODS We applied LC–MS-based metabolomics and network pharmacology to in-vestigate the relationships between urinary metabolites and H.pylori-positive chronic gastritis via a clinical follow-up study.RESULTS Our study revealed the different urinary metabolic profiles of H.pylori-positive chronic gastritis before and after H.pylori eradication.The metabolites regulated by H.pylori eradication therapy include cis-aconitic acid,isocitric acid,citric acid,L-tyrosine,L-phenylalanine,L-tryptophan,and hippuric acid,which were involved in four metabolic pathways:(1)Phenylalanine metabolism;(2)phenylalanine,tyrosine,and tryptophan biosynthesis;(3)citrate cycle;and(4)glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.Integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology revealed that MPO,COMT,TPO,TH,EPX,CMA1,DDC,TPH1,and LPO were the key proteins involved in the biological progress of H.pylori eradication in chronic gastritis.CONCLUSION Our research provides a new perspective for exploring the significance of urinary metabolites in evaluating the treatment and prognosis of H.pylori-positive chronic gastritis patients.

Estimate the Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Diabetes & Non-Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Its Correlation with Malignant Gastritis Patients Attending in Lower Shabelle Region (Somalia)

Background: Several conducted studies have reported a higher and more frequent Helicobacter pylori infection rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to estimation the prevalence of H. pylori and its association between H. pylori infection and T2DM. Materials and Methods: A sectional-cross study was conducted based on 200 patients studded with socioeconomic characteristics through a questionnaire & H. pylori was diagnosed by serum anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA. Furthermore, patients were investigated for fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum cholesterol, and other biochemistry parameters. Results: The findings showed The prevalence of Hp positive infection was significantly higher in the total sample was 134 with (67%). While 66 out of 200 patients with (33%) was H. pylori negative infection. of H. pylori. Further, the mean values were statistically significant for diabetes with H. pylori infection for IgG > 300 titer and IgA > 250 titer, regarding, HbA1C (7.52 ± 0.41) (P Conclusions: The current study revealed that H. pylori prevalence infections were significantly higher in diabetic patients studied compared to non-diabetic patients. Furthermore, T2DM patients infected with H. pylori positive reported a higher prevalence rate of symptoms than H. pylori negative.

Gastric microbiota transplantation as a potential treatment for immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated gastritis

Immune-related adverse events(irAEs)are complications of the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs).ICI-associated gastritis is one of the main irAEs.The gastric microbiota is often related to the occurrence and development of many gastric diseases.Gastric microbiota adjustment may be used to treat gastric disorders in the future.Faecal microbiota transplantation can alter the gut microbiota of patients and has been used for treating ICI-associated colitis.Therefore,we propose gastric microbiota transplantation as a supplementary treatment for patients with ICI-associated gastritis who do not respond well to conventional therapy.

Managing immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated gastritis: Insights and strategies

Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)are widely used due to their effectiveness in treating various tumors.Immune-related adverse events(irAEs)are defined as adverse effects resulting from ICI treatment.Gastrointestinal irAEs are a common type of irAEs characterized by intestinal side effects,such as diarrhea and colitis,which may lead to the discontinuation of ICIs.