Investigation of the optimum differential gear ratio for real driving cycles by experiment design and genetic algorithm

Experiment statistical method and genetic algorithms based optimization method are used to obtain the optimum differential gear ratio for heavy truck that provides best fuel consumption when changing the working condition that affects its torque and speed range. The aim of the study is to obtain the optimum differential gear ratio with fast and accurate optimization calculation without affecting drivability characteristics of the vehicle according to certain driving cycles that represent the new working conditions of the truck. The study is carried on a mining dump truck YT3621 with 9 for- ward shift manual transmission. Two loading conditions, no load and 40 t, and four on road real driving cycles have been discussed. The truck powertrain is modeled using GT-drive, and DOE -post processing tool of the GT-suite is used for DOE analysis and genetic algorithm optimization.

Variable Gear Ratio Control Using Vehicle Body Slip Angle

Vehicles with variable steering characteristics have long been studied and compared with those having typical fixed gear ratio steering, and the variable gear ratio properties are reported to have improved maneuverability and stability in high-speed lane changes and on slippery low-friction road surfaces. However, it is not clear how gear ratios should be set for individual vehicle characteristics. Therefore, the present study has investigated a variable steering gear system using body slip angle feedback for the purpose of improved maneuverability and stability in the critical cornering range and upwards, in excess of the critical limit, and into the countersteer range. The results of a driving simulator experiment show that the steering effect improves and maneuverability and stability increase in the critical cornering range and upwards, in excess of the critical limit, and into the countersteer range by applying linear-variable control to the steering ratio from a body slip angle of 5?. This result is seen both in double lane changes, such as in hazard avoidance, and in J-turns with long drifting. Moreover, it shows an improvement in drift controllability through prompt countersteering. Overall, the present system can enhance the driver’s hazard avoidance capability.

Multi-objective Optimization of a Two-Stage Helical Gearbox to Improve Efficiency and Reduce Height

The goal of this research is to look at multi-target optimization of a two-stage helical gearbox in order to determine the best key design elements for reducing gearbox height and enhancing gearbox efficiency.To do this,the method known as Taguchi and GRA(Grey Relation Analysis)were used in two stages to address the problem.The single-objective optimization problem was addressed first to close the gap between variable levels,and then the multi-objective optimization problem was solved to determine the best primary design variables.The first and second stage CWFWs(Coefficients of Wheel Face Width),ACS(Permissible Contact Stresses),and first stage gear ratio were also calculated.The study’s findings were utilized to identify the best values for five critical design aspects of a two-stage helical gearbox.

EFFECT OF INVOLUTE CONTACT RATIO ON THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SPUR GEAR WITH NOTOOTH PROFILE MODIFICATION

The effect of involute contact ratio on the torsional vibration behavior ofspur gear-pair is studied analytically through a mass-spring model. The tooth stiffness in model notonly has a relation with time, as many prior studies presented, but, more important, with involutecontact ratio (ICR) as well. The ICR embodies its impact on the spur gear's dynamic performancethrough changing the proportion of tooth stiffness when there are n+1 teeth in contact to toothstiffness when there are n teeth in contact. A couple of curves about impact of ICR on the gear'sdynamic performance are presented, and they clearly demonstrate that the model can accuratelydescribe the effects of ICR on dynamic transmission error. Finally, some conclusions useful toreduce vibration and noise of gear-pair are proposed.

COMMON DEFINITION FOR END-SURFACE CONTACT RATIO OF GEARS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Common definition and calculating expressions of end-surface contact ratiofor all type of gears are put forward, and with calculation expressions for involute gears,micro-segments profile gears, and sine-curved profile gears being discussed. The end-surface contactratio of gears is defined as the ratio of the action angle (the rotation angle of gear from gear-into gear-out for one pair of teeth) to the rotation angle per pitch (or central angle per tooth).According to the theory of gearing, equation of the meshing line can be deduced from the toothprofiles of basic rack. Having obtained the equation of the meshing line, and being given theaddendum outline of the gears, the contact ratio can be calculated with the calculation expressions.For the involute gears, this definition has same effect as the well-known definition: ratio of thecontact line to the base pitch. This definition of contact ratio is also suitable to othernon-involute gears, such as micro-segments profile gears, sine-curved profile gears, and can givemore reliable results.

Calculation method of sliding ratios for conjugate-curve gear pair and its application

The calculation method of sliding ratios for conjugate-curve gear pair, generated based on the theory of conjugate curves,is proposed. The theoretical model of conjugate-curve gear drive is briefly introduced. The general calculation formulas of sliding ratios are developed according to the conjugate curves. The applications to the circular arc gears based on conjugate curves and the novel involute-helix gears are studied. A comparison on the sliding coefficient with the conventional corresponding gear drive is also carried out. The influences of gear parameters such as spiral parameter, gear ratio and modulus on the sliding ratios of gear drive are discussed. Brief description of manufacturing method for conjugate-curve gear pair is given. The research results show that the sliding ratios of gear pair become smaller with the increase of spiral parameter and gear ratio, respectively. And it will be greater with the increase of modulus for the tooth profiles. The meshing characteristics of conjugate-curve gears are further reflected and the optimization design of tooth profiles with high performance may be obtained.

Smooth Operation with Manufacture Error and Modification of Cycloidal Pin Gearing

The paper considers the modification or the manufacture error of cycloidal gear, then analyzes the relationship of pin circle meshed with the modified cycloidal gear, discuases the amount of error that leads to destroying conjugate action and results in the changes of tbe instantaneous velocity ratio and so as to affect the smooth operation of cycloidal pin gearing. The idea of the relationship between amount of modification aud manufacture error and the smooth operation can be gotten from the curve diagrams of the instantaneous velocity ratio. Therefore, the directions for improving the reature of the cycloidal pin gear transmission are clear.

串并联混合动力变速箱挡位对整车性能的影响

针对串并联混合动力车辆变速箱选型匹配问题,采用试验设计(DOE)方法选取变速箱最优速比并分析挡位对整车性能的影响。建立了整车仿真模型和控制策略并进行了台架验证,分析了该混合动力系统3种变速箱挡位配置对车辆的加速性能、爬坡性能和整车油耗的影响。仿真结果表明,挡位的增多可以提高整车动力性,降低整车对电池放电功率及电池容量的需求,但是对整车油耗改善较小。进一步仿真结果表明,即使改善发动机低转速中高负荷区域的燃油消耗率,变速箱挡位数对整车油耗的影响也不大。

面齿轮轴间限滑差速器构型设计与性能分析

为解决现有轴间限滑差速器限滑能力有限、构型复杂且加工困难等问题,提出了一种新型的面齿轮轴间限滑差速器设计方案。对差速器构型原理和运动特性进行理论分析,建立了面齿轮轴间限滑差速器的力学平衡方程和锁紧系数理论模型;基于面齿轮加工成型原理和轴间差速器工作特性,设计搭建了三维实体模型和Adams虚拟样机模型,并利用Adams仿真软件进行了多体动力学分析。结果表明,面齿轮轴间限滑差速器对前后轴的锁紧系数分别可达到6.5和5;在良好路面行驶时,前后轴输出转矩与预设转矩分配比40∶60基本吻合;在双附着系数路面行驶时,可迅速锁紧打滑侧车轴并将转矩更多分配至未打滑侧车轴,实现转矩分配的自动调节,对前后轴的最大转矩分配分别可达73%和79%。结果验证了面齿轮轴间限滑差速器的可行性,为面齿轮轴间限滑差速器的设计应用提供了依据。

一种新型高阶齿扇齿条副的啮合性能分析

目前汽车转向器非圆齿轮副普遍采用C^(0)阶连续的变传动比曲线,其齿扇齿廓有尖点,不光滑,速度和加速度有突变,传动不够平顺。为此,以四次多项式为基函数设计C^(2)阶连续的变传动比曲线,采用齿廓法线法求解不同连续阶的齿扇齿廓,基于有限差分法推导齿廓曲率的计算公式,对比分析C^(0)、C^(1)、C^(2)阶传动比曲线的齿廓结构特点、传动中的速度与加速度的变化特点以及其齿廓光滑性。仿真结果表明汽车转向器非圆齿轮副传动比曲线的连续阶越高,其齿廓越光滑。

高接触比螺旋锥齿面修形方法及动态特性研究

为抑制高接触比螺旋锥齿轮传动的振动,提出一种新的高阶齿面修形方法。根据高接触比螺旋锥齿轮的啮合特点,提出一种新的修形曲线,采用辅助齿面修形方法生成高阶修形螺旋锥齿轮。在考虑齿变形的情况下,计算了高阶修正弧齿锥齿轮传动的载荷传递误差和啮合冲击,在此基础上建立了降低高接触比螺旋锥齿轮传动的载荷传递误差和啮合冲击的优化模型。仿真结果表明:与二阶修形弧齿锥齿轮相比,高阶齿面修形方法不仅可以有效降低高接触比螺旋锥齿的载荷传递误差、啮合冲击和动态负载系数,而且可以提高其在全速范围内的动态性能。

双圆弧齿廓椭圆齿轮建模与运动学仿真

为了满足齿轮变传动比运动、提高轮齿承载能力,结合齿轮啮合理论和双圆弧齿廓曲线结构参数特征,提出了一种新型双圆弧齿廓椭圆齿轮。阐述了其节曲线的设计方法,利用SolidWorks软件建立了双圆弧齿廓椭圆齿轮三维模型;使用Adams软件对双圆弧齿廓椭圆齿轮副模型进行了运动学仿真,分析了不同偏心率对双圆弧椭圆齿轮副传动比变化规律的影响,并对比理论传动比曲线,分析了仿真传动比曲线存在波动误差的影响因素;为了减小齿轮副振动脉冲,给出了偏心率适当的取值范围。本文的设计方法和分析结果对双圆弧齿廓非圆齿轮的参数化设计有理论参考价值,可为双圆弧齿廓椭圆齿轮副数控加工制造及应用提供依据。

高阶变性Pascal蜗线齿轮生成机制分析

为满足多样性变速传动的设计要求,文章在研究Pascal蜗线非圆节曲线的基础上,通过引入高阶和变性原理,建立了高阶变性Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮节曲线数学模型及其凹凸性判别公式。为分析高阶变性Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮传动特性,利用MATLAB编写可视化设计分析平台,对影响高阶变性Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮形状和传动特性的因素进行分析,为后续高阶变性Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮的设计及应用提供了便捷的设计参考;将Pascal蜗线非圆齿轮驱动的曲柄滑块式压力机与对心曲柄滑块式压力机进行对比分析,验证了Pascal蜗线型非圆齿轮的优势和在实际应用中的可行性。

斜齿轮时变啮合刚度改进算法及影响因素分析

在势能法基础上,基于切片积分原理,考虑齿根过渡曲线方程,提出一种改进的斜齿时变啮合刚度计算方法。该方法考虑了真实齿根过渡曲线参数方程,修正了渐开线齿廓的积分区间,与有限元方法的对比结果验证了算法的有效性,减小了时变啮合刚度的计算误差。在此方法基础上,分析了齿宽、螺旋角、齿数和模数对时变啮合刚度的影响。结果表明,时变啮合刚度均值受齿宽影响较大,近似成线性关系;受螺旋角、齿数影响较小;螺旋角增大,均值以较小幅度波动性变化;中心距一定时,齿数增大,时变啮合刚度缓慢增大;齿轮参数改变会影响重合度;轴向重合度为整数时,时变啮合刚度波动值较小。

高速重载弧齿锥齿轮齿面多目标优化设计

以提高弧齿锥齿轮强度性能和减振降噪为出发点,基于TCA(Tooth contact analysis)、LTCA(Load tooth contact analysis)及局部综合法建立高重合度与低啮合转换处传动误差幅值的齿面多目标优化设计模型;利用带精英策略非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)优化3个齿面2阶接触参数,根据目标函数重要程度从Pareto最优解集中选择最终优化解。结果表明:给定工况下,优化后的2阶参数使得弧齿锥齿轮副重合度增加了16.69%,啮合转换处传动误差幅值降低了87.33%;同时承载传动误差均值、齿面接触应力均值与大小轮齿根弯曲应力均值分别降低了11.82%、0.25%、12.32%和13.61%,改善了齿轮副的强度性能和啮合性能,实现了减振降噪的效果。

大重合度直齿轮动载特性分析

针对大重合度直齿轮啮合齿数与普通直齿轮间的差异性变化,以一对大重合度直齿轮和普通直齿轮为研究对象,通过有限元法求解齿轮时变啮合刚度,建立大重合度直齿轮啮合耦合型动力学模型,利用Newmark-β时域积分求解齿轮系统动态响应,对其进行时频域分析并与普通直齿轮进行对比,获得了大重合度直齿轮在不同转速、误差影响下的动载系数变化规律。结果表明,大重合度直齿轮啮合刚度与普通齿轮有较大差异,其动态响应结果波动幅值较普通直齿轮有明显降低,提升了系统稳定性;大重合度直齿轮动载系数与普通直齿轮相比有明显下降,并且随着转速的升高和误差的增大出现不同程度的增加,其中在共振转速区域范围内增幅明显。

小车式起落架地面载荷与漂浮性分析

飞机起落架与道面的相容性对飞机的地面运动能力具有重要影响。针对某大型飞机计算不同工况下其起落架载荷及轮胎载荷分配,采用基于韦斯特加德层板理论的波特兰水泥协会法和基于加利福尼亚承载比的美国陆军工程兵团方法,计算不同着陆工况、地面机动工况、轮胎数量、轮胎泄气工况、轮胎间距对飞机等级数的影响,分析刚性道面和柔性道面下的飞机漂浮性。结果表明:垂直过载和机轮泄气带来的轮胎载荷增大与载荷分配不均,都会在不同程度上减弱飞机的漂浮性,尤其是转弯和机尾下沉着陆工况需要予以限制;轮胎数量和轮胎间距的增加可以改善漂浮性,需同时考虑结构设计、强度裕度等来优化设计小车式起落架构造。

绕组形式对空心杯电机功率的影响

空心杯电机具有体积小和高功率密度等显著优势,被广泛应用于舵机系统中。针对空心杯电机绕组形式的选择大多凭借经验的问题,以相同跨距、相同转速条件下空心杯电机的输出功率为目标,对绕组形式的选择展开了研究分析。计算建立了六边形和菱形绕组的输出功率数学模型,通过仿真和实物功率测试,验证了理论的有效性。结果表明,在相同转速、相同跨距时六边形绕组形式的电机输出功率高于菱形绕组,且随着长径比的增大,六边形绕组电机输出功率的增量高于菱形绕组,在长径比是1.5~2时,具有更高的输出功率。

双电机纯电动汽车传动比优化研究

为了提升前后轴双电机汽车的动力性能,对前后轴的传动比变化对加速性能的影响进行了研究,并结合能耗进行综合评价。研究结果显示,通过Cruise软件对不同组传动比进行仿真,并将结果进行对比,最优的前后轴传动比组合被选定,从而将百公里加速时间缩短至7.49秒,并使NEDC循环工况下的能耗达到1.38kWh。此外,最高车速和最大爬坡度也得以显著提升。

电控机械式自动变速器控制系统的设计及实验

为了提高电动汽车的经济性以及动力性,设计了电控机械式自动变速器控制系统.通过设计变速器结构、匹配优化传动比,提出了最优换挡规律,并通过不同工况下的实验进行验证,建立了换挡系统控制模型,开展了电机与变速器的协同控制研究,达到了提高电动汽车性能的目的,并且为后续变速器的进一步优化奠定了基础.