Historical Transition of Gender Roles in China

This article delves into the intricate landscape of gender roles within China,employing a historical lens to dissect the evolution of these roles throughout key periods of Chinese societal transformation.The study centres on three pivotal epochs in contemporary China:the pre-liberation era(prior to 1949),the era of socialist construction(1949-1978),and the phase of economic reform(post-1978).Despite the undeniably persistent underpinning of traditional gender roles throughout history,this analysis offers insight into the essence of feminist movements-an ongoing struggle against the subjugation of women.While notable strides have been made in enhancing the status and rights of women in recent decades,it becomes evident that achieving genuine gender equality necessitates a more nuanced approach beyond the mere expansion of educational and occupational opportunities for women.True transformation mandates heightened awareness of gender inequality across all societal domains,catalysing collective participation in social initiatives by both genders.This article underscores the imperative of multifaceted engagement to drive meaningful and lasting shifts in gender dynamics.

The Choice of Gender Roles and the Perceptions of Gender Violence in Regions of Armenia

This article describes results of the fieldwork study concerning the reasons of gender roles＇ choice and the possible violence in Armenian families that occur from the gender roles. I have completed field study encompassing nine, out of 11, administrative regions of Armenia. The purpose of this study is to understand the perception level of domestic violence, child abuse and society＇s approach to the latter by conducting quantitative survey. These findings may be useful for the experts specialized in the gender violence and working on adapting the value system of EU countries in Armenia.

Gender Roles in the Utilization and Challenges in the Management of Mangrove Forests in Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines

Mangrove utilization and management were observed done by men and women depending on their needs and priorities in Casiguran, Aurora. This study, therefore, tried to investigate the gender roles in the utilization and management of mangrove forests, the existing mangrove management practices and their challenges, and the relationship between gender and mangrove resources management. A mixed-method approach was used and data were obtained through triangulation. Respondents were obtained through snowball sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire with a few open-ended questions. Results revealed that the majority of the respondents were women (60.7%) and residents of Brgy. Esteves (52.5%) live within or near the mangrove forest. Mostly married (59%) who were providing food and income for the family. They utilized mangrove woods (58.20%) with an average quantity of less than 10 board feet (34.4%) for cooking (40.2%). Roots were utilized in minimal amounts (2.50%) for mythical, medicine, and cork purposes. Mollusks (93.44%), commonly bivalves (93.4%), were primarily gleaned by women for food consumption (93.4%) and as a source of income (93. 61%). On the other hand, catching of crabs (57.4%) for consumption (56.6%) and as a source of income (14.8%) and catching of fish (31.1%) for consumption (27.9%) were done by men. Both genders were involved in mangrove management practices, although only 65% of them had actual involvement in mangrove planting, 19% in mangrove nursery development and maintenance, and 16% in mangrove plantation maintenance. Challenges in management include low survival rate of planted mangroves (33%), lack of maintenance activity (20%), and lack of funds for mobilization (20%). A chi-square test of independence revealed that both men and women have no significant difference in their involvement in nursery establishment and maintenance, mangrove planting, and plantation management.

Arab Attitudes Toward Gender Roles： From Homogeneous Stereotype to Heterogeneous Reality

Western society has historically perceived Arab attitudes toward gender roles in a stereotypically negative light. This perception has had great influence on international public opinion toward Arab treatment of women, Western foreign policy toward the Arab world and development aid programs in the Middle East. This paper seeks to question the legitimacy of this perception by advancing the hypothesis that Arab attitudes toward gender roles are heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. To do so, it uses cross-cultural analysis in examining survey data regarding women＇s status in the Arab world, the significance of which contributes to a more accurate and well-rounded understanding of Arab attitudes toward gender roles. Results confirm the hypothesis that Arab attitudes toward gender roles are heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. Indeed, contrary to the Western stereotype regarding Arab attitudes toward gender roles and Arab treatment of women, cross-cultural analysis of the statistical information provided showed that Arab societies differ from one another in their attitudes toward gender roles and that Arab states differ from one another in their governmental approaches to gender equality in terms of personal status laws, gender-based discrimination in the workplace, and overall policies aimed at the advancement of women.

Changing Gender Roles in Chinese Society

According to Confucian philosophy, the main source of traditional Chinese culture the husband is responsible for handling external affairs, while the wife takes charge of home affairs. In this social order, men are superior to women.

Analysis of Voltaire's Candide——from the Perspective of Gender Roles

This essay analyzes the famous French writer's novel Candide from the perspective of gender roles. It introduces some literary terms related to gender,and explains my understanding of the gender roles some characters have played from the aspects of wars and masculinity,Candide and masculinity,female characters and femininity,and Candide related to feminism.

Institutionalized Gender Roles in Women in Love

In his masterpiece Women in Love,D.H.Lawrence devoted a large amount of space to the depiction of sex,sexuality and male-female relationship,which have always been the concerns of academic circle.Yet,in her study of this novel,the present author has noticed that the male-female relationships in the novel is largely subject to the institutions and seem doomed to failure.This essay will,with the help of theories of gender criticism,concentrate on the analysis of the institutionalized social and family roles undertaken by the main characters in the novel.

Gender Roles: Biases or Differences?

This paper aims to probe into the two distinct gender roles—males and females—in several ways,and further answers the question"what on earth cause the salient differentiation in gender roles,biases or differences?"In conclusion,the author holds that it is the physiological and psychological differences in the two sexes that result in the differed distribution of such vari ous duties which males and females are supposed to fulfill as the current society has expected.

Gender Role,But Not Sex,Shapes Humans’Susceptibility to Emotion

It is unknown whether the famous sex-related difference in emotion processing is accounted for by biological sex,gender role,or their interaction.To clarify the issue,in Study 1 we recorded event-related potentials in response to negative and positive images of diverse intensities when 47 masculine(26 males)and 47 feminine(22 males)subjects performed a non-emotional task.The occipital P1 and N1 amplitudes were larger in women than in men,while feminine subjects showed larger N1 amplitudes than masculine subjects,regardless of sex.Moreover,feminine subjects showed enhanced frontocentral N2(210–270 ms)amplitudes for highly and mildly negative than for neutral stimuli,while masculine subjects showed an emotion effect only for highly negative stimuli.The feminine-specific effect for mildly negative stimuli was positively correlated to the feminine score,and this correlation was located to the anterior cingulate and the superior and medial frontal gyri.Furthermore,feminine but not masculine subjects showed enhanced parietal P3(330–560 ms)amplitudes for highly and mildly positive than for neutral stimuli,an effect positively related to the feminine score and localized to the precuneus,posterior cingulate,and superior temporal gyrus.Machine learning analyses verified that single-trial N2 and P3 amplitudes of feminine subjects reliably discriminated the intensity of negative and positive stimuli,respectively.For ecological considerations,in Study 2 we used an observational approach(n=300)and confirmed that feminine gender role,rather than biological sex,predicted individual differences in daily experience of emotion-related psychopathological symptoms.These findings provide solid evidence for the critical impact of gender role rather than sex on emotional susceptibility.

“二孩家庭”的父母协同教养及其影响因素

在“二孩家庭”中,父母协同教养因儿童出生顺序产生差异,长子女的父母协同教养质量在次子女出生后先下降后回升,次子女与长子女的父母协同教养存在高相关,证实协同教养指向特定儿童,且家庭子系统间存在相互影响。在父母协同教养的影响因素方面,难养型儿童是父母协同教养的风险因素,父母性别角色信念、婚姻质量均与“二孩家庭”的父母协同教养有关。今后可基于“二孩家庭”父母协同教养的影响因素模型,关注我国生育政策所造成的生育间隔过大在父母协同教养中的作用,从进化心理学视角考虑“二孩家庭”的父亲协同教养,考察亲子依恋、同胞关系、社会支持等其他关系系统对父母协同教养的影响。

体育活动预测大学生性别角色发展的研究——基于昆明高校的数据

目的:针对“男性女性化”话题进行理论分析和调查研究,探讨体育活动与性别角色之间的关系。方法:对云南大学、昆明理工大学和云南师范大学的大学生发放《大学生性别角色量表》(CSRI—50)和体育活动调查表,回收有效问卷1 030份。通过交叉表卡方检验对体育活动的每次平均持续时间、周运动频率、运动强度等是否对性别角色的表现形式有统计学意义进行检验;然后将通过显著性检验的变量纳入无序多分类Logistic回归分析,以确定体育活动的各要素及其水平是否对性别角色的表现形式起到预测作用。结果:交叉表卡方检验结果显示,每次运动持续时间、运动频率和运动强度对性别角色的表现均具有统计学意义。Logistic回归结果显示,相对于未分化的性别角色,与每次运动持续时间小于30 min、每周1次的运动频率、无汗和微微出汗的运动强度相比,在男性化和女性化模型中,除了每周2~4次的运动频率对男性化具有正向提升之外,每次运动持续时间、运动强度、运动频率等均无统计学意义。在双性化模型中,大于60分钟的运动持续时间、更高的运动频率、出汗较多和大汗淋漓的运动强度对双性化具有统计学意义。结论:体育活动的每次持续时间、周运动频率、运动强度等都可能是影响性别角色发展的重要原因;每次1小时以上、高于每周1次的运动频率、出汗较多的运动强度,都是双性化性别角色的有效预测变量;可以通过体育参与的情况对大学生的性别角色进行初步的判别,或通过大学生的性别角色来初步判别其参与体育活动的可能性。

社会性别观念对育龄群体离婚风险的影响

在中国,婚姻是生育的前提,在目前国内人口负增长趋势明显的严峻形势下,婚姻稳定性一直受到学界关注。本研究使用2012年至2017年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,通过因子分析构建社会性别观念指数,探究了社会性别观念对于育龄群体离婚风险的影响,并在此基础上讨论了不同性别、已育和未育群体间影响的差异,且进一步分析了生活幸福感在这一过程中的中介效应。结果显示,传统的社会性别观念会降低离婚风险,这一影响在女性和已育群体中更为凸显;另外,传统的社会性别观念除了直接降低离婚风险外,还会降低育龄群体的生活幸福感,从而增加他们做出离婚选择的可能。

小学生性别认同及其影响因素研究——基于C市S小学的实证分析

儿童时期是性别意识形成、性别认同型塑的关键时期。本研究采用整群抽样的方式,向C市S小学521名小学生发放调查问卷,并结合对家长、老师和小学生的访谈和观察,探索小学生性别认同的现状及其影响因素。研究发现,小学生整体上的性别认同程度比较高,女生的性别认同高于男生,3年级是小学生自我性别认同的关键期。从影响因素来看,个体认知是影响性别认同的主要因素,家庭承担性别认同教育的主体责任,学校是性别认同型塑的重要场所,大众传媒也是不可忽视的长期潜在影响因素。

认同或重塑:社会性别角色对女大学生创业意向的影响研究

女性创业对于创造新的就业机会和促进社会经济增长越来越重要,特别是女大学生作为高素质女性人才,其创业意向的提升能够有效扭转女性生存性创业的局面,推动社会创新发展。创业意向的性别差异一直存在,社会性别角色被认为是影响女性创业意向的重要因素。采用质性研究方法,以22名有创业意向的女大学生为研究对象,基于社会性别理论建构分析框架,在女性主体性视角下探究社会性别角色对创业意向的影响及其自我调适策略。研究认为:女大学生的创业意向是其主体性建构的结果,自我实现与创业结果预期的价值拟合是女大学生产生创业意向的起点;不同环境中的社会性别角色感知是女大学生产生创业意向的扰动项,女大学生通过社会性别角色的自我调适推进创业意向的建构。研究结果不仅可以丰富和拓展高等教育与女性创业的相关研究,也可以为高等教育机构和政策制定者提供一些启示和建议,以更好地支持和鼓励有创业意向女大学生群体的发展与教育。

生态女性主义视域下的《爱弥拉姑娘的爱情》

生态女性主义诞生于女权主义的第三次浪潮,由西方国家逐渐蔓延至全球。它倡导的是一种更加整体和相互关联的世界观,强调人类、自然及社会结构之间的相互作用和平衡。王蒙的新疆题材小说既有着根植于少数民族文化的影响和汉文化思想的辐射,同时又与西方生态女性主义达成了某种默契。他的作品既关注女性的命运,同时又表现生命与自然的互动。该文从生态女性主义视角,对《爱弥拉姑娘的爱情》中爱弥拉姑娘的故事进行剖析,试图探讨王蒙在创作中流露出的平等和谐的生态女性主义观,以及生态环境、性别角色和社会结构的相互作用如何影响个体的身份和行为。

性别刻板印象的变与不变?来自内容、方法与影响的证据

性别刻板印象作为一种社会认知,是人们对男性和女性的特征、属性和行为的普遍信念。在社会变迁的宏大背景下,研究者通过传统方法(过去-现在-未来评价范式、横断序列设计、横断历史元分析)和新近技术(词嵌入)探讨了性别刻板印象变迁。虽然有少许研究声称性别刻板印象未随时间发生变化,但大部分研究基于社会角色理论,都支持性别刻板印象已随时间发生变迁。变迁模式主要表现为:认为女性在男性化特征(如能动性)上不断增长,而男性在女性化特征上(如共生性)可能有所增长。这些变迁对缩小经济上的性别差异具有积极作用,但也可能会给家庭和健康带来消极后果。未来研究应在多学科交叉、多方法融合的基础上,以细化方式、网络视角去考察性别刻板印象变迁,尤其要重视在中国文化背景下对该主题的探究。

高质量家政教育助推角色自由与女性解放

当前,中国需要完成从法律上的男女平等到事实上的男女平等的转变。职场潜规则、就业面狭窄、工作、家庭难以两全等依旧阻碍着女性解放的步伐。要实现真正意义上的女性解放,就需要破除这些不平等待遇。这些不平等待遇主要源于女性在家庭、社会角色上的摩擦以及这些摩擦带来的家庭、工作冲突。因此,探寻缓解摩擦的手段和办法是现阶段中国女性解放的关键。家政教育作为沟通家庭与社会的桥梁,是化解家庭-工作冲突的润滑剂,是实现女性角色自由的重要手段。大力发展家政教育,实施家政观念、家政教育的革命性变革,是助力现阶段中国女性解放的必由之路。

城市出口扩张与个体婚育行为

本文利用外国进口需求来刻画中国城市的出口扩张,再基于中国家庭收入调查数据和中国人口普查1%随机抽样数据,考察了城市出口扩张对个体婚育行为的影响。结果表明,城市出口扩张显著降低了个体结婚和生育的发生比,导致婚育水平下降。分样本检验的结果表明,出口扩张导致的婚育水平下降在经济发展水平和教育发展水平较高的东中部地区的个体以及女性、中低学历、初婚年龄及高收入个体中更为显著。机制分析结果表明,个体经济实力的增强,尤其是女性经济实力的增强及个体婚育观念的转变,是造成上述结果的重要渠道。

“好父亲”的社会建构——基于“情境—身份”框架的分析

基于“情境—身份”分析框架,以15个家庭父母双方的访谈资料为基础呈现当代中国社会中“好父亲”的建构过程、机制及后果,结果显示:在父亲身份可能被唤醒的交往情境、抚育情境及消费情境中,“好父亲”的社会建构表现为父亲身份与抚育者角色和家长角色的聚合以及与消费支柱型角色的偏离;由于缺乏结构层面的角色模范,行动者层面的父亲身份建构呈现出个体化与模糊化特征,“好父亲”的展现严重依赖于母亲的配合表演。上述发现有助于将“父亲身份的社会建构”带入家庭与性别社会学的研究中心,还为理解当代社会的性别平等进程提供了新的经验证据。

互联网对性别角色观念与家庭分工的影响

性别平等关系社会经济发展和民生福祉,互联网等数字技术的快速发展为促进性别角色观念和性别分工平等提供了有利条件。与教育等影响因素相比,互联网在信息、知识和文化传播及共享方面独具优势,可能在“男外女内”等传统性别角色观念向“性别平等”现代性别角色观念转变的进程中发挥重要作用;由于观念常常主导行为且考虑互联网的经济效应,互联网的发展也可能促使传统家庭分工模式发生变化。性别角色观念和家庭分工趋于平等不仅有助于缓解女性遭遇的工作-家庭冲突,也将减轻传统性别角色定位给男性带来的压力。本研究利用“宽带中国”政策准实验,使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)和中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,构建双重差分模型研究互联网对性别角色观念和家庭分工的影响。一方面,从性别角色观念的转变来看,互联网能够显著促使个体形成现代性别角色观念,使个体在能力、职业权利和家务等维度上的性别角色观念更加平等。对女性和男性分组回归发现两者在互联网的影响下均持有更加平等的性别角色观念,并且男性受到的影响更大,意味着未来以互联网为核心的数字技术的普及和深化可能在更大范围上缩小男女性别角色观念差距。进一步分析主要影响机制发现互联网拓展了人们的信息获取渠道,促使人们接触和了解更多有关性别平等的信息,增加了人们对性别平等的关注度,进而影响人们的性别角色观念。另一方面,从家庭分工的变化来看,当前互联网在改变性别角色观念的同时对家庭分工的影响仍然有限。尽管妻子的工作时长相对于丈夫有所增加,但夫妻家务时间配置即家务分工未发生显著改变,“男主外”已松动而“女主内”依旧稳固,这可能加重女性在工作和家庭上的负担。进一步检验表明家庭分工的转变仍受到传统社会规范和相对资源等因素的影响。与较多受到传统社会规范约束的地区、丈夫相对资源较多的家庭相比,在较少受到传统社会规范约束的地区、妻子相对资源较多的家庭中,妻子的工作时长相对于丈夫显著增加。在互联网的作用下,性别平等观念得以被广泛接受且男女性别角色观念差距减小,然而性别分工平等进展较为缓慢,性别平等实践任重道远。