As a dynamic ex situ conservation strategy,a clonal seed orchard was started in a nursery in Pomaio(POM)in central Italy in 1993 for an assisted migration experiment of Abies nebrodensis(Lojac.)Mattei.Two artifi cial ...As a dynamic ex situ conservation strategy,a clonal seed orchard was started in a nursery in Pomaio(POM)in central Italy in 1993 for an assisted migration experiment of Abies nebrodensis(Lojac.)Mattei.Two artifi cial ex situ populations were planted with this gene pool:a seedling arboretum in Pieve Santo Stefano(PSS)and a small dendrological collection in Papiano(PAP),both originating from the Sicilian relict population.Here,using AFLP markers,we estimated the relatedness among the relocated genotypes of the three collections to check whether the three collections had suffi cient genetic variability to be considered as additional sources of variability to the original gene pool for the assisted migration strategy.High individual genetic variability was found in the collections;each plant had a diff erent genotype and was confi rmed to belong to its population of origin.PAP and PSS trees were shown to be only from the original population of A.nebrodensis species and were derived from a limited set of maternal fertile genotypes.Based on the Sicilian fi r population inventory,nursery production in Sicily,and structure clustering analysis,close genetic relationships among POM,PAP and several PSS trees(1–35)were evident.Similarly,the PSS group(36–78)was genetically close to tree 1 of POM and in a lesser proportion to plants 7 and 9 of POM.The sampling of seedlings used to form batches in the nursery might have infl uenced the structure of the resultant plantations.All genotypes will be useful for enriching the original gene pool.展开更多
Spelt(Triticum aestivum ssp.spelta)is an important wheat subspecies mainly cultivated in Europe before the 20th century that has contributed to modern wheat breeding as a valuable genetic resource.However,relatively l...Spelt(Triticum aestivum ssp.spelta)is an important wheat subspecies mainly cultivated in Europe before the 20th century that has contributed to modern wheat breeding as a valuable genetic resource.However,relatively little is known about the origins and maintenance of spelt populations.Here,using resequencing data from 416 worldwide wheat accessions,including representative spelt wheat,we demonstrate that Eu-ropean spelt emerged when primitive hexaploid wheat spread to the west and hybridized with pre-settled domesticated emmer,the putative maternal donor.Genomic introgression regions from domesticated emmer confer spelt’s primitive morphological characters used for species taxonomy,such as tenacious glumes and laterflowering.We propose a haplotype-based"spelt index"to identify spelt-type wheat vari-eties and to quantify utilization of the spelt gene pool in modern wheat cultivars.This study reveals the ge-netic basis for the establishment of the spelt wheat subspecies in a specific ecological niche and the vital role of the spelt gene pool as a unique germplasm resource in modern wheat breeding.展开更多
Based on the analysis of previous genetic algorithms (GAs) for TSP, a novel method called Ge- GA is proposed. It combines gene pool and GA so as to direct the evolution of the whole population. The core of Ge- GA is t...Based on the analysis of previous genetic algorithms (GAs) for TSP, a novel method called Ge- GA is proposed. It combines gene pool and GA so as to direct the evolution of the whole population. The core of Ge- GA is the construction of gene pool and how to apply it to GA. Different from standard GAs, Ge- GA aims to enhance the ability of exploration and exploitation by incorporating global search with local search. On one hand a local search called Ge- Lo-calSearch operator is proposed to improve the solution quality, on the other hand the modified Inver-Over operator called Ge InverOver is considered as a global search mechanism to expand solution space of local minimal. Both of these operators are based on the gene pool. Our algorithm is applied to 11 well-known traveling salesman problems whose numbers of cities are from 70 to 1577 cities. The experiments results indicate that Ge- GA has great robustness for TSP. For each test instance, the average value of solution quality, found in accepted time, stays within 0. 001% from the optimum.展开更多
Mendel, the father of genetics took the first steps in defining ＂contrasting characters, genotypes in F1 and F2... and setting different laws＂. The genotypes of F2 is dependent on the type of its parents genotype an...Mendel, the father of genetics took the first steps in defining ＂contrasting characters, genotypes in F1 and F2... and setting different laws＂. The genotypes of F2 is dependent on the type of its parents genotype and it follows certain roles. Purpose of this paper is to analyze the second generation genotypes of monohybrid and a dihybrid with a mathematical structure. We use the concept of Hv-semigroup structure in the F2-genotypes with cross oper- ation and prove that this is an Hv-semigroup. We determine the kinds of number of the Hv-subsemigroups of F2-genotypes.展开更多
In order to study the single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） of growth hormone receptor （GHR） gene in mink populations, genomic DNA pools of Minghua black minks and silver-blue minks were constructed, and the 10^t...In order to study the single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） of growth hormone receptor （GHR） gene in mink populations, genomic DNA pools of Minghua black minks and silver-blue minks were constructed, and the 10^th exon of GHR gene was PCR amplified from the two DNA pools and sequenced. The results showed that two SNPs were found at position 209 （T/C） and position 533 （C/A） of the 10^th exon of GHR gene in the two mink populations.展开更多
To assesse the genetic diversity among wild and cultivated accessions of 8 taxonomic groups in 2 species, and 5 subspecies under Pisum genus, and to analyze population structure and their genetic relationships among v...To assesse the genetic diversity among wild and cultivated accessions of 8 taxonomic groups in 2 species, and 5 subspecies under Pisum genus, and to analyze population structure and their genetic relationships among various groups of taxonomy, the study tried to verify the fitness of traditionally botanical taxonomic system under Pisum genus and to provide essential information for the exploration and utilization of wild relatives of pea genetic resources. 197 Pisum accessions from 62 counties of 5 continents were employed for SSR analysis using 21 polymorphic primer pairs in this study. Except for cultivated field pea Pisum sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum （94 genotypes）, also included were wild relative genotypes that were classified as belonging to P. fulvum, P. sativum ssp.abyssinicum, P. sativum ssp. asiaticum, P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio and P. sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense （103 genotypes）. The PCA analyses and 3-dimension PCA graphs were conducted and drawn by NTSYSpc 2.2d statistical package. Nei78 genetic distances among groups of genetic resources were calculated, and cluster analysis using UPGMA method was carried out by using Popgene V1.32 statistical package, the dendrogram was drawn by MEGA3.1 statistical package. Allelic statistics were carried out by Popgene V1.32. The significance test between groups of genotypes was carried out by Fstat V2.9.3.2 statistical package. 104 polymorphic bands were amplified using 21 SSR primer pairs with unambiguous unique polymorphic bands. 4.95 alleles were detected by each SSR primer pair in average, of which 65.56% were effective alleles for diversity. PSAD270, PSAC58, PSAA18, PSAC75, PSAA175 and PSAB72 were the most effective SSR pairs. SSR alleles were uniformly distributed among botanical taxon units under Pisum genus, but significant difference appeared in most pairwise comparisons for genetic diversity between taxon unit based groups of genetic resources. Genetic diversity level of wild species P. fulvum was much lower than the cultivated species P. sativum. Under species P. sativum, P. sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum and P. sativum ssp. asiaticum were the highest in gentic diversity, followed by P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius and P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio, P. sativum ssp. sativum vat. arvense and P. sativum ssp. abyssinicum were the lowest. Four gene pool clusters were detected under Pisum genus by using PCA analysis. Gene pool ＂fulvum＂ mainly consisted of wild species Pisum fulvum, gene pool ＂abyssinicum＂ mainly consisted of P. sativum ssp. abyssinicum, and gene pool ＂arvense＂ mainly consisted of P. sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense. While gene pool ＂sativum＂ were composed by 5 botanical taxon units, they are P. sativum ssp. asiaticum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius, P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio and P. sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum. ＂sativum＂ gene pool constructed the primary gene pool of cultivated genetic resources; ＂fulvum＂ gene pool, ＂abyssinicum＂ gene pool and ＂arvense＂ gene pool together constructed the secondary gene pool of cultivated genetic resources. Pairwise Nei78 genetic distance among botanical taxon based groups of pea genetic resources ranged from 7.531 to 35.956, 3 large cluster groups were identified based on the UPGMA dendrogram. Group Ⅰ equals to ＂sativum＂ and ＂arvense＂ gene pools, Group Ⅱ equals to ＂abyssinicum＂ gene pool, and Group Ⅲ equals to ＂fulvum＂ gene pool. The UPGMA clustering results generally supporting the PCA clusting results. There were significant differences among most botanical groups under Pisum genus, with clear separation of four gene pools for genetic diversity structure. The research results partially support the traditional botanical taxonomy under Pisum genus, and pointed out its advantage and shortcoming. In order to broaden the genetic bases of pea varieties, the genetic potentials in the four gene pools should be thoroughly exploited.展开更多
The aim of this study is to determine the genetic variability and differentiation among populations of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur)at the eastern margin of the species distribution range.We applied new set of 95 geo...The aim of this study is to determine the genetic variability and differentiation among populations of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur)at the eastern margin of the species distribution range.We applied new set of 95 geographically informative nuclear SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)loci developed using Double Digest Restriction Site Associated DNA(ddRAD),a new generation DNA sequencing technology.The study area is located in the basins of the Volga River and its two main tributaries,Kama and Belaya.Despite the strong reduction and fragmentation of pedunculate oak forests over the last several centuries and comparatively small sizes of present stands,a relatively similar genetic diversity of seven populations was observed(on average,allelic diversity v_(a)=1.472-1.603,observed heterozygosity H_(O)=0.305-0.358,expected heterozygosity H_(E)=0.272-0.343).The genetic distances between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170(on average,d_(0)=0.128).We have identified the absence of a spatial genetic structure and the existence of genetically peculiar populations in the territory studied.The genetic distances of Gregorius between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170(on average,d_(0)=0.128).Genetic differentiation among populations was statistically significant with a mean of the fixation index FST of 0.075.Populations from the Privolzhye Upplands and from northern parts of the study area make the most contribution to overall inter-population differentiation(d_(0)=0.137).No significant differences exist among the samples at lowlands along the Volga river(d_(0)=0.110).It was concluded that the multiplicity and different ages of local populations and the complexity of migration routes of the pedunculate oak from Pleistocene refugia and secondary Holocene shelters can cause this phenomenon.展开更多
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is an important food legume of the semi-arid tropics (SAT) sustaining livelihood of millions of people. Stagnant and unstable yield per hectare all over the world is the chara...Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is an important food legume of the semi-arid tropics (SAT) sustaining livelihood of millions of people. Stagnant and unstable yield per hectare all over the world is the characteristic feature of this crop. This is primarily ascribed to its susceptibility/sensitivity to a number of biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, insects such as pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), pod fly (Melanoagromyza obtusa) and spotted borer (Maruca vitrata) substantially damage the crop and result in significant economic losses. Management of these insects by genetic means has always been considered environment friendly approach. However, genetic improvement has always been impeded by limited genetic variability in the primary gene pool of pigeonpea. Wild species present in the secondary and tertiary gene pools have been reported to carry resistance for such insects. However, transfer of resistance through conventional backcrossing has not been much successful. It calls for gene introgression through marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) or advanced backcross breeding (AB breeding). In this review, we have attempted to assess the progress made through conventional and molecular breeding and suggested the ways to move further towards genetic enhancement for insects resistance in展开更多
针对传统遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)求解旅行商问题(traveling salesman problem,TSP)存在寻优效率低、实验结果缺乏一致性等问题,提出了一种基于基因库的遗传算法(genetic algorithm based on genes pool,GPGA)。GPGA从种群中搜...针对传统遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)求解旅行商问题(traveling salesman problem,TSP)存在寻优效率低、实验结果缺乏一致性等问题,提出了一种基于基因库的遗传算法(genetic algorithm based on genes pool,GPGA)。GPGA从种群中搜索减小哈密顿圈长度的边,并当做优良基因构成基因库。父代哈密顿圈在基因库引导下产生更优的子代哈密顿圈,基因库也随着种群的不断进化而同步更新,引导种群个体逐步向最优解靠近。算例结果表明在同样条件下,GPGA比传统遗传算法和几种改进遗传算法的性能更优。展开更多
基金funded by the Italian Ministry for Agriculture,Food and Forestry Policies in the framework of the“FAO-RGV(FAO-Vegetal Genetic Resources)Project”.
文摘As a dynamic ex situ conservation strategy,a clonal seed orchard was started in a nursery in Pomaio(POM)in central Italy in 1993 for an assisted migration experiment of Abies nebrodensis(Lojac.)Mattei.Two artifi cial ex situ populations were planted with this gene pool:a seedling arboretum in Pieve Santo Stefano(PSS)and a small dendrological collection in Papiano(PAP),both originating from the Sicilian relict population.Here,using AFLP markers,we estimated the relatedness among the relocated genotypes of the three collections to check whether the three collections had suffi cient genetic variability to be considered as additional sources of variability to the original gene pool for the assisted migration strategy.High individual genetic variability was found in the collections;each plant had a diff erent genotype and was confi rmed to belong to its population of origin.PAP and PSS trees were shown to be only from the original population of A.nebrodensis species and were derived from a limited set of maternal fertile genotypes.Based on the Sicilian fi r population inventory,nursery production in Sicily,and structure clustering analysis,close genetic relationships among POM,PAP and several PSS trees(1–35)were evident.Similarly,the PSS group(36–78)was genetically close to tree 1 of POM and in a lesser proportion to plants 7 and 9 of POM.The sampling of seedlings used to form batches in the nursery might have infl uenced the structure of the resultant plantations.All genotypes will be useful for enriching the original gene pool.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31991210)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1200104)+2 种基金the Strategic International Science and Technology Innovation Collaboration Project (2020YFE0202300)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University,the Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund (PC2023 B01016)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX20230414).
文摘Spelt(Triticum aestivum ssp.spelta)is an important wheat subspecies mainly cultivated in Europe before the 20th century that has contributed to modern wheat breeding as a valuable genetic resource.However,relatively little is known about the origins and maintenance of spelt populations.Here,using resequencing data from 416 worldwide wheat accessions,including representative spelt wheat,we demonstrate that Eu-ropean spelt emerged when primitive hexaploid wheat spread to the west and hybridized with pre-settled domesticated emmer,the putative maternal donor.Genomic introgression regions from domesticated emmer confer spelt’s primitive morphological characters used for species taxonomy,such as tenacious glumes and laterflowering.We propose a haplotype-based"spelt index"to identify spelt-type wheat vari-eties and to quantify utilization of the spelt gene pool in modern wheat cultivars.This study reveals the ge-netic basis for the establishment of the spelt wheat subspecies in a specific ecological niche and the vital role of the spelt gene pool as a unique germplasm resource in modern wheat breeding.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(70071042,60073043,and 60133010)
文摘Based on the analysis of previous genetic algorithms (GAs) for TSP, a novel method called Ge- GA is proposed. It combines gene pool and GA so as to direct the evolution of the whole population. The core of Ge- GA is the construction of gene pool and how to apply it to GA. Different from standard GAs, Ge- GA aims to enhance the ability of exploration and exploitation by incorporating global search with local search. On one hand a local search called Ge- Lo-calSearch operator is proposed to improve the solution quality, on the other hand the modified Inver-Over operator called Ge InverOver is considered as a global search mechanism to expand solution space of local minimal. Both of these operators are based on the gene pool. Our algorithm is applied to 11 well-known traveling salesman problems whose numbers of cities are from 70 to 1577 cities. The experiments results indicate that Ge- GA has great robustness for TSP. For each test instance, the average value of solution quality, found in accepted time, stays within 0. 001% from the optimum.
文摘Mendel, the father of genetics took the first steps in defining ＂contrasting characters, genotypes in F1 and F2... and setting different laws＂. The genotypes of F2 is dependent on the type of its parents genotype and it follows certain roles. Purpose of this paper is to analyze the second generation genotypes of monohybrid and a dihybrid with a mathematical structure. We use the concept of Hv-semigroup structure in the F2-genotypes with cross oper- ation and prove that this is an Hv-semigroup. We determine the kinds of number of the Hv-subsemigroups of F2-genotypes.
基金Supported by the Foundation for Innovation Team of Special Animal Genetic Resources of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘In order to study the single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） of growth hormone receptor （GHR） gene in mink populations, genomic DNA pools of Minghua black minks and silver-blue minks were constructed, and the 10^th exon of GHR gene was PCR amplified from the two DNA pools and sequenced. The results showed that two SNPs were found at position 209 （T/C） and position 533 （C/A） of the 10^th exon of GHR gene in the two mink populations.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2006BAD13B05,2006BAD02B08)the National Program for Crop Germplasm Protection of China (NB07-2130135-(25-30)-13)+1 种基金the National Science and Technology Plat-form R&D Program of China (2005DKA21001-6)the China-ACIAR Project (ACIAR:CS1/2000/035).
文摘To assesse the genetic diversity among wild and cultivated accessions of 8 taxonomic groups in 2 species, and 5 subspecies under Pisum genus, and to analyze population structure and their genetic relationships among various groups of taxonomy, the study tried to verify the fitness of traditionally botanical taxonomic system under Pisum genus and to provide essential information for the exploration and utilization of wild relatives of pea genetic resources. 197 Pisum accessions from 62 counties of 5 continents were employed for SSR analysis using 21 polymorphic primer pairs in this study. Except for cultivated field pea Pisum sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum （94 genotypes）, also included were wild relative genotypes that were classified as belonging to P. fulvum, P. sativum ssp.abyssinicum, P. sativum ssp. asiaticum, P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio and P. sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense （103 genotypes）. The PCA analyses and 3-dimension PCA graphs were conducted and drawn by NTSYSpc 2.2d statistical package. Nei78 genetic distances among groups of genetic resources were calculated, and cluster analysis using UPGMA method was carried out by using Popgene V1.32 statistical package, the dendrogram was drawn by MEGA3.1 statistical package. Allelic statistics were carried out by Popgene V1.32. The significance test between groups of genotypes was carried out by Fstat V2.9.3.2 statistical package. 104 polymorphic bands were amplified using 21 SSR primer pairs with unambiguous unique polymorphic bands. 4.95 alleles were detected by each SSR primer pair in average, of which 65.56% were effective alleles for diversity. PSAD270, PSAC58, PSAA18, PSAC75, PSAA175 and PSAB72 were the most effective SSR pairs. SSR alleles were uniformly distributed among botanical taxon units under Pisum genus, but significant difference appeared in most pairwise comparisons for genetic diversity between taxon unit based groups of genetic resources. Genetic diversity level of wild species P. fulvum was much lower than the cultivated species P. sativum. Under species P. sativum, P. sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum and P. sativum ssp. asiaticum were the highest in gentic diversity, followed by P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius and P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio, P. sativum ssp. sativum vat. arvense and P. sativum ssp. abyssinicum were the lowest. Four gene pool clusters were detected under Pisum genus by using PCA analysis. Gene pool ＂fulvum＂ mainly consisted of wild species Pisum fulvum, gene pool ＂abyssinicum＂ mainly consisted of P. sativum ssp. abyssinicum, and gene pool ＂arvense＂ mainly consisted of P. sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense. While gene pool ＂sativum＂ were composed by 5 botanical taxon units, they are P. sativum ssp. asiaticum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. elatius, P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, P. sativum ssp. elatius var. pumilio and P. sativum ssp. sativum var. sativum. ＂sativum＂ gene pool constructed the primary gene pool of cultivated genetic resources; ＂fulvum＂ gene pool, ＂abyssinicum＂ gene pool and ＂arvense＂ gene pool together constructed the secondary gene pool of cultivated genetic resources. Pairwise Nei78 genetic distance among botanical taxon based groups of pea genetic resources ranged from 7.531 to 35.956, 3 large cluster groups were identified based on the UPGMA dendrogram. Group Ⅰ equals to ＂sativum＂ and ＂arvense＂ gene pools, Group Ⅱ equals to ＂abyssinicum＂ gene pool, and Group Ⅲ equals to ＂fulvum＂ gene pool. The UPGMA clustering results generally supporting the PCA clusting results. There were significant differences among most botanical groups under Pisum genus, with clear separation of four gene pools for genetic diversity structure. The research results partially support the traditional botanical taxonomy under Pisum genus, and pointed out its advantage and shortcoming. In order to broaden the genetic bases of pea varieties, the genetic potentials in the four gene pools should be thoroughly exploited.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation No.19-16-00084。
文摘The aim of this study is to determine the genetic variability and differentiation among populations of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur)at the eastern margin of the species distribution range.We applied new set of 95 geographically informative nuclear SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)loci developed using Double Digest Restriction Site Associated DNA(ddRAD),a new generation DNA sequencing technology.The study area is located in the basins of the Volga River and its two main tributaries,Kama and Belaya.Despite the strong reduction and fragmentation of pedunculate oak forests over the last several centuries and comparatively small sizes of present stands,a relatively similar genetic diversity of seven populations was observed(on average,allelic diversity v_(a)=1.472-1.603,observed heterozygosity H_(O)=0.305-0.358,expected heterozygosity H_(E)=0.272-0.343).The genetic distances between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170(on average,d_(0)=0.128).We have identified the absence of a spatial genetic structure and the existence of genetically peculiar populations in the territory studied.The genetic distances of Gregorius between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170(on average,d_(0)=0.128).Genetic differentiation among populations was statistically significant with a mean of the fixation index FST of 0.075.Populations from the Privolzhye Upplands and from northern parts of the study area make the most contribution to overall inter-population differentiation(d_(0)=0.137).No significant differences exist among the samples at lowlands along the Volga river(d_(0)=0.110).It was concluded that the multiplicity and different ages of local populations and the complexity of migration routes of the pedunculate oak from Pleistocene refugia and secondary Holocene shelters can cause this phenomenon.
文摘Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is an important food legume of the semi-arid tropics (SAT) sustaining livelihood of millions of people. Stagnant and unstable yield per hectare all over the world is the characteristic feature of this crop. This is primarily ascribed to its susceptibility/sensitivity to a number of biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, insects such as pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), pod fly (Melanoagromyza obtusa) and spotted borer (Maruca vitrata) substantially damage the crop and result in significant economic losses. Management of these insects by genetic means has always been considered environment friendly approach. However, genetic improvement has always been impeded by limited genetic variability in the primary gene pool of pigeonpea. Wild species present in the secondary and tertiary gene pools have been reported to carry resistance for such insects. However, transfer of resistance through conventional backcrossing has not been much successful. It calls for gene introgression through marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) or advanced backcross breeding (AB breeding). In this review, we have attempted to assess the progress made through conventional and molecular breeding and suggested the ways to move further towards genetic enhancement for insects resistance in
文摘针对传统遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)求解旅行商问题(traveling salesman problem,TSP)存在寻优效率低、实验结果缺乏一致性等问题,提出了一种基于基因库的遗传算法(genetic algorithm based on genes pool,GPGA)。GPGA从种群中搜索减小哈密顿圈长度的边,并当做优良基因构成基因库。父代哈密顿圈在基因库引导下产生更优的子代哈密顿圈,基因库也随着种群的不断进化而同步更新,引导种群个体逐步向最优解靠近。算例结果表明在同样条件下,GPGA比传统遗传算法和几种改进遗传算法的性能更优。
