From the General Provisions of Civil Law to the General Rules of Civil Law:A Historic Leap

The General Provisions of Civil Law(民法通则),formulated in the early days of reform and opening up,was a special law that set out the basic principles or rules of civil law,defining civil subjects,civil legal acts and the agency system,declaring the civil rights enjoyed by civil subjects,establishing a relatively complete system of civil liability system,and so on.It kindled awareness of civil rights among the mass of the population,ensured China’s rapid economic and social development,and laid down a basic framework and content for the civil code,so holds an important position in contemporary Chinese history.But with the development of the economy and society,civil law has had to change with the times.Civil law jurisprudence injects theoretical support into contemporary civil law legislation,and the blueprint for law based governance provides a powerful impetus to the historic leap forward of contemporary Chinese civil law,providing the necessary conditions for the codification of civil law.The completion of the General Rules of Civil Law(民法总则)answers the requirements of the economic,humanist and legal character of the times,demonstrates the humanist stance and spirit of the civil code,rises to the challenge of modern scientific and technological development,and ensures people’s enjoyment and control of their new-style rights and their objective forms.This signifies that the GPCL has accomplished its historical task and civil law in contemporary China has realized a historic leap forward,laying a foundation for the compilation of the Chinese civil code,including the specific provisions of the framework and the contents of its individual parts.

A GENERALIZATION OF SIMPSON'S RULE

Let TA(f)=integral form n= to 1/2(P_~n(x) + P_b^n(x))dx and let TM(f)=integral form n= to P_((+b)/2)^(n+1)(x)dx, where P_c^n denotes the Taylor polynomial to f at c of order n, where n is even. TA and TM are reach generalizations of the Trapezoidal rule and the midpoint rule, respectively. and are each exact for all polynomial of degree ≤n+1. We let L(f) = αTM(f) + (1-α)TA(f), where α =(2^(n+1)(n+1))/(2^(n+1)(n+1)+1), to obtain a numerical integration rule L which is exact for all polynomials of degree≤n+3 (see Theorem l). The case n = 0 is just the classicol Simpson's rule. We analyze in some detail the case n=2, where our formulae appear to be new. By replacing P_(+b)/2)^(n+1)(x) by the Hermite cabic interpolant at a and b. we obtain some known formulae by a different ap- proach (see [1] and [2]). Finally we discuss some nonlinear numerical integration rules obtained by taking piecewise polynomials of odd degree, each piece being the Taylor polynomial off at a and b. respectively. Of course all of our formulae can be compounded over subintervals of [a, b].

THE CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION RESEMBLANCE OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC MULTIPHASE SOLID

Based on composite materials, the equivalent elastic-plastic constitutive equations of multiphase solid are researched. According to the suggested definition of. constitutive equivalence it is demonstrated that the multiphase solid, composed of several kinds of homogeneous elastic-plastic media that conform to the generalized normality rule, has the same type of constitutive equations as its constituents have that also conform to the generalized normality rule.

Does Digitalization Matter for Grievance Redress Mechanism?An Analysis of the E-Government Procurement in the Local Government

Public procurement denotes the attainment of goods,works,or services required by governments through contracts.Public procurement is usually plagued with covert practices and exclusive forms of corruption in Bangladesh.The cost of development finance is much higher in public procurement than that of others in Bangladesh.There have been no unified rules or laws regarding government purchases since 2006.The Government of Bangladesh enacted its ever first act of public procurement,the Public Procurement Act,2006(PPA,2006),and the Public Procurement Rules,2008(PPR,2008).The procurement entity must disseminate procurement information through electronic medium i.e.Electronic Government Procurement(hereinafter e-GP).Despite passing over an era since its enactment,the role of the PPA,2006 remains seriously under-researched area,specifically there is no research on the issue of the grievance redress mechanisms.The study has been done using a qualitative case study methodology,backed by both primary and secondary documentary analysis.Based on empirical data,this paper explained the role of digitalization in the process of government procurement and depicted changes that have been brought by the implementation of e-GP in government purchases.However,it concluded that the grievance redress mechanism in the process of procurement is only existing in the policy papers which need mandatory implementation for a transparent and accountable governance system.Despite the significant changes and up-gradation in digital government procurement,it is hardly found that the GRM process is digitalized.And the mass tenderers are yet to be acquainted with the improvised system apart from the consistent efforts of the government.