Mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with NAFLD Based on Network Pharmacology

[Objectives]To explore the mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)by analyzing the effective components of Gegen Qinlian Decoction.[Methods]TCMSP database was used to analyze the active components of Gegen Qinlian Decoction,and pubchem and Swiss ADME databases were also used to predict drug targets,extract T2DM complicated with NAFLD targets from OMIM and Genecards databases.Venny plot was drawn to obtain intersection targets,and finally Cytoscape was used to make core target maps and drug-target-disease network maps.Using DAVID and Metascape database to analyze the intersection targets,the gene ontology information of Go and KEGG was obtained.Microbial informatics technology was used to visualize GO,and Cytoscape was used to make drug-target-disease network map-enrichment pathway map.[Results]The network pharmacological analysis showed that Gegen Qinlian Decoction acted on the key targets of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,such as ALB and ALT1,through many components,and achieved the purpose of treating this disease.The chemical constituents of the drug include formononetin,5-hydroxyisomucronulatol-2,5-2-O-glucoside,cholesteryl laurate,isoliquiritigenin,etc.[Conclusions]This study provides a new idea and theoretical support for future drug research and clinical practice.

Study of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Kidney Disease

Objective: Diabetic kidney disease DKD (Diabetic nephropathy DN) is considered one of the chronic micro vascular complications of diabetes mellitus and considered the commonest cause leading to chronic renal failure and chronic renal dialysis. Genetic susceptibility has been implicated in DKD. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is one of the key roles in the renin angiotensin system cascade by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II which plays a key role in regulation of blood pressure as well as electrolytes and fluid balance. This study addressed the association of (ACE) gene polymorphisms with DN in Egyptian (T2DM) patients. Methods: Our research comprised of 75 cases of T2DM with diabetic kidney disease, 100 cases of T2DM without DKD and 94 healthy volunteers. Different genotypes of ACE gene were determined by SSP-PCR analysis. Results: Gene polymorphism of ACE (DD, ID, II) in diabetic patient with DKD is 44%, 52%, 4% respectively and for T2DM individuals without DKD is 23%, 72%, 5% respectively. (DD) had significant higher frequencies in T2DM patients with DKD compared to those without DKD (p < 0.005) and (ID) had significant higher frequencies in T2DM without DKD (p < 0.0001). These results indicated that there is an association between ACE gene polymorphisms and susceptibility of diabetic patients to be affected by diabetic kidney disease. Conclusion: From our results, we can conclude that genotype of ACE in Egypt DD is the genotype of cases diabetic kidney disease. So the presence of D allele has a significant relation with diabetic kidney disease. Our data confirm the role of ACE in its relationship with diabetic kidney disease in Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients.

Clinical efficacy and significance of serum fibroblast growth factor-21 and ghrelin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes complicated with coronary heart disease with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine

Objective: To treat the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease, to explore the clinical efficacy and mechanism of conventional western medicine combined with Yiqi Yangyin Huoxue herbs, and to detect the level of serum fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) and Ghrelin. Changes and significance. Methods: A randomized control method was used to collect 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital from March 2015 to March 2018.They were randomly divided into two groups according to the random number table method: 50 patients separately. The patients in the control group were treated with conventional western medicine and basic treatment;the observation group was treated with the addition and subtraction of traditional Chinese medicine formulas on the basis of the control group;the clinical curative effect was evaluated after two months of treatment, and the treatment efficiency and scores of traditional Chinese medicine symptoms were observed in the two groups. Basic laboratory indicators were improved, and serum levels of FGF-21 and Ghrelin in patients were measured and the difference between the results of the tests was compared with the condition and efficacy. Results: After treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group (86.0%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (68.0%) (P<0.05), suggesting that the combination of Chinese and Western medicine treatment can significantly improve the clinical efficacy;before treatment,there is no difference between the two groups of Chinese medicine symptom scores (P>0.05). After treatment, the symptom scores of the two groups were significantly improved after treatment (P<0.05). The observation group was better among the two groups (P<0.05).After treatment, the basic biochemical indicators were improved. The observation group was better than the control group (P<0.05);Serum FGF-21 levels were significantly lower in both groups after treatment (P<0.05), and Ghrelin levels were significantly increased. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of conventional western medicine in combination with Yiqi Yangyin Huoxue Chinese medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with coronary heart disease can significantly improve the clinical efficacy, effectively promote the improvement of symptoms, and can be used in clinical work through serum FGF-21, Ghrelin levels combined detection of the value of Abnormal changes to predict the severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus with coronary heart disease severity and treatment effect should be widely used in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Prevention of macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Review of cardiovascular safety and efficacy of newer diabetes medications

Lack of conclusive beneficial effects of strict glycemic control on macrovascular complications has been very frustrating for clinicians involved in care of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Highly publicized controversy surrounding cardiovascular (CV) safety of rosiglitazone resulted in major changes in United States Food and Drug Administration policy in 2008 regarding approval process of new antidiabetic medications, which has resulted in revolutionary data from several large CV outcome trials over the last few years. All drugs in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor classes have shown to be CV safe with heterogeneous results on CV efficacy. Given twofold higher CV disease mortality in patients with DM than without DM, GLP-1 RAs and SGLT-2-inhibitors are important additions to clinician’s armamentarium and should be second line-therapy particularly in patients with T2DM and established atherosclerotic CV disease or high risks for CV disease. Abundance of data and heterogeneity in CV outcome trials results can make it difficult for clinicians, particularly primary care physicians, to stay updated with all the recent evidence. The scope of this comprehensive review will focus on all major CV outcome studies evaluating CV safety and efficacy of GLP-1 RAs and SGLT-2 inhibitors.

Oral manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus

The purpose of this article was to increase the knowledge about oral manifestations and complications associated with diabetes mellitus.An overview was performed on Google,especially in recent reliable papers in relation to diabetes mellitus and its oral manifestations(keywords were“diabetes mellitus”,“oral manifestations”,and“oral complications”).Data were collected and the results were declared.Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia.This disease can have many complications in various regions of the body,including the oral cavity.The important oral manifestations and complications related to diabetes include xerostomia,dental caries,gingivitis,periodontal disease,increased tendency to oral infections,burning mouth,taste disturbance,and poor wound healing.Oral complications in diabetic patients are considered major complications and can affect patients’quality of life.There is evidence that chronic oral complications in these patients have negative effects on blood glucose control,so prevention and management of the oral complications are important.

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation for end-stage renal failure in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Current perspectives

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is one of the important causes of chronic kidney disease(CKD)and end-stage renal failure(ESRF).Even with the best available treatment options,management of T1DM poses significant challenges for clinicians across the world,especially when associated with CKD and ESRF.Substantial increases in morbidity and mortality along with marked rise in treatment costs and marked reduction of quality of life are the usual consequences of onset of CKD and progression to ESRF in patients with T1DM.Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant(SPK)is an attractive and promising treatment option for patients with advanced CKD/ESRF and T1DM for potential cure of these diseases and possibly several complications.However,limited availability of the organs for transplantation,the need for long-term immunosuppression to prevent rejection,peri-and post-operative complications of SPK,lack of resources and the expertise for the procedure in many centers,and the cost implications related to the surgery and postoperative care of these patients are major issues faced by clinicians across the globe.This clinical update review compiles the latest evidence and current recommendations of SPK for patients with T1DM and advanced CKD/ESRF to enable clinicians to care for these diseases.

Comparing the incidence of major cardiovascular events and severe microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)causes both macrovascular and microvascular complications.However,currently,selection of glycemic measures and their thresholds to diagnose T2DM,and efficacy outcomes in evaluation of anti-diabetic drugs is predominantly informed by the relation of T2DM to microvascular complications.We can be severely mistaken on T2DM by neglecting macrovascular complications which are generally more severe,if they also occur more commonly than microvascular complications.AIM To compare the incidence of major cardiovascular events(MACEs)and severe microvascular complications(SMICs)in T2DM patients.METHODS MEDLINE,EMBASE,and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to September 2017.Cohort studies or trials of T2DM patients aged 18 years or older that reported incidence of both MACEs and SMICs were included.MACEs were defined as nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke,and cardiovascular death,while SMICs included serious retinopathy,nephropathy and diabetic disorder.The relative risk(RR)was estimated as the incidence of MACEs divided by that of SMICs in same patients and combined with meta-analysis in a random-effect model.RESULTS Twelve studies with a total of 16 cohorts and 387376 patients were included,and the combined RR was 2.02(95%CI:1.46–2.79).The higher incidence of MACEs remained in various subgroup and sensitivity analyses.CONCLUSION Patients with T2DM are much more likely to develop MACEs than SMICs.By taking more serious consequences and relatively higher incidence into consideration,macrovascular complications deserve more emphasis in developing the diagnostic criteria of T2DM and in evaluating the efficacy of antidiabetic drugs.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY AND DRUG-ELUTING STENTS IMPLANTATION TO DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH MULTIVESSEL CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of drug-elating stents （DES） implantation in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease （MVD） compared with coronary artery bypass graft （CABG） on the clinical outcomes. Methods From May 2003 to April 2005, 150 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients with MVD underwent revascularization, 84 by percutaneous coronary intervention （PC1） with DES and 66 by CABG. The study end point was the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events （MACEs） during hospital interval after procedure and follow-up. Results Most preoperative characteristics were similar in two groups, but left main disease （30% vs 4%, P = 0. 001 ） and three-vessel disease （ 70% vs 54%, P = 0. 045 ） were more prevalent in CABG group. Complete revascularization was achieved in more patients in CABG group than that in PC1 group （82% vs 67%, P =0. 037）. Cumulative incidence of MACEs in hospital was similar between two groups （2.4% PC1 vs 9. 1% CABG , P =0. 069） despite the higher early morbidity （6. 1% vs 0%, P =0. 022） associated with CABG. Patients were followed up clinically for a mean of 18 - 8 months （ range 13- 36 months）. The incidence of MACEs remained higher after PC1 with multiple DES （21.4% vs 9. 1%, P =0. 041 ） mainly driven by a more require for repeat revascularization （ 13. 1% vs 3. 0%, P = 0. 030 ）. Conclusion PC1 with DES implantation, combined with tight glycemic control, aggressive cardiovascular risk factor modification and antiplatelet treatment, may be a safe and feasible alternative to CABG for selected diabetic patients with multivessel disease.

Ocular complications of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a important health problem that induces ernestful complications and it causes significant morbidity owing to specific microvascular complications such as, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, and macrovascular complications such as, ischaemic heart disease, and peripheral vasculopathy. It can affect children, young people and adults and isbecoming more common. Ocular complications associated with DM are progressive and rapidly becoming the world's most significant cause of morbidity and are preventable with early detection and timely treatment. This review provides an overview of five main ocular complications associated with DM, diabetic retinopathy and papillopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and ocular surface diseases.

Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus affects virtually every organ system in the body and the degree of organ involvement depends on the duration and severity of the disease,and other co-morbidities.Gastrointestinal(GI) involvement can present with esophageal dysmotility,gastro-esophageal reflux disease(GERD),gastroparesis,enteropathy,non alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and glycogenic hepatopathy.Severity of GERD is inversely related to glycemic control and management is with prokinetics and proton pump inhibitors.Diabetic gastroparesis manifests as early satiety,bloating,vomiting,abdominal pain and erratic glycemic control.Gastric emptying scintigraphy is considered the gold standard test for diagnosis.Management includes dietary modifications,maintaining euglycemia,prokinetics,endoscopic and surgical treatments.Diabetic enteropathy is also common and management involves glycemic control and symptomatic measures.NAFLD is considered a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and treatment ismainly lifestyle measures,with diabetes and dyslipidemia management when coexistent.Glycogenic hepatopathy is a manifestation of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes and is managed by prompt insulin treatment.Though GI complications of diabetes are relatively common,awareness about its manifestations and treatment options are low among physicians.Optimal management of GI complications is important for appropriate metabolic control of diabetes and improvement in quality of life of the patient.This review is an update on the GI complications of diabetes,their pathophysiology,diagnostic evaluation and management.

Interstitial lung disease and diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease and its prevalence has beensteadily increasing all over the world. DM and its associated micro andmacrovascular complications result in significant morbidity and mortality. Themicrovascular complications are usually manifested as retinopathy, neuropathy,nephropathy and macrovascular complications generally affect the cardiovascularsystem. In addition to these complications, DM also affects the lungs because of itsrich vascularity and abundance in connective tissue (collagen and elastin). DMhas been found to cause microvascular complications and proliferation ofextracellular connective tissue in the lungs, leading to decline in lung function in arestrictive pattern. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) includes a diverse group ofdisease conditions characterized by different degrees of inflammation and fibrosisin the pulmonary parenchyma. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of thecommon type of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia with a high mortality rate. IPFis characterized by chronic progressive fibrosis leading to progressive respiratoryfailure. In this review we focus on lung as the target organ in DM and theassociation of DM and ILD with special emphasis on IPF.

Hepatic glycogenosis: An underdiagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus?

Hepatic glycogenosis(HG) is characterized by excessive glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes and represents a hepatic complication of diabetes that particularly occurs in patients with longstanding poorly controlled type 1 diabetes(T1D). HG has been reported to be a very rare disease, although it is believed to be extremely underdiagnosed because it is not possible to distinguish it from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) unless a liver biopsy is performed. In contrast to HG, NAFLD is characterized by liver fat accumulation and is the more likely diagnosis for patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of HG involves the concomitant presence of insulin and excess glucose, which increases glycogen storage in the liver. HG is characterized by a transient elevation in liver transaminases and hepatomegaly. Differentiating between these two conditions is of the utmost importance because HG is a benign disease that is potentially reversible by improving glycemic control, whereas NAFLD can progress to cirrhosis. Therefore, HG should be suspected when liver dysfunction occurs in patients with poorly controlled T1 D. The aim of this article is to review the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, pathogenesis and histology of HG.

Glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in ulcerative colitis: Pathogenetic and therapeutic implications

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequent co-morbidities of ulcerative colitis patients.The epidemiological association of these diseases suggested a genetic sharing and has challenged gene identification.Diabetes co-morbidity in ulcerative colitis has also relevant clinical and therapeutic implications,with potential clinical impact on the follow up and outcome of patients.These diseases share specific complications,such as neuropathy,hepatic steatosis,osteoporosis and venous thrombosis.It is still unknown whether the coexistence of these diseases may increase their occurrence.Diabetes and hyperglycaemia represent relevant risk factors for postoperative complications and pouch failure in ulcerative colitis.Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis in patients with diabetes mellitus may be particularly challenging.Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice of active ulcerative colitis.Their use may be associated with the onset of glucose intolerance and diabetes,with difficult control of glucose levels andwith complications in diabetic patients.Epidemiologic and genetic evidences about diabetes co-morbidity in ulcerative colitis patients and shared complications and treatment of patients with these diseases have been discussed in the present review.

Psychiatric morbidity after surgery for inflammatory bowel disease:A systematic review

AIM To examine the evidence about psychiatric morbidity after inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)-related surgery. METHODS PRISMA guidelines were followed and a protocol was published at PROSPERO(CRD42016037600). Inclusion criteria were studies describing patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing surgery and their risk of developing psychiatric disorder. RESULTS Twelve studies(including 4340 patients) were eligible. All studies were non-randomized and most had high risk of bias. Patients operated for inflammatory bowel disease had an increased risk of developing depression,compared with surgical patients with diverticulitis or inguinal hernia,but not cancer. In addition,patients with Crohn's disease had higher risk of depression after surgery compared with non-surgical patients. Patients with ulcerative colitis had higher risk of anxiety after surgery compared with surgical colorectal cancer patients. Charlson comorbidity score more than three and female gender were independent predictors for depression and anxiety following surgery. CONCLUSION The review cannot give any clear answer to the risks of psychiatric morbidity after surgery for IBD studies with the lowest risk of bias indicated an increased risk of depression among surgical patients with Crohn's disease and increased risk of anxiety among patients with ulcerative colitis.

Diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: Non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular risk

The prevalence and burden of diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease on global health and socioeconomic development is already heavy and still rising.Diabetes mellitus by itself is linked to adverse cardiovascular events,and the presence of concomitant chronic kidney disease further amplifies cardiovascular risk.The culmination of traditional(male gender,smoking,advanced age,obesity,arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia)and non-traditional risk factors(anemia,inflammation,proteinuria,volume overload,mineral metabolism abnormalities,oxidative stress,etc.)contributes to advanced atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk.To decrease the morbidity and mortality of these patients due to cardiovascular causes,timely and efficient cardiovascular risk assessment is of huge importance.Cardiovascular risk assessment can be based on laboratory parameters,imaging techniques,arterial stiffness parameters,ankle-brachial index and 24 h blood pressure measurements.Newer methods include epigenetic markers,soluble adhesion molecules,cytokines and markers of oxidative stress.In this review,the authors present several non-invasive methods of cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.

2型糖尿病伴干眼症病人血清和泪液分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5、脂肪酸结合蛋白4水平与病情严重程度的相关性

目的分析分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5(SFRP-5)、脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴干眼症病人血清和泪液中的表达及其与病情严重程度的相关性。方法选取2020年12月至2021年12月唐山市眼科医院收治的T2DM病人145例,其中单纯T2DM病人84例168眼(T2DM组),伴干眼症病人61例122眼(T2DM伴干眼症组),另选取同期该院体检健康者50例100眼作为对照组。T2DM伴干眼症病人又分为轻度组(29例)、中度组(17例)、重度组(15例)。利用酶联免疫吸附法测定所有受试者血清和泪液中SFRP-5、FABP4水平;相关性分析采用Pearson法或Spearman法;logistic回归分析影响T2DM病人干眼症发生的因素。结果T2DM伴干眼症组、T2DM组血清和泪液SFRP-5水平均低于对照组(106.09±8.37、135.72±9.26比158.34±9.45,28.85±5.13、58.27±6.14比45.18±5.92),T2DM伴干眼症组低于T2DM组(P<0.05);T2DM伴干眼症组、T2DM组血清和泪液FABP4水平均高于对照组(70.63±6.59、58.27±6.14比45.18±5.92,15.91±3.76、10.28±3.58比7.72±3.29),T2DM伴干眼症组高于T2DM组(P<0.05)。重度组、中度组血清和泪液SFRP-5水平(68.29±7.15、95.54±8.34比131.82±9.02,12.83±4.62、24.72±5.49比39.56±5.18)、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、泪液分泌试验(SIT)低于轻度组,重度组低于中度组(P<0.05);重度组、中度组血清和泪液FABP4水平(84.56±6.83、73.18±6.94比61.93±6.27,25.64±4.19、17.15±3.86比10.16±3.47)及眼表疾病指数量表(OSDI)积分高于轻度组,重度组高于中度组(P<0.05)。T2DM伴干眼症病人血清与泪液SFRP-5水平呈正相关,血清与泪液FABP4水平也呈正相关(P<0.05)。T2DM伴干眼症病人血清和泪液SFRP-5水平与OSDI积分均呈负相关,与BUT、SIT均呈正相关(P<0.05);血清和泪液FABP4水平与OSDI积分均呈正相关,与BUT、SIT均呈负相关(P<0.05)。血清和泪液SFRP-5水平是影响T2DM病人干眼症发生的独立保护因素,而血清和泪液FABP4水平是独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论SFRP-5在T2DM伴干眼症病人血清和泪液中均低表达,FABP4均高表达,二者与病情严重程度密切相关。

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块三维超声参数评估2型糖尿病患者冠心病风险

目的观察颈动脉粥样硬化斑块三维(3D)超声容积参数预测2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者冠心病风险的价值。方法前瞻性纳入88例T2DM合并颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者,根据冠状动脉造影结果将其分为冠心病组(n=56)及非冠心病组(n=32)。记录临床资料、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块二维(2D)及3D超声容积结果,比较组间基本资料及超声参数,以多因素logistic回归分析筛选T2DM患者发生冠心病的独立预测因素,绘制受试者工作特征曲线,以曲线下面积(AUC)比较颈动脉粥样硬化斑块超声参数预测T2DM患者发生冠心病风险的效能。结果相比非冠心病组,冠心病组T2DM病程、糖化血红蛋白及低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平均较高,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块体积较大而灰度中位数(GSM)较低(P均<0.05)。颈动脉粥样硬化斑块体积、GSM、T2DM病程及LDL水平为T2DM患者发生冠心病的预测因素(P均<0.05);斑块体积、GSM及二者联合的AUC分别为0.864、0.828及0.927,且二者联合预测效能高于单一因素(P均<0.05)。结论以3D超声容积成像获取的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块体积及GSM均可间接反映T2DM患者罹患冠心病风险;二者联合预测冠心病风险的效能更高。

达格列净治疗糖尿病合并冠心病老年患者的效果及对心功能的影响

目的探讨达格列净治疗糖尿病合并冠心病老年患者的效果及对心功能的影响。方法选取2021年7月至2022年12月抚州市第一人民医院收治的80例糖尿病合并冠心病老年患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组(40例)与对照组(40例),观察组采用达格列净治疗,对照组采用二甲双胍治疗。比较两组的治疗总有效率、氨基末端pro脑钠肽(NT-proBNP)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、心功能水平。结果观察组治疗后总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后NT-proBNP水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后hs-CRP水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)低于对照组,观察组治疗后左室射血分数(LVEF)、舒张早期和舒张晚期二尖瓣口最大血流速度之比(E/A)、6 min步行距离高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论达格列净治疗投入临床糖尿病合并冠心病老年患者治疗中,所得干预的评估结果更好。在实施治疗之后,患者的症状得到较好的改善,且NT-proBNP、hs-CRP指数减少,患者心功能水平得到一定的改善,值得被临床应用推广。

NADPH氧化酶4在1型糖尿病模型小鼠角膜病变中的致病作用及其机制

目的探讨还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸氧化酶4(Nox4)在1型DM模型小鼠角膜病变中的致病作用及其可能机制。方法选择Nox4基因敲除(Nox4^(-/-))纯合子雄性小鼠40只,以鼠龄、性别匹配的野生型C57BL/6(Nox4^(+/+))小鼠120只作为对照。采用随机数字表法分别将2种小鼠随机分为DM组和非DM组,DM组小鼠采用链脲佐菌素腹腔内注射法构建1型DM模型。采用随机数字表法分别将Nox4^(+/+)小鼠DM组和非DM组分为普通饲料喂养小鼠和添加Nox4抑制剂GKT137831(GKT)饲料喂养小鼠。于DM造模后第16周采用酚红棉线法检测各组小鼠泪液分泌量;采用荧光素钠染色评分法评估角膜上皮完整性;采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察角膜基质层神经纤维密度变化;采用CellROX荧光探针检测角膜上皮中活性氧簇(ROS)含量;采用免疫荧光染色法检测小鼠角膜上皮中E-Cadherin蛋白和核因子-κB(NF-κB)蛋白表达变化;采用角膜铺片TUBB3染色法检测角膜中央区神经纤维密度。结果Nox4^(+/+)小鼠DM组和非DM组泪液分泌量分别为(2.40±1.18)和(5.30±1.02)mm/min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);Nox4^(-/-)小鼠DM组泪液分泌量为(4.19±0.63)mm/min,明显多于Nox4^(+/+)小鼠DM组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);普通饲料喂养小鼠与GKT添加饲料喂养小鼠DM组泪液分泌量分别为(2.23±0.83)和(4.02±0.71)mm/min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与Nox4^(+/+)小鼠非DM组比较,Nox4^(+/+)小鼠DM组角膜荧光素染色评分显著升高,角膜神经纤维密度显著降低,角膜上皮中ROS荧光强度明显增强,E-Cadherin蛋白表达荧光强度减弱,NF-κB蛋白表达荧光强度增强。Nox4^(-/-)或GKT添加饲料喂养小鼠DM组与非DM组比较角膜上皮中ROS荧光增强,E-Cadherin蛋白表达荧光减弱。Nox4^(-/-)和GKT添加饲料喂养小鼠DM组角膜上皮细胞中NF-κB蛋白荧光强度均较弱,与非DM组强度一致。角膜铺片免疫荧光染色显示,Nox4^(+/+)小鼠DM组中TUBB3染色的神经纤维密度明显低于非DM组,Nox4^(-/-)或GKT添加饲料喂养小鼠DM组角膜基质层神经纤维与非DM组比较无明显减少。结论Nox4参与了糖尿病角膜病变的致病过程,其机制可能与氧化应激诱导ROS产物聚集,激活NF-κB介导的炎症反应有关。

“血瘀证”视角下2型糖尿病合并泛血管疾病的关系

泛血管疾病是2型糖尿病(T2DM)的常见合并疾病,也是T2DM患者致残致死的重要原因,因而预防T2DM合并泛血管疾病的病情进展是临床关注的重点。现代理论研究多将T2DM归属于“消渴”范畴,通过整理T2DM合并泛血管疾病的病因病机和机制研究,分析消渴心病、消渴肾病、消渴目病的因机内核,确定其核心为血瘀证,瘀血又作为其病理产物贯穿始终。