Influence of Rare Earths on Improve Impact Property of Structural Alloy Steel with Extra Low Sulfur and Oxygen

The influence of rare earth lanthanum and cerium on impact property of structural alloy steel with extra low sulfur and oxygen was studied by impact test and microanalysis. The results showed that rare earths increased impact power of the steel when their contents were about 0.005%. Proper addition of rare earths could purify grain boundaries and decrease amount of inclusions, and reduced the possibility of crack growth along grain boundaries and through inclusions. Therefore, such steel could absorb more crack growth energy while it was impacted. However, if the content of rare earths is excessive, the grain boundary would be weakened and brittle-hard phosphates and Fe-RE intermetallic would be formed, which worsened impact toughness of steel.

Simplified Thermodynamic Model for Pro-Eutectoid Ferrite Formation in Multicomponent Structural Steel

By introducing aparameter of difference in ferrite formation temperature between binary Fe-C and multicomponent system,and referring to the thermodynamic model for Fe-C binary system,a simplified thermodynamic model for pro-eutectoid ferrite formation in Fe-ΣXiC multicomponent structural steels(Xi=Mn,Si,Mo,Cr,Ni or Ti,etc)was suggested.The comparison of the calculated Ae3 temperatures with the measured data of steels 42 shows that the relative standard deviation and root-mean-square(RMS)error between them are only 0.71% and 8.92 K,respectively.However,the deviations between the same measured data and the values calculated from the superelement model are as high as 1.86% and 23.83 K,respectively.It can be concluded that the simplified thermodynamic model for pro-eutectoid ferrite formation in multicomponent structural steels is acceptable and the calculated Ae3 temperatures are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Electronic Structures and Alloying Behaviors of Ferrite Phases in High Co-Ni Secondary Hardened Martensitic Steels

The electronic structure of ferrite (tempered martensite phase) in high Co-Ni secondary hardened martensitic steel has been investigated. The local density of states (LOOS) of alloying elements in the steel displays the relationship between solid solubility and the shape of the LDOS. The bond order integral (BOI) between atoms in the steel shows that the directional bonding of the p orbital of Si or C leads to the brittleness of the steel. At last, ΣBOI between atoms demonstrate that C, Co, Mn, Cr, Mo, Si strengthen the alloyed steel through solid-solution effects.

Microstructures and properties of welded joint of TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel

The fracture characteristics of the joint were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope. Microstructures of the joint were examined by means of optical microscope, SEM and an image analyzer. The results show that the tensile strength of the inhomogeneous joint of TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel is lower than that of the homogeneous joint and a plastic field appears in the heat affected zone on the side of TiNi shape memory alloy. Because TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel melted, a brittle as-cast structure was formed in the weld. The tensile strength and the shape memory effect of the inhomogeneous joint are strongly influenced by the changes of composition and structure of the joint. Measures should be taken to reduce the base metal melting and prevent the weld metal from the invasion by O for improving the properties of the TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel inhomogeneous joint.

Effects of aluminum and titanium on the microstructure of ODS steels fabricated by hot pressing

Three oxide-dispersion-strengthened(ODS)steels with compositions of Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2V-0.07Ta-0.3Y_2O_3(wt%,so as the follows)(14Y),Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2V-0.07Ta-1Al-0.3Y_2O_3(14YAl),and Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2V-0.07Ta-0.3Ti-0.3 Y_2O_3(14YTi)were fabricated by hot pressing.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)was used to characterize the microstructures and nanoparticles of these ODS steels.According to the TEM results,14Y,14YAl,and 14YTi ODS steels present similar bimodal structures containing both large and small grains.The addition of Al or Ti has no obvious effect on the microstructure of the steels.The spatial and size distribution of the nanoparticles was also analyzed.The results indicate that the average size of nanoparticles in the 14YTi ODS steel is smaller than that in the 14YAl ODS steel.Nanoparticles such as Y_2O_3,Y_3Al_5O_(12) and YAlO_3,and Y_2Ti_2O_7 were identified in the 14Y,14YAl,and 14YTiODS steels,respectively.

High Carbon Alloy Steels with Multiple Types of Ultra-fine Carbides and Their Characteristics

Under normal forging and annealing conditions, there are different ultra fine carbides (M3C, M23C6, M7Cj, M6C and MC) in high carbon alloy steels when alloy composition design is carried out properly. On the basis of carbides transformation orderliness, the alloy composition design of the high carbon alloy steels is conducted by phase-equilibrium thermodynamic calculation for Fe-Cr-W-Mo-V-C system. The nucleation and growth of new carbides, dissolution of previous partial carbides in these steels during annealing process, all these lead to ultra-fine distribution of carbides. Due to different crystal structures of carbides and different thermodynamics as well dynamics parameters of the carbides dissolution and precipitation, the range of quenching temperature of these steels is widened, and the good temper-resistance is obtained. The characteristics of heat treatment process and microstructure variance, and the carbides transformation for different temperature are explained by the phase-equilibrium component satisfactorily. Their bend and yield strength, flexibility and toughness all are advanced markedly comparing with that of kindred steels. Results of the applications have proved that the microstructure of ultra-fine carbides in these steels played importance roles in the enhancement of edginess and fatigue crack resistance of the die and knives.

钢结构表面热喷涂锌-铝合金涂层的耐久性研究

为研究钢结构表面热喷涂锌-铝合金涂层耐久性,以EH36钢板为基材,Al的质量分数分别为7.5%和15%的ZnAl(15)和ZnAl(7.5)两种合金丝为涂层材料,制备ZnAl(15)和ZnAl(7.5)两种锌-铝合金防护涂层试样,并进行盐雾腐蚀试验、电化学腐蚀试验、扫描电镜、高温腐蚀试验和烟气腐蚀试验,分析两种试样的耐久性。结果表明:ZnAl(15)的稳态腐蚀率约为0.43 mm/a;ZnAl(7.5)的稳态腐蚀率约为1.68 mm/a;ZnAl(15)的稳态腐蚀极化电位值更高、变化区间更大,电位最大值接近1.8 V,ZnAl(7.5)的电位最大值约为0.5 V;温度为730℃时,ZnAl(15)和ZnAl(7.5)的腐蚀增质量相差最大为0.07 mg;ZnAl(15)防护涂层的烟气耐久性优于ZnAl(7.5)防护涂层。

钢结构用锌-铝合金涂层的耐蚀性研究

涂层作为物理屏障,可阻断钢结构与水、氧气、盐等的接触,起到防腐作用,可大幅延长建筑钢的使用寿命,减少维护和修复费用,保障结构安全可靠。因此,为研究建筑钢结构用锌-铝合金涂层的耐蚀性,用铝粉与锌粉为主要材料,混合辅料,制备涂层浆液,用浸涂工艺在建筑钢结构上涂覆锌-铝合金浆料。以氯化钠溶液为腐蚀介质,测试铝粉质量分数分别为15%、25%、35%、45%时,该涂层的腐蚀微观、宏观形貌及质量损失;测试不同浓度氯化钠溶液与温度下涂层的耐蚀性。结果表明:铝粉质量分数为45%时制备的锌-铝合金涂层,微观形貌更致密,宏观腐蚀形貌未出现明显黄锈,且该铝粉用量下涂层腐蚀后质量损失最小。氯化钠溶液质量分数为10%且温度较高时,锌-铝合金涂层的耐蚀性最好。

恒电量法研究温度对石油储罐底板材料在土壤模拟液中腐蚀的影响

[目的]大型石油储罐运营过程复杂多样的环境条件,以及石油、沉积水、土壤等腐蚀介质造成石油储罐的腐蚀行为极其复杂,而储罐腐蚀行为的研究和腐蚀过程的监测对于储运中心运行和安全管理极其重要。恒电量法具有快速、无损、灵敏度高、重现性好等优点,基于恒电量法可以实现复杂体系中腐蚀过程的实时监测,但目前在储罐腐蚀研究中鲜有报道。[方法]采用恒电量法研究温度对储罐底板材料(16MnR钢)在土壤模拟液中腐蚀的影响,并结合传统的挂片法、动电位极化法、线性极化法、电化学阻抗法及扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征,对恒电量法应用于石油储罐底板腐蚀研究的有效性进行评价。[结果]温度对16MnR钢在土壤模拟液中的腐蚀有极大的影响,腐蚀随温度升高而加快,恒电量法与传统电化学方法的测试结果具有较好的一致性。[结论]恒电量技术是一种可靠性较高的腐蚀检测方法,在石油储罐底板腐蚀的实时监测中有着很好的应用前景。

非晶合金-取向硅钢组合铁心结构设计及其磁-振动特性分析

非晶合金和取向硅钢是制作配电变压器铁心常用的两种软磁材料,各有优劣。采用非晶合金-取向硅钢组合铁心结构可以综合两者的优势。该文以非晶合金和取向硅钢铁心并排的组合结构为基础,选取组合铁心的取向硅钢占比和尺寸参数为自由变量,提出一种基于自由参数扫描法的组合铁心结构设计方法。首先,根据非晶合金-取向硅钢组合铁心结构特点,建立组合铁心的等效双非线性磁路模型;其次,采用磁路法迭代求解组合铁心的磁通密度分布,并制定组合铁心的结构设计流程;最后,根据结构设计结果制作了组合铁心的实验模型,采用实验和有限元仿真结合的方法分析了其磁-振动特性,验证了所提设计方法的准确性,并与传统纯非晶合金和纯取向硅钢铁心进行对比分析,阐述了组合铁心的优势。

冶炼低合金结构钢夹杂物演变规律研究

分析研究了冶炼Q420低合金结构钢时精炼过程中精炼渣、铝钙成分、氧成分变化与钢中夹杂物数量、类型的对应规律。结果表明:精炼渣中w(FeO)和w(MnO)越低,钢液中硫化物类夹杂物越少,精炼渣中w(Al_(2)O_(3))越高,钢液中Al_(2)O_(3)类夹杂物数量越少,精炼渣中w(MnO)和w(MgO)越低,钢液中MnO和MgO类夹杂物数量越多;各工序钢中w(Alt)越高,w(Ca)越低,钢中Al_(2)O_(3)类夹杂物数量越多,硫化物类和Al_(2)O_(3)类夹杂物数量越少;钢中全氧质量分数越高,夹杂物总数量越多。

50 mm低合金高强度结构钢Q460NC的生产实践

通过合理的成分设计和严格的加热、TMCP轧制工艺控制,充分利用细晶强化、析出强化等手段,保障了TMCP交货状态的50 mm厚Q460NC钢板的成功研发。钢板晶粒细小、性能稳定,屈服强度达到450 MPa~510 MPa,抗拉强度达到590 MPa~645 MPa,延伸率达到25%以上,板形及表面质量良好。

滚轴式散索鞍受力特性与优化研究

采用有限元分析方法,对悬索桥滚轴式散索鞍的受力特性进行了深入研究。结果表明,滚轴接触应力在纵桥向呈锯齿状分布,横桥向则在中央位置出现最大接触应力,这与散索鞍的横肋和纵肋分布密切相关。经过结构优化,滚轴接触反力和横向接触应力的变化范围均显著缩小。此外,最大剪切应力和最大von Mises应力出现在滚轴接触表面下约3 mm处,符合赫兹接触理论。基于这些发现,建议采用调质处理的合金钢作为滚轴材料,并根据不同类型的最大应力值进行材料屈服强度和表面硬度的设计,为悬索桥滚轴式散索鞍的设计和优化提供了重要理论依据。

Cleanliness of Alloying Structural Steel

Alloying structural steel used for mechanical structures has a high requirement for cleanliness because its failures are greatly affected by non-metallic inclusions and total oxygen content in steel.It has been reported by some steelmaking plants to have some problems in controlling total oxygen content and inclusions during alloying structural steel production.For this purpose,cleanliness control in 0.2C-0.3Si-0.6Mn-1Cr-0.2Mo steel was investigated.Firstly,low melting temperature zone（≤1873 K） of CaO-Al2O3-MgO system and formation condition of low melting temperature inclusions were investigated through thermodynamic equilibrium calculation.On this basis,industrial tests were carried out.Through sampling at different stages,transformation of oxide inclusions and change of total oxygen content in steel were studied.The results show that：in order to form CaO-Al2O3-MgO system inclusions with low melting temperature,mass percent of Al2O3,MgO and CaO in inclusions should be controlled from 37.6% to 70.8%,0 to 17.4% and 25.5% to 60.6%;For the condition of 1873 K and 0.05%（mass percent） dissolved aluminum in steel,the activities of dissolved oxygen,magnesium and calcium should be controlled as 0.298×10-4-2×10-4,0.1×10-5-40×10-5 and 0.8×10-8-180×10-8 respectively.With secondary refining proceeding,average total oxygen content and inclusion amount decrease,the type of most inclusions changes from Al2O3 after tapping to Al2O3-MgO after top slag is formed during ladle furnace refining and finally to CaO-Al2O3-MgO after RH treatment.In the final products,average total oxygen content was 12.7×10-6 and most inclusions were in spherical shape with size less than 5 μm.

30CrMnSiA合金结构钢电流辅助单向压缩流变行为

以30CrMnSiA合金结构钢为研究对象,对其在脉冲电流作用下的单向压缩流变行为进行了研究,设计了“导电块-上下压块-导电块”的电流施加方案,提出采用压缩空气进行冷却的方法消除焦耳热的影响,分析了脉冲电流参数(脉冲电流密度、脉冲占空比和脉冲频率)对30CrMnSiA合金结构钢流变行为的影响规律。基于Voce加工硬化模型,构建了脉冲电流辅助下30CrMnSiA合金结构钢的电致塑性本构模型,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,30CrMnSiA合金结构钢的流变应力随着脉冲电流密度、脉冲占空比以及脉冲频率的升高而降低,脉冲电流密度的变化对材料流变应力的影响最为显著;通电条件下材料的加工硬化指数n高于不通电时,且随电流密度与占空比的升高而升高,随脉冲频率变化不明显;利用构建的本构模型计算的流变应力值与试验数据的误差在6%以内,说明该模型能较好地预测30CrMnSiA合金结构钢电流辅助压缩类成形时的流变行为。

基于多模型机器学习的合金结构钢回火力学性能研究

钢的回火力学性能曲线是回火工艺参数优选的基础,机器学习为回火工艺参数的优选提供了新的高效途径。本工作采用ANN、IBK、Bagging、Randomtree和M5Rules等多种机器学习模型算法预测合金结构钢的回火力学性能。2950组钢回火性能数据提取于国家材料科学数据共享网,以化学成分、回火温度作为输入特征,以抗拉强度、屈服强度和维氏硬度作为输出目标。采用相关系数(R)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和相对误差(δ)进行模型的评估与定型。结果表明:回火抗拉强度、屈服强度、维氏硬度的预测分别采用IBK、Randomtree和Bagging算法能够得到更高的预测精度,相对误差分别集中于±6%、±10%、±10%。使用最佳模型对测试集四种钢的回火力学性能预测结果良好,预测精度高于JMatPro软件和经验公式的计算结果。限于已有成分特征数据分布的不均衡,为进一步扩展模型的预测精度与泛化性,需积累更多关于微合金V、Ti、B等方面的数据。

基于组合式机器学习的Cr系合金结构钢的TTT图

时间-温度-转变(TTT)图是制定钢的优化热处理工艺的重要工具,但是实验测定相当耗时且昂贵,并且计算方法也较为单一。因此,有必要开发一种快速准确预测TTT图的替代方法。本文将Artificial Neural Network(ANN)、K-Nearest Neighbor(IBK)、Bootstrap Aggregating(Bagging)、Random Committee(RC)、Gaussian Processes(GP)、Self-Organizing Maps(SOM)和Random Forest(RF)算法结合起来,形成组合式机器学习(CML)算法,用于预测Cr系合金结构钢的TTT图,其参数包括了合金化元素、奥氏体化温度和时间。使用相关系数(CC)、误差分析(RMSE、MAE)和性能拟合进行验证和筛选模型。本项工作应用CML模型来预测4种Cr系合金钢的TTT图,以评估模型的预测能力。最后,还将CML模型的预测结果与JMatPro软件的预测结果进行了比较。结果表明:与JMatPro相比,CML模型误差值小,预测结果与实际值较为接近。

合肥滨湖国际会展中心综合馆大跨度钢-铝组合张弦空间桁架屋盖体系设计技术研究

针对合肥滨湖国际会展中心综合馆大跨度屋盖,提出一种钢-铝组合张弦空间桁架新型受力体系,其中上部组合桁架的下弦杆、腹杆采用钢构件,组合桁架上弦杆采用铝合金型材,撑杆和拉索为钢结构,该体系集合了传统张弦桁架空间受力特点和铝合金结构的优点,形成铝合金主结构与屋盖围护系统一体化设计。介绍了屋盖受力体系的构成、钢-铝合金连接节点、一体化屋面和张弦桁架的分析设计结果,同时研究了屋盖结构的稳定性、抗连续倒塌等问题。分析结果表明,屋盖体系各项指标均满足规范要求,可为钢-铝合金组合空间桁架结构体系的研究和应用提供参考。

钨合金/不锈钢的低温扩散连接及界面组织性能

通过低温扩散连接方法实现钨合金(90W-7Ni-3Cu)与304不锈钢的高性能连接。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、电子探针(EPMA)分析连接界面的微观组织及元素扩散与分布行为,采用拉伸试验测试连接界面的力学性能。研究结果表明:在800~950℃、压力20 MPa、保温120 min的条件下,可以实现90W-7Ni-3Cu合金与不锈钢的有效连接;当连接温度为900℃时,连接界面抗拉强度达到最大值168 MPa;连接界面结合紧密,无裂纹等缺陷。钨合金与不锈钢界面原子形成了充分的互扩散,不锈钢中的W、Fe、Cr、Ni和Si元素借助空位以及点缺陷扩散到了钨合金一侧的钨中,形成了富含W、Fe、Cr、Ni和Si元素的扩散层。900℃连接样件的断裂发生在钨合金一侧,可以观察到钨合金基体的六角形晶界并且其表面覆盖有粗糙的黏着物,黏着物为原子扩散所形成的扩散层。不锈钢中的Cr、Fe元素以固溶的方式扩散到了钨合金的(Ni,Cu)相中,提高连接界面强度。

高氯环境下钢结构涂层防腐蚀技术创新研究

针对传统Zn-15Al钢结构合金防腐涂层在恶劣服役条件下耐腐蚀性能减弱,服役寿命降低的问题,提出一种新型Zn-50Al合金材料的制备,并对新型合金材料的耐蚀性能和机理进行分析。试验结果表明:新型Zn-50Al合金涂层颜色光亮,表面光滑平整,没有明显缺陷存在,孔隙率和结合强度分别为10%和5.8 MPa,可与钢结构基质紧密结合。经过70 d长时间腐蚀后,虽然有腐蚀物出现,但仍旧具备一定的耐腐蚀能力。其耐腐蚀机理为,新型Zn-50Al合金涂层结构均匀,经过腐蚀后,得到结构致密的氢氧化铝,自腐蚀电流和折算系数均明显低于传统Zn-15Al合金涂层,具备较好的耐腐蚀性。