A Brief Report of Graphic Explanations for Generalized Potential Temperature in the Non-Uniformly Saturated Atmosphere

Compared to potential temperature （θ） in the dry atmosphere and equivalent potential temperature （θc） in the saturated atmosphere, generalized potential tem- perature （θ＂） has already proven a better thermodynamic parameter in describing the non-uniformly saturated real atmosphere. To add otherwise absent graphic explanations, this paper first presents the physical definition of θ through a tephigram. Then, the utility of the measurement in identifying and forecasting the locations of precipita- tion maxima and heat wave areas with diagnostic com- parison studies and traditionally used thermodynamic parameters is shown.

Diagnostic Analysis of Wave Action Density During Heavy Rainfall Caused by Landfalling Typhoon

Based on prior investigation,this work defined a new thermodynamic shear advection parameter,which combines the vertical component of convective vorticity vector,horizontal divergence,and vertical gradient of generalized potential temperature.The interaction between waves and fundamental states was computed for the heavyrainfall event generated by landfalling typhoon“Morakot”.The analysis data was produced by ADAS[ARPS(Advanced Regional Prediction System)Data Analysis System]combined with the NCEP/NCAR final analysis data(1°×1°,26 vertical pressure levels and 6-hour interval)with the routine observations of surface and sounding.Because it may describe the typical vertical structure of dynamical and thermodynamic fields,the result indicates that the parameter is intimately related to precipitation systems.The parameter’s positive high-value area closely matches the reported 6-hour accumulated surface rainfall.And the statistical analysis reveals a certain correspondence between the thermodynamic shear advection parameter and the observed 6-hour accumulated surface rainfall in the summer of 2009.This implies that the parameter can predict and indicate the rainfall area,as well as the initiation and evolution of precipitation systems.

Hazard Model Reliability Analysis Based on a Wind Generator Condition Monitoring System

This paper presents an application of the hazard model reliability analysis on wind generators, based on a condition monitoring system. The hazard model techniques are most widely used in the statistical analysis of the electric machine＇s lifetime data. The model can be utilized to perform appropriate maintenance decision-making based on the evaluation of the mean time to failures that occur on the wind generators due to high temperatures. The knowledge of the condition monitoring system is used to estimate the hazard failure, and survival rates, which allows the preventive maintenance approach to be performed accurately. A case study is presented to demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed method based on the condition monitoring data for two wind turbines. Such data are representative in the generator temperatures with respect to the expended operating hours of the selected wind turbines. In this context, the influence of the generator temperatures on the lifetime of the generators can be determined. The results of the study can be used to develop the predetermined maintenance program, which significantly reduces the maintenance and operation costs.

The Generalized Thermodynamic Temperature and the New Expressions of the First and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The classical thermodynamics reflects the significant relationship between the heat and the temperature. On the basis of the relationships, according to the mathematical derivation, this paper structures the conceptions of generalized heat, generalized thermodynamic temperature, generalized entropy and so on. The series of conceptions in the classical thermodynamics is merely a special case of the generalized thermodynamics. Based on these conceptions of generalized thermodynamics, this paper presents the new expressions of the first law and the second law of thermodynamics. In other words, these expressions are endued with new explanations. The Eq. LZ = kTS given by this paper provides theoretical basis for these new expressions.

Richardson Number in a Moist Atmosphere and Its Application in the Analysis of Heavy Rainfall Events

To better describe the stability of a moist atmosphere,a new Richardson number,the Richardson number in a non-uniformly saturated moist atmosphere（Ri^＊）,is defined in this paper.Ri^＊ is the same as the Richardson number（Ri） except that the generalized potential temperature introduced by Gao et al.in 2004 is used to calculate the Brunt-Vaisala frequency.Then,with outputs from simulations of two heavy rainfall events,Ri^＊ is applied to diagnosing instabilities of rainfall areas.The results show that convective instability is concentrated in the lower troposphere while instability determined by Ri^＊1 is mainly located in the middle and upper troposphere above the rainfall areas.The Ri^＊ is more appropriate than the Richardson number in a dry or uniformly saturated moist atmosphere for describing instability of rainfall areas.Moreover,in the two cases here,instability represented by Ri^＊ emerged a few hours prior to the rainfall occurrence,suggesting that Ri^＊ may be used to indicate the occurrence of rainfall.Thus,Ri^＊ could be a helpful index in estimating rainfall occurrence and development.