Designing a Protection Scheme in Micro-Grid Systems with DG Using Central Protection Unite and Multiple Setting Group Protection Relays

Distributed generators now is widely used in electrical power networks, in some cases it works seasonally, and some types works at special weather conditions like photo voltaic systems and wind energy, and due to this continuous changes in generation condition, the fault current level in network will be affected, this changes in fault current level will affect in the coordination between protection relays and to keep the coordination at right way, an adaptive protection system is required that can adaptive its setting according to generation changes, the fault current level in each case is evaluated using ETAP software, and the required relay setting in each case is also evaluated using Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm, and to select suitable setting which required in each condition, to select the active setting group of protection relay according to generation capacity, central protection unite can be used, and to improve protection stability and minimizing relays tripping time, a proposed method for selecting suitable backup relay is used, which leads to decrease relays tripping time and increase system stability, output settings for relays in all cases achieved our constrains.

Fingolimod protects against neurovascular unit injury in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Recent research on the underlying mechanisms of cerebral ischemia indicates that the neurovascular unit can be used as a novel subject for general surveys of neuronal damage and protein mechanisms.Fingolimod(FTY-720)is a newly developed immunosuppressant isolated from Cordyceps sinensis that exhibits a wide range of biological activities,and has recently attracted much attention for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.In the current research,the role of FTY-720 and its possible mechanisms were assessed from an neurovascular unit perspective using a rat cerebral ischemia model.Our results revealed that FTY-720 markedly decreased infarct volume,promoted neurological function recovery,and weakened the blood-brain barrier permeability of ischemic rats.The protective roles of FTY-720 in ischemic stroke are ascribed to a combination of sphingosin-1-phosphate receptor-1 and reduced expression of sphingosin-1-phosphate receptor-1 in microvessels and reduction of interleukin-17A protein levels.These findings indicate that FTY-720 has promise as a new therapy for neurovascular protection and functional recovery after ischemic stroke.

Design of Distorted Wave Protection Armor Units

In consideration of the global optimization for engineering projects, a group of calculation formulas have been derived by means of theoretical derivation and model tests. On this basis, a design procedure for the distorted units is proposed, by means of which the distorted units of an anology shape and an identical porosity ratio with the original units can be obtained after conducting a distorted enlargement and a normal contraction. The stability waveheight and stability factor of the distorted unit can be calculated with the enlargement factor, a, of the horizontal dimension of the distorted unit, or with the contraction scale, A , of the contracted distorted unit. As a result, the stability of the armor unit can be significantly improved without increasing the quantity of concrete. For the same wave met by the original units, the thickness of placement of the contracted distorted unit can be obviously reduced, thus, a large quantity of concrete can be saved, consequently, economic benefit can be achieved.

United States Law on the Protection of Abused and Neglected Children

I. Introduction This paper discusses child protection in the United States. I will discuss four general topics. The first topic is United States laws on the protection of children from child abuse and neglect. The second topic is providing care for children who must be removed from their homes. The third is the role of courts in child protection in the United States.

Fault Detection Based on Hierarchical Cluster Analysis in Wide Area Backup Protection System

In wide area backup protection of electric power systems, the prerequisite of protection device's accurate, fast and reliable performance is its corresponding fault type and fault location can be discriminated quickly and defined exactly. In our study, global information will be introduced into the backup protection system. By analyzing and computing real-time PMU measurements, basing on cluster analysis theory, we are using mainly hierarchical cluster analysis to search after the statistical laws of electrical quantities' marked changes. Then we carry out fast and exact detection of fault components and fault sections, and finally accomplish fault isolation. The facts show that the fault detection of fault component (fault section) can be performed successfully by hierarchical cluster analysis and calculation. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis are accurate and reliable, and the dendrograms of hierarchical cluster analysis are in intuition.

Reliability of Substation Protection System Based on IEC61850

Although the new technology of protection and automation system of substation based on IEC61850 standard has developed rapidly in China,reliability measures depending on this technology need to be further researched.By taking advantage of convenient information sharing,two kinds of new schemes,shared backup protection unit(SBPU)and signal backup(SB),have been proposed to solve the failure problem of protective devices and current/voltage transducers respectively,and the working principle of these two schemes are also described.Furthermore,the key technologies of on-line diagnosis of protective devices'failure and on-line status diagnosis of optical or electronic current/voltage transducers to realize the two schemes are proposed.

Cathodic Protection Remote Monitoring Based on Wireless Sensor Network

Cathodic Protection system is an efficient system used for protecting the underground metal objects from corrosion. In this paper the use of Cathodic Protection (CP) system and how they can be developed to simulate corrosion control solution was illustrated. The aim of developing a Cathodic Protection system is to provide control over oil pipelines and to reduce the incidence of corrosion. The proposed system integrates the technology of wireless sensor Network (WSN) in order to collect potential data and to realize remote data transmission. In this system each WSN receives the data from the environment and forwards it to a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU). Then each RTU forwards it to its base station (BS). In this work Labview 2010 program was used, due to its high potentials. In addition it contains a Tool Kit that supports the wireless sensor network. In this simulation used many cases study to test and monitoring data and get optimum results, least time delay and high speed to prevent corrosion.

Advancement in Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control Using PMU’s Model in MATLAB/SIMULINK

A big step forward to improve power system monitoring and performance, continued load growth without a corresponding increase in transmission resources has resulted in reduced operational margins for many power systems worldwide and has led to operation of power systems closer to their stability limits and to power exchange in new patterns. These issues, as well as the on-going worldwide trend towards deregulation of the entire industry on the one hand and the increased need for accurate and better network monitoring on the other hand, force power utilities exposed to this pressure to demand new solutions for wide area monitoring, protection and control. Wide-area monitoring, protection, and control require communicating the specific-node information to a remote station but all information should be time synchronized so that to neutralize the time difference between information. It gives a complete simultaneous snap shot of the power system. The conventional system is not able to satisfy the time-synchronized requirement of power system. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is enabler of time-synchronized measurement, it communicate the synchronized local information to remote station.

新型电力系统数据跨域流通泛安全边界防护技术

新型电力系统建设涉及多业务系统、多部门、多方主体间进行海量、异构数据的交互和共享,电力数据的内外部网络环境与安全形势日趋复杂化,数据流通的脆弱性风险加剧。首先,分析新型电力系统下数据流的类型与特性,概括电力数据流通安全防护面临的新形势;其次,基于专用数据处理器(DPU)的高性能流量编排和多功能安全网关能力,构建面向电力数据跨域流通安全增强的泛安全边界,凭借数据面可编程技术沟通网络安全与数据安全双维度安全能力,提出基于DPU的数据跨域流通协同防护技术应用方案;最后,阐释DPU在不同电力通信网络层次的部署方式、价值与关键技术,分析现阶段DPU在电力领域应用存在的挑战。

大型抽水蓄能发电电动机变压器组保护的研发与应用

针对抽水蓄能机组的特点,本文给出了发电电动机变压器组保护的配置方案;介绍了基于采样数据源分区的全工况保护算法,满足抽水蓄能机组保护算法的需求;提出了抽水蓄能机组工况综合判别方法,引入断路器、电气隔离开关以及监控信息的双位置辅助接点,同时设计了一种状态机机制、电气量辅助判别和开关位置报警功能,保证了抽水蓄能机组工况识别的准确性和可靠性;介绍了一种电气量和开入量综合判别的相序保护方案。研制的发电电动机变压器组保护装置已在300MW抽水蓄能机组投入应用,应用效果良好。

考虑同步启动低频电流影响的蓄水电动机组继电保护配置方法

在蓄水电动机组继电保护配置过程中,因电动机组同步启动时参与同步振荡,导致低频电流幅值较大,影响电网运行的安全性。针对这一情况,提出考虑同步启动低频电流影响的蓄水电动机组继电保护配置方法。针对蓄水电动机组不同电压下的线路进行线路保护配置和整定,将保护装置与断路器相连,并制定一套阶段式保护,实现对蓄水电动机组线路的保护,在此基础上,根据电动机组的工作阶段采用两种不同的整定方式,实现对蓄水电动机组的过流保护,考虑同步启动低频电流的变化,改进低功率保护整定,自动调整低功率保护动作值。结果表明:提出的蓄水电动机组继电保护配置方法能够快速消除故障,及时调整机组工作状态。在该配置方法作用下,线路的连锁故障率比较低,进一步保障了蓄水电动机组的安全运行。

山西省文化遗产时空演化特征及影响因素研究——以文物保护单位为例

文物保护单位是文化遗产的物质载体,研究文物保护单位的时空分布特征及其成因对于文化遗产的保护和传承意义重大。运用ArcGIS地理空间分析方法对山西省1 518处文物保护单位进行分析,归纳其时空分布规律。研究表明:(1)各时期文物保护单位数量呈现出前中期数量较少,中后期数量激增的趋势,宋元明清时期数量最多,且各时期的文物保护单位类型分布具有很强的时代性;(2)各时期文物保护单位分布重心的空间移动距离逐渐减小,重心移动方向呈现出先向北、再向南、再向北移动的趋势;(3)文物保护单位总体来看呈现出密集区、较密集区和较稀疏区的分布格局,各时期均呈现集聚分布的状态,且不同历史时期的分布状态各不相同;(4)运用地理探测器的分析方法可知历史文化与政治、河流水系、交通道路、坡度4个因素深刻影响着文物保护单位的产生、类型、数量和时空分布格局。最后,从保护策略、学科交叉、缓冲带和数据库的构建、资源联动等方面对文物保护单位的保护和利用提出了对策。

江西省文化遗产时空格局——以文物保护单位为例

通过多维地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析的方法,将江西省省级以上文物保护单位与地形地貌、水系河流等数据结合,分析各时期空间分布特征及相关影响因素的耦合关系。研究表明,文物保护单位在空间分布上呈现集聚状态;文物保护单位在不同时期空间分布密度有差异,整体从赣北鄱阳湖平原地区向全省扩散;在地形地貌等因素影响下,大部分文物保护单位位于海拔0~200 m的平原地区和200~500 m的丘陵地区,2°~10°的坡度范围以及沿水系河流以及交通网络分布。该研究可对今后江西省文化遗产及遗产廊道的空间整合与协调发展等提供合理依据。

基于生态系统完整性的自然保护地边界划定方法--以欧美地区的实践为例

科学划定自然保护地的边界关系到保护目标的实现和管理措施的制定,是自然保护地规划和建设的首要环节。该文以欧美地区的实践案例为例,介绍了基于生态系统完整性的自然保护地边界划定方法。首先对现有自然保护地边界划定方法进行梳理,在此基础上介绍了面向实施的景观单元(Operational Landscape Units)的概念和划定流程;其次梳理了韦斯特布鲁克圩田保护边界划定和旧金山湾海岸带保护边界划定的案例;最后为我国自然保护地的边界划定提出建议。

基于电子式电压互感器边界特性分析的35 kV配网输电线路单端暂态量保护方案及其整定

随着分布式电源广泛接入配电网,传统三段式电流保护方案的性能严重劣化。单端暂态量边界保护由于具备不依赖电源特性等突出优势,有望成为改善主动配电网保护配置性能的有效方案,但其需依附于线路边界强健的滤波作用。为此,该文研究发现,可利用智能变电站和智能开闭所中电子式电压互感器、金属氧化物避雷器与其余设备杂散电容共同作为线路边界,其优异的高频滤波作用能够为暂态量保护方案的设计奠定基础;其次,利用区内外故障时电压行波高频频带能量差异构造保护判据,并基于整定门槛与动作时序的合理配合形成单端暂态量阶段式保护方案;最后,基于PSCAD仿真平台验证所提方案的有效性、灵敏性与可靠性,其可与电流保护方案协同互济以强化主动配电网继电保护方案的动作性能。

变速抽蓄机组失磁故障分析及保护研究

变速抽蓄机组(VSPSU)的励磁及控制方式复杂且易发生失磁故障,配置针对性的失磁保护对保障其安全运行至关重要。该文基于直流励磁系统和交流励磁系统的差异分析,将VSPSU的失磁故障划分为对称失磁和不对称失磁两种故障形式,并主要针对对称失磁故障开展研究。首先,分别从故障位于机侧和网侧角度出发分析VSPSU发生对称失磁故障后的电气量变化特性及其故障危害;然后,推导证明了传统失磁阻抗圆保护判据在VSPSU中应用时不具有可靠性,VSPSU缺乏具有针对性的保护方案;最后,基于VSPSU的失磁故障特性,提出了针对机侧对称失磁故障的下抛阻抗圆判据和针对网侧对称失磁故障的直流电压判据,两者结合形成了对VSPSU对称失磁故障的保护方案。仿真结果表明,该文所提方案可有效地检测VSPSU在各种运行工况下的对称失磁故障,以满足VSPSU对失磁保护可靠性的要求。

生态型港口海岸防护块体Coastalock的研究与工程应用

在积极稳妥推进碳达峰、碳中和的社会大背景下,针对传统的海岸防护结构无法满足应对气候变化、生物多样性、绿色低碳发展等凸出矛盾,通过大量文献调查研究,介绍一种基于仿生学的新型防护块体Coastalock解决方案,并进行有关物理模型试验及工程应用验证。结果表明,该块体具有较好的稳定性及消浪效果,适用于大部分海岸情况,其碳封存和生物多样性效果显著,有助于港口与海岸工程建设应对气候变化。

个人信息权立法完善的路径与选择

当前,信息泄露已成为全球性问题,各国纷纷就个人信息权进行立法保护.尽管《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》的出台优化了我国对个人信息权的立法保护,但我国相关规范性文件未能有效衔接,某些规范性文件位阶不明,特殊领域的个人信息权立法保护不成体系,部分地方缺乏立法能动性,对公权力的监管规定存在漏洞.相较而言,美国在个人信息权保护方面积累了较多经验和教训.通过比较分析法,对美国就个人信息权保护的立法优势、劣势加以辨别,对我国个人信息权保护的立法提出建议,以期完善我国对个人信息权的立法保护.

我国国家公园建设研究进展

中国国家公园是指在具有显著自然生态价值、文化价值和科学研究价值的区域内,通过完善自然保护与利用体系,实现保护物种、维护生态系统完整性、保障基本生态需求、实现可持续利用等目的,逐步形成具有国际水平的大型自然保护地并发挥其积极作用的区域。中国国家公园建设是实践生态文明思想的有效途径,是中国自然保护地体系建设最重要的组成部分。自2015年发布《建立国家公园体制试点方案》以来,中国政府陆续开展了10个国家公园体制试点,最终在2021年正式建立了5个国家公园。收集了2015年以来国家公园相关政策资料,对中国国家公园建设现状进行深入分析。我们发现中国国家公园较好的实现了初始建设目标,但也有需要完善的地方。针对未来国家公园的建设,我们提出了以下建议:1)完善国家公园空间布局规划;2)以流域为单元进行规划整合;3)确定东部和西部国家公园最小面积;4)确定国家公园数量上限;5)建立跨境国家公园;6)将文化保护纳入国家公园;7)统一管理体制;8)统一国家公园内部管控区划;9)形成三类保护地差异化可持续发展模式。未来随着中国国家公园顶层设计的逐步完善,中国自然保护地体系体制建设将能提供更加全面、系统的生态保护和资源管理,推动生态文明建设的不断发展;实现生态保护、可持续利用和人与自然的和谐共生的目标。

连续重整装置再接触空冷器管束泄漏分析

以某炼化企业连续重整装置再接触空冷器为研究对象,通过实际分析和模拟计算,对连续重整装置再接触空冷器管束泄漏原因进行分析并提出腐蚀防护措施。结果表明:连续重整装置再接触空冷器中的NH_(4)Cl结晶温度为80~100℃,处于再接触空冷器出入口温度区间内,NH_(4)Cl在再接触空冷器中间及出口部位会结晶沉积于管束内壁,停工期间会发生吸水潮解腐蚀。因此,停工期间可通过碳酸氢钠水溶液水洗、再接触空冷器管束充氮气保护等措施来防止产生NH_(4)Cl垢下腐蚀,同时还需对再接触空冷器管束进行打压,确保管束无泄漏。