Gentrification and Residential Differentiation in Nanjing,China

The institutional environment in China has quite evidently changed during modern socio-economic transitions.Driven both by local government and by marketing force,urban social space was redistributed after the reform of urban land and real estate policies.Urban renewal makes for wide differential rent and therefore gentrification is occurring in China.This paper analyzes the background and institutional environment of gentrification in China,and further discusses the process,characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms in the case of Nanjing,through investigation of the attributes of 1075 residential communities built during the 1998-2008 at a macro level,and interviewing the residents and analyzing questionnaires in 6 different and typical communities at a micro level.As a socio-spatial course of two-way interaction,gentrification is divided into 3 stages of incubation,occurrence and fast development,according to the time of landmark events and policy reform on the leasehold of land in Nanjing during socio-economic transition.In terms of the socio-spatial characteristics of gentrification in Nanjing,the gentrification process under the trajectory of urban renewal makes urban social space present a new circle-layer structure;the rise of quite a number of gated communities results in the fragmentation of social space and privatization of public space;the management mode of modern communities and the change of life style have aggravated the indifference of neighborhood relationship of gentrified communities.Based on the empirical evidence of this study,this paper indicates that gentrification is quite different between China and western countries with respect to spatio-temporal order,dominant forces,paths of realization and spatial expression,and it further reveals the dynamic mechanism of gentrification developing in China at the present stage.

Urban Redevelopment, Gentrification and Gentrifiers in Post-reform Inland China: A Case Study of Chengdu, China

Since its process evolved in recent years, the definition of gentrification has expanded to cover different forms of social upgrading, new spaces and new actors around the world. Studies on gentrification in Chinese cities began to take off in the 2000 s. However, they all mainly focused on the newly emerging global cities and there has been a lack of investigation on provincial cities. Furthermore, discussions on gentrifiers′ profiles and their motivations for housing choice are absent from literature on Chinese gentrification. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the relevance of the broad definition of gentrification in provincial Chinese cities through empirical research on urban redevelopment projects in Chengdu, and to examine the characteristics of gentrifiers(as new incoming residents) in it. The results show the rationality of gentrification processes as urban redevelopment in Chengdu, and reveal original outcomes on the corresponding gentrifiers′ profiles and the motivations behind their housing choice, which are different from the general features of gentrifiers in standard Western gentrification research.

Overcome Gentrification： New Dutch Urban Paradigms

The study is related to the city of Rotterdam, investigated in relation to the spatial changes caused by the massive immigration that took place since the 1940s and of which contemporary spatial planning is taking place. The urban regeneration program, promoted by the Municipality of Rotterdam, provided for the reconnection of the district to the urban dynamics of the city and the improvement of public spaces and private accommodation to encourage a process of social gentrification. The social challenges that characterize contemporary cities, especially caused by the violent immigration, have defined a new urban paradigm and new forms of collaboration; as urban planners, we must continue to promote the formation of inclusive, multi-faceted and multitasking cities that are able to capture the diversity of sociality that inhabits the strategic character that makes them different and unique and to experiment welfare and social governance models that allow the shared experience within the urban analyzed contexts; only by making the immigrants protagonists of sociality and of urban civilization can we build stainless cities that resist to climate change and above all to social changes.

小议gentrification

人们谈及房屋重新整修时常用 renovation 或 renewal。这里要议的是 gentrification 一字(动词是 gentrify)。它和前两个字有相同词义,但也有不同之处。从词源学或构词法的角度来考虑,人们很容易把它和 gentry 联系上。gentry 原意是“上层人士”。从中可悟出 gentrification 的一部分意思来。在美国匹兹堡时,一位美国朋友指着该市南部地区,特别是沿卡尔森一条街说:This area is undergoing gentrification。

Gentrification Within the Law of Transformation of Areas at Disaster Risks in Turkey Sulukule,Istanbul Example

With coming in force of The Law of Transformation of Areas at Disaster Risks numbered 16.5.2012/6306 by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization,the concept of urban transformation has entered to our life in Turkey.Gentrification as one of the forms of urban transformation brought the existence of liberated zones produced by neo-liberal mentality.Sulukule area(Neslisah Sultan settlement)which is subject to research is counted among“the areas to be renewed and to be put under preservation”by numbered 2006/10299 decision of Council of Ministers.Due to the shortage of lands in the city,it is observed especially in 1980s that the families in high-income group have preferred to live in horizontally expending villa towns far from the center.While these residential areas are deepening the distance from the center in time,the pressure of housing demand of middle-income people and rent circles who are not planning to leave the city center caused to have an eye on these areas which are residential areas of mostly low-income people and appeared in certain regions as they are established without infrastructure and healthy conditions.With this law,the transformation has started in the areas such as Fikirtepe,Dolapdere,Esenler,and Banks of Halic(Golden Horn)where structural life is completed,and floor area ratio has been raised to 4.0 from 2.07.Vertical housing is stimulated by adding the street between the parcels to the blocks,it has been tried to prevent the victimization of local people to unearned income.There are some quarters that,under the name of gentrification,Romany citizens who passed to permanent settlement from nomadic culture at the Ottoman era,and who are engaged in activities such as handicraft,adornments,shoe making,weaving beside the show business at Fatih Sulukule district are convicted to lodge in the houses built in suburban if they have title deed,and in jerry-built tents if they don’t have deed.Chamber of Architects,Chamber of City Planners Istanbul Branch and Roma Culture Development and Solidarity Association filed“nullity suit”and“stay of execution”.Despite the continuing judicial process,the demolition started in 2009,and starting the constructing the villas in 2010 breaking the resistance of Romany citizens,the area was victimized to rent.

Territorial heritage gentrification in Abdali in Amman,Jordan

Having established itself as a heritage discourse,planetary gentrification is being studied in terms of how it operates in the Global South.This study focuses on the case of Abdali Amman,a significant mixed-use neighbourhood in Jordan that has experienced numerous mega-gentrification initiatives.According to Bourdieu’s theories of the state and dispositional practices,this study critically evaluates urban gentrification practices.In terms of gentrification governance,which takes place in two adjacent‘state’and‘civic’zones inside the Abdali district,this study analyses the interactions between transnational and state actors and the intragovernmental(state-municipality)governance system.Gentrification in Amman is connected to the revitalisation of historic sites,is a matter of urban governance,and operates from the transnational sphere along national and local lines.Furthermore,gentrification is caught in a desire/resistance paradox with calls for legitimacy and recognition.As a country in the Global South,Jordan has welcomed capitalist urbanisation.Gentrification is articulated within a flux between deterritorialisation/reterritorialisation,producing a form of‘heritage gentrification’in which history and national heritage are sacrificed through a process of satellite gentrification that is rooted in generative cultural transformation and governed by decentralised power structures.Introducing a Western blueprint of planetary gentrification through narrow gates into non-Western environments is a prevailing challenge.

Labor Market Aspects of the ＂New Rurality＂： Employment, Commuting and Entrepreneurship in Rural Sweden

Around two thirds of the Swedish rural areas experienced positive net migration during the period 2003-2005. This paper examines the development in the Swedish rural areas from the perspective of the ＂new rurality＂ or the new rural economic order with regard to migratory movements. The paper analyzes determinants of net migration to rural areas in general and to different types of regions, and the impacts of in-migration on rural labor markets, self-employment and other socio-economic conditions. The determinants of the migration pattern were mainly the size of adjacent local and regional centers, income and education levels that all had positive impacts, while commuting distance and unemployment rate had contrary effects. In comparison with the original inhabitants, the newcomers had lower incomes, a lower employment ratio and a lower degree of entrepreneurial activities, but higher education levels. These differences might be explained by the age differences between stayers （older） and in-migrants （younger）. This indicates that the two groups were in different stages of their life cycles. One central conclusion drawn from the paper is that the effect of in-migration on the composition of the rural population is about the same in rural areas all over Sweden.

Reflection on the authenticity of urban sites

With the continuous development of society and city,the urban village has been born with time.The book Naked City:The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places by Sharon Zukin is a reflection on the"authenticity"of urban village under the background of big city’s development.Through the study of this book,other four books and the field investigation of Nantou Ancient City and Baishizhou which are typical"urban village"in Shenzhen,we can understand the authenticity,and further explore how to construct the authentic places and how to find their own way of authenticity in the development of The Times.

Like a Wrecking Ball: The Creative Queer Spaces of Gustavo Vinagre’s “New Dubai”

The aim of the article is to analyse the creative queer spaces of Gustavo Vinagre’s movie New Dubai. The mainargument indicates that gay sex creatively brings the possibility of resistance against gentrification and questionsheteronormative rules in the organization of society and space. Sex and the violence of the interventions in thecontext of the real estate speculation point to the violence and voyeurism of filming, especially of filming sex.

Knocking Walls Down:Queer Architecture and Creative Cities

Based on bibliographic research,the article analyzes how queer architecture challenged gentrification,real estate speculation,and segregation of minorities in creative cities.The results show that the architecture of queer spaces can be understood as a practice of gender and sexual resistance and biopolitical disobedience,as the capitalist architecture worked as a biopolitical technology for producing gender and sexuality and shaping political and sexual identities through techniques of surveillance and the construction of the public/private divide for controlling gender and sexual reproduction.

Rethinking Shanghai Nostalgia： An Ethnographic Inquiry into the Interface between Historical Memory and Place-making Process in a Global Metropolis

Building explicit links between historical memory and place attachment, this paper investigates the intertwined relationship between globalization, urban revitalization, and neighborhood gentrification in post-reform Shanghai. Based on field research conducted intermittently between 1999 and 2007, it probes the local grounding of the ongoing place-making processes in terms of the ＂lower/higher quarter＂ dichotomy reminiscent of Shanghai＇s semi--colonial past and the apparent contradictions in the politics of planning. By way of mapping ＂Shanghai nostalgia＂ in time and space, attempts are made to locate the cultural symbols in actual sites so that upper quarters and lower quarters as imagined communities come to be attached to imagined places. From the intimate perspectives provided by ethnographic fieldwork, the author explores the significance of locality power embedded in the dichotomy-the ways in which it is exploited, the memories to which it is linked, and more importantly, the explanations it provides for present-day reconfigurations of social space and redistributions of cultural resource in China＇s most cosmopolitan city.

PAX—Patios de la Axerquía Urban Regeneration and Social Innovation in a Heritage Context

Following a decades-long real estate bubble involving a culture of indiscriminate ownership and occupation of land,PAX—Patios de la Axerquía is proposing an innovative system of governance in the city of Córdoba in Spain that fosters a new urban model consistent with the aims of the New Urban Agenda and a Smart,Sustainable and Inclusive City:from a culture of speculation to one of rehabilitation.A system of multilevel co-management between the public administration and the social economy provides the basis for the acquisition and cooperative use of empty houses as a model of urban regeneration through social innovation in a heritage context.The rehabilitation of the patio-houses in Axerquía,which have been threatened by gentrification,aims to restore the environmental values of the Mediterranean city and upgrade its historical characteristics in a contemporary way together with the citizenship:from its architectural value as a World Heritage site to its anthropological value as Intangible Heritage of Humanity,as recognised by UNESCO in 2012.The interaction between innovative mechanisms of sustainable urban development opens up a pathway of virtuous policies for the densification of the existing city by the local population,generation of micro-employment,and support for collective projects that incorporate refugees and migrants in a system of solidarity.Updating the urban,environmental,social,and economic values of the traditional city is a step toward understanding the Mediterranean city as an undeniable reminder of our past and,at the same time,providing an essential tool for the future development of a smart,sustainable,and inclusive Europe.