Rose Oil Composition from the Flowers of Rosa rugosa Thunb. Growing in Different Locations of China

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the main compositions in the rose oil of the rose flowers from different regions in China. [Method] The oils from rose flowers of Rosa rugosa Thunb. collected from six provinces in China were obtained by hydrodistillation and further analyzed by GC-MS. [Result] The content of rose oil ranged from 0.023% （v/w） to 0.056% （v/w）. Forty-nine constituents included nine alcohols, seventeen aliphatic hydrocarbons, twelve carbonyls, three miscellaneous compound, two benzenes and six esters, of which eicosane （0.84% -17.81% ）, heneicosane （1.07%-26.65%）, 2-methyl-heptane （0.12%-9.14%）, 4,5-dimethyl octane （0.17%-3.13%）, 3-methyl-hexane （0.27%-11.74%）, citronellol （0.51%-9.53%） and linalool （0.31%-4.01%） were the main constituents. [Conclusion] The study indicates that there is qualitative and quantitative difference in chemical composition of rose oil of rose flowers produced in different areas in China. The influence of production area should be carefully considered in order to maintain a consistent production of quality herb.

On Spatial Variability and Distribution of Soil Nutrients in Different Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.Populations in Tsaidam Basin

In this paper,six important distribution areas of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.in Tsaidam Basin were selected as research objects,to study spatial variability and distribution of soil nutrients in different N.tangutorum populations and analyze the relationship between soil nutrient contents and geographical location,by measuring soil pH and the contents of organic matter（OM）,total nitrogen（N）,total phosphorus（P）,total potassium（K）,hydrolysis N,available P and available K in soils.Results showed that：（1） soil nutrient contents among different populations showed significant spatial variability,and soil depth had a significant effect on soil nutrients contents,but the variation rules were not obvious.（2）Average pH and average contents of OM,total N,total P,total K,hydrolysis N,available P and available K in soils with different depths（0-15,15-30,30-45 cm） varied in the range of 8.37-9.21,3.34-20.68,0.18-1.21,0.35-0.75,16.12-22.04,5.13-553.28,1.10-52.54 and 103.83-562.28 mg/kg,respectively.（3） The analysis results of correlation between average values of pH and contents of nutrient indexes in soils with different depths（0-15,15-30,30-45 cm） showed that the correlation of these indexes were different.（4）OM and total N contents in soils with different depths（0-15,15-30,30-45 cm） all had a significant positive correlation with latitude and negative correlation with longitude and altitude,and the correlation of available P and available K contents in surface soils（0-15 cm） with latitude,longitude and altitude were significant positive,significant negative and significant negative,respectively;moreover,longitude and latitude also showed a significant impact on soil available K contents with the depth of 30-45 cm.In addition,comprehensive analysis result of nutrient contents showed that N.tangutorum populations in Huaitou Tala Town had the highest fertility,and the fertility levels of N.tangutorum populations in Chaka Town and Wulan Keke Town were relatively lower.

Epidemiological Survey of the Prevalence of Non-fatal Injury among Children Aged 5-14 Years in China

Objective To determine the prevalence of non-fatal injuries among children aged 5-14 years in China. Methods Data of 21 973 children aged 5-14 years were extracted from the Fourth National Health Service Survey of China carried out between June 15 and July 10, 2008. Injury-related indicators included： history of ever having had an injury, and injury frequency, cause, location and severity. Results The overall prevalence of non-fatal injuries among the children in the previous 12 months was 17.0 per 1000 subjects. The leading causes of non-fatal injuries were falls, animal bites, traffic accidents, falling objects and burns. The majority of children sustained only one injury. The main place of injury was at home in 40% and 54% of urban boys and girls, respectively, at school in 48% of rural boys, and at home and at school each in 33% of rural girls. Medical treatment for one day was the main option for 80% of urban boys and girls, 84% of rural boys, and 72% of rural girls. Conclusion Nonfatal injuries among children aged 5-14 years are a serious public health concern in China.

An analysis of oasis stability in arid areas:a case study in the northern slope areas of the Tianshan Mountains

This paper discusses oasis stability at regional scale with a case study in the northern slope areas of the Tianshan Mountains (NSTM). The results showed certain significant aspects. (1) As long as water resources in the oasis keep stable and their utilization efficiency can be maintained or gradually increased, the primary productivity could be continuously increased and the natural primary productivity keeped relatively stable. In this case, it is considered that the oasis is stable and its sustainable development can be achieved at regional scale. (2) Considering the availability of water resources in the oases, the oases on the alluvial-diluvial fans are highly stable. In the alluvial plain downstream of the groundwater overflowing zones the oases are moderately stable and in the lacustrine deltas or dry lacustrine deltas the oases are lowly stable. (3) Enlargement of oases and the increase of water resources and vegetation coverage in the oasis will certainly enhance the 'cold-island effect' of the oasis and increase the stability of oases.

Leaf morpho-physiology and phytochemistry of olive trees as affected by cultivar type and increasing aridity

The olive species(Olea europaea L.)is an ancient traditional crop grown under rainfed conditions in the Mediterranean Basin.In response to the growing national and international demand for olive oil,the olive cultivars are introduced into highly arid new bioclimatic areas.Subsequently,the morpho-physiology and phytochemistry of olive trees are potentially changing among cultivar types and geographical conditions.In the present work,we have undertaken an assessment on the impacts of geographical location and cultivar types on the leaf morpho-physiology and phytochemistry of olive trees.Thus,leaves of the two most cultivated olive tree varieties,Chemlal and Sigoise,were collected from three geographical regions(Setif,Batna,and Eloued)with increasing aridity in Algeria.Leaf samples from the geographical regions were analyzed using the standard physiological experiment,colorimetric method,and a chromatography assay.Leaves of both cultivars exhibited a significant variance in terms of the leaf shape index but not for the leaf tissue density,specific leaf weight,and specific leaf area.Photosynthetic pigment contents were affected by both cultivar type and geographical location,with the lowest pigment content recorded in the Sigoise cultivar from the Setif region.Compared with the Setif and Batna regions,dried leaves of both cultivars from the Eloued region showed the higher levels of the total polyphenol,total flavonoid,and total tannin,as well as a better antioxidant capacity.Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of all leaf extracts identified the following phenolic acids as major compounds:oleuropein,naringin,apigenin-7-O-glucoside,kaempferol,quercetin,quercitrin,luteolin-7-O-naringenin,and quinic acid.Lower contents were found for p-Coumaric acid,trans-Ferulic acid,hyperoside,rutin,apigenin,caffeic acid,protocatechuic acid,o-Coumaric acid,and gallic acid.Also,epicatechin and catechin+were not found in the leaf extracts of the Sigoise cultivar.The leaf organic extracts in both cultivars displayed promising anti-cancer activity that was affected by geographical location and organic solvent polarity.Briefly,although increasing aridity and soil organic and mineral deficiency affected the leaf morpho-physiological parameters,both cultivars sustained a chemical richness,a good antioxidant,and an anti-tumoral capacity in leaves.Furthermore,the findings revealed that regardless the olive tree genotype,there was a significant impact of geographical location on the leaf morpho-physiology,bioactivity,and chemical composition,which may consequently modulate the growth and oil production of olive trees.

Influences of rootstock and agro-climatic condition on physico-chemical and bioactive compounds of Gunda Gundo orange(Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck)in the Northern Ethiopia

Rootstocks have a significant influence on adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress conditions and quality of fruit.So,choice of rootstock for a specific growing region is an important decision for a grower to make when establishing a commercial citrus orchard.This study was undertaken to assess effects of rootstock and location on quality of orange fruit.The study was conducted over two consecutive years(2017/18 and 2018/19).Scions from the Gunda Gundo orange grove were grafted on rough lemon and sour orange rootstocks and planted in Tigray and Afar,Ethiopia at four sites(Abala,Agulae,Adiha and Rama).The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD)with four replications.Data on different physico-chemical and bioactive compounds were collected and analyzed using R software(version 4).Compared to sour orange,rough lemon rootstock revealed higher fruit mass(151.96 g,195.38 g),fruit length(62.27 mm,68.88 mm)and fruit diameter(65.58 mm,71.3 mm),in 2017/18,2018/19,respectively.Among the four locations(Abala,Agulae,Adiha and Rama),higher juice percentage was found in Adiha(43.47%in 2017/18)and Abala(49.87%,in 2018/19).In 2017/18 higher total soluble solid(TSS,13.87%),TSS/acid ratio(19.18)and fruit rag(32.77%),were obtained at the Rama site.On the one hand,higher vitamin C(826.6 mg·kg^(-1))and total phenolic content(208 mg·kg^(-1 )GAE)were recorded at Agulae than Abala,Adiha and Rama sites from sour orange rootstock.High TSS,TSS/acid ratio and antioxidant were recorded from orange fruits at Rama site.This was expected to have resulted from hot climate conditions at the site.Besides,at a relatively cooler condition of the Agulae site,high phenolic,reduced ferric power and high vitamin C were recorded.Rough lemon rootstock improved fruit size,while rootstock did not affect the contents of TSS,TSS/acid ratio across the sites in both harvesting years.

A Novel Provable Data Possession Scheme Based on Geographic Location Attribute

Increment of mobile cloud video motivates mobile users to utilize cloud storage service to address their demands, cloud storage provider always furnish a location-independent platform for managing user＇s data. However, mobile users wonder if their cloud video data leakage or dynamic migration to illegal service providers. In this paper, we design a novel provable data possession protocol based on data geographic location attribute, which allows data owner to auditing the integrity of their video data, which put forward an ideal choice for remote data possession checking in the mobile cloud storage. In our proposed scheme, we check out whether the video data dynamic migrate to an unspecified location （such as： overseas） by adding data geographic location attribute tag into provable data possession protocol. Moreover, we make sure the security of our proposed scheme under the Computational Diffic-Hellman assumption. The analysis and experiment results demonstrate that our proposed scheme is provably secure and efficient.

Coastal zone and its sustainable development

Coastal zone, a boundary shared by land and occo and the baseline to understand the earth,has become a very important part of earth system science and for global change study. From the viewpoint of society and economy, the coastal zone is the prosperous forefront for social development Butis also gives rise to a series of abuses, leading to destruction of resources and environment Theseproblems have become serious obstacles restricting the sustainability in thes area. Therefore, we mustemphasize on the study of the coastal zone, not ouly on its land part but also its ocean part. In order torealise sustainable development of coastal zone, multi-disciplinery studies and integration of naturalsciences with social sciences are necessary and more attention shoud be focused on monitoring, andplanning of coastal zone by utilizing GIS (geographical information system), satellite geo-observationsystem, GPS (global position system) and global communication network technologies.

Demographic and Infrastructure Problems of Villages in the Hilly-Mountainous Areas of Prilep

In this paper it has been investigated the issue of the dynamics of the rural population in villages in the mountainous areas of the municipality of Prilep height distribution of the mountainous villages, the area size, absolute density and agrarian population in hilly-mountainous villages, the distance of the hill-mountain villages of the municipality center and institutional infrastructure hilly-mountainous areas in Prilep. Despite the demographic decline that was made in the past 45 years, the municipality and the country will have even more incentive in the coming years to invest in infrastructure to improve little very bad living conditions and foremost here we think of infrastructure, roads, water drinking, clinics, veterinary stations, public transportation, gas stations, stores, construction of ethnic restaurants and small hotels so that at least the older generations of the cities as the least retirement to spend at home, to create minimum conditions for living and so that villages in hilly and mountainous villages to be attractive to younger generations of the cities and migrant workers from European countries and America Australia frequently to visit home, and to be able to invest in small commercial buildings in the area of tourism.

Recommending Personalized POIs from Location Based Social Network

Location based social networks（ LBSNs） provide location specific data generated from smart phone into online social networks thus people can share their points of interest（ POIs）. POI collections are complex and can be influenced by various factors,such as user preferences,social relationships and geographical influence. Therefore,recommending new locations in LBSNs requires to take all these factors into consideration. However,one problem is how to determine optimal weights of influencing factors in an algorithm in which these factors are combined. The user similarity can be obtained from the user check-in data,or from the user friend information,or based on the different geographical influences on each user＇s check-in activities. In this paper,we propose an algorithm that calculates the user similarity based on check-in records and social relationships,using a proposed weighting function to adjust the weights of these two kinds of similarities based on the geographical distance between users. In addition,a non-parametric density estimation method is applied to predict the unique geographical influence on each user by getting the density probability plot of the distance between every pair of user＇s check-in locations. Experimental results,using foursquare datasets,have shown that comparisons between the proposed algorithm and the other five baseline recommendation algorithms in LBSNs demonstrate that our proposed algorithm is superior in accuracy and recall,furthermore solving the sparsity problem.

FDI, Geographic Location and Their Impacts on the Pattern of Regional Economic Development in China

This paper states how the reciprocal matching of foreign direct investment （FDI） and geographic location generally determine the pattern of regional economic development in China by analyzing the co-relations among geographic location, FDI and regional economic development. Among various factors that affect FDI inflow into specific regions of China, it is believed that geographic location might be one of the most essential factors in shaping the overall trend of diversification in regional economic development in China. Examinations are followed for identifying the above judgment both with econometric models and data analysis.

Techniques for Determining the Geographic Location of IP Addresses in ISP Topology Measurement

A brief survey on the state-of-the-art research of determining geographic location of IP addresses is presented. The problem of determining the geographic location of routers in Internet Service Provider （ISP） topology measurement is discussed when there is inadequate information such as domain names that could be used. Nine empirical inference rules are provided, and they are respectively （1） rule of mutual inference, （2） rule of locality, （3） rule of ping-pong assignment, （4） rule of bounding from both sides, （5） rule of preferential exit deny, （6） rule of uureachable/timeout, （7） rule of relay hop assignment, （8） rule of following majority, and （9） rule of validity checking based on interface-finding. In totally 2,563 discovered router interfaces of a national ISP topology, only 6.4% of them can be located by their corresponding domain names. In contrast, after exercising these nine empirical inference rules, 38% of them have been located. Two methods have mainly been employed to evaluate the effectiveness of these inference rules. One is to compare the measured topology graph with the graph published by the corresponding ISP. The other is to contact the administrator of the corresponding ISP for the verification of IP address locations of some key routers. The conformity between the locations inferred by the rules and those determined by domain names as well as those determined by whois information is also examined. Experimental results show that these empirical inference rules play an important role in determining the geographic location of routers in ISP topology measurement.

Spatial heterogeneity of lake eutrophication caused by physiogeographic conditions:An analysis of 143 lakes in China

In order to identify the effect of geographic characteristics on the variations of nutrient concentrations and the utilization efficiency of nutrients by phytoplankton, data from 143 lakes, from 2008 to 2010, including three very different types of topography, i.e., the first topography ladder（FTL）, second topography ladder（STL）, and third topography ladder（TTL）, were statistically analyzed. Lakes in the FTL and STL, located at high elevation（above1000 m） and low longitudes（lower than 105° E）, were sporadically oligotrophic, whereas lakes in the TTL were almost all mesotrophic and eutrophic. The trophic level index（TLI）became higher with the rise of longitude. Two turning points（5 and 15°C） on the curve of TLI as function of the average annual temperature（AAT） corresponded with the AAT in different lake regions in the STL and TTL. Because the responses of TLI to AAT differ significantly, there were variations of nutrient and algal biomass concentrations in different lake regions in the same type of topography ladder. According to the differences in utilization efficiency of total nitrogen or total phosphorus by phytoplankton, China could be partitioned into six lake regions. Scientific nutrient criteria for each lake region shall be established considering these differences in China.

Differences and dynamics of multidimensional poverty in rural China from multiple perspectives analysis

Absolute poverty was completely eliminated in China in 2020.However,poverty measured by income does not fully reflect the actual situation.This paper analyses multidimensional poverty and its dynamics in rural China from perspectives of region,terrain,and geographical location during 2010–2018.We use the Chinese Family Panel Survey data,adopt the Alkire-Foster method and improve the multidimensional poverty index(MPI),calculating and comparing multidimensional poverty and its dynamics among 3009 rural households.In addition,the contribution of the indicator to multidimensional poverty is decomposed.The results indicate that multidimensional poverty has obvious regional differences,topographical differences,and geographical differences.Moreover,the targeted poverty alleviation policy has a significant impact on multidimensional poverty eradication,and the rate of decline of the MPI during 2016–2018 is significantly greater than that of 2010–2014.Education contributes more than 50%to the MPI.In general,the proportion of households with persistent multidimensional poverty is higher than temporary multidimensional poverty,and temporary multidimensional poverty is higher than no multidimensional poverty.These results obtained from a large scale,long time and multiple perspectives could offer new insights for the government to further consolidate the results of poverty alleviation while offering China’s experience to other developing countries.

Flowering and seeding patterns in pure and mixed Nothofagus forests in Southern Patagonia

Introduction:Variation in reproductive phenology among species is an important mechanism for maintaining species coexistence.In mixed forests,the impact of limiting(biotic and abiotic)factors on tree reproductive success regulates the maintenance of species in balanced proportions or the conversion towards monospecific forests.This study offer a significant first approach to the reproductive phenology of mixed forests,assessing flowering,seeding and loss factors on reproductive success in three forest types(pure deciduous Nothofagus pumilio(Np),evergreen Nothofagus betuloides(Nb)and mixed(M)forests),comparing also between two geographical locations(coast and mountain),during one growing season.Results:Flowering falling started early in Np.Seed fall occurred first and more concentrated in Np,while in Nb,it was progressive during autumn.Phenology in M combined both patterns,but with better reproductive performance of both species.Seed production was greater in Nb(42,900,000 ha^(−1))than in Np(710,000 ha^(−1)),while M presented intermediate values(31,900,000 ha^(−1)).Abortion was greatest in Np(19% of female flowers and 10% of immature fruits),while fruit predation was low(7-9%)in all forest types.Empty seed was the main loss factor,but with low net values for each species in M.Regarding geographical location,sea proximity generated a quick starting of the growing season in coast compared to mountain sites.However,we detected forest types×location interactions in flowering and seeding patterns(e.g.in male flower production and in empty and viable seeds),with differences in species response according to location.Conclusions:Both deciduous and evergreen species have reproductive advantages in mixed compared to pure forests.However,mixed were more similar to pure evergreen forests in their reproductive traits and the incidence of the limiting factors.The study of only one growing season does not allow us to conclude whether mixed forests are stable communities,but we contribute to understand the roles of reproductive phenology in mixed forest dynamics.