Protective Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract on Learning and Memory Deficit Induced by Aluminum in Model Rats

Objective： To examine the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract （GbE） on learning and memory deficit induced by aluminum chloride （AlCl3）, and explore its mechanisms. Methods： The rat models with learning and memory deficit were induced by administering via gastrogavage and drinking of AlCl3 solution. And the model rats were treated with GbE at the dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg every day for 2 months accompanied with drinking of AlCl3 solution, respectively. Their abilities of spatial learning and memory were tested by Morris water maze, and the acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） activity in serum was assayed with chemical method, the AChE expression in hippocampus was observed by immunohistochemistry assay, and then quantitative analysis was done by BI 2000 image analysis system. Results： Learning and memory deficit of rats could be induced by AlCl3 solution （P〈0.01）, and AChE expressions in rats hippocampus were increased （P〈0.01）; GbE ameliorated learning and memory deficit and reduced AChE expression in rats hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner, while GbE significantly increased serum AChE activity at the dose of 200 mg/kg each day （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： GbE can ameliorate learning and memory deficit induced by AlCl3, which may be due to its inhibition of the AChE expression in hippocampus.

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase, Bcl-2, and Bax expression in rat models of spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND：Ginkgo biloba leaf extract exhibits neuroprotective effects in spinal cord injury. However, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. OBJECTIVE： To investigate inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） and Bcl-2/Bax expression in the injured spinal cord, and to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of ginkgo biloba leaf extract in rats with spinal cord injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized, controlled, cell molecular biology experiment was performed at Soochow University, China from March 2007 to March 2008. MATERIALS： A total of 120 healthy, adult Sprague Dawley rats were selected for this study. Rat models of moderate acute thoracic （T9） spinal cord injury were established using the modified Allen method. Shuxuening injection was obtained from Zhenbaodao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China. Methylprednisolone was purchased from North China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. METHODS： All rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups. Only the spinal cord was exposed in the sham operation group rats. In the trauma group, rats were not treated with drugs following spinal cord injury. Rats in the hormone group were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone following spinal cord injury. Rats in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract group were intraperitoneally infused with a 1.0 mL/kg Shuxuening injection per day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At 1 hour, as well as 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after spinal cord injury, iNOS- and Bcl-2/Bax-positive cells were quantified with immunohistochemistry. Pathological changes were detected using hematoxylineosin staining under an optical microscope. RESULTS： Spinal cord injury in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups was milder compared with the trauma group. Demyelination was significantly ameliorated and the necrotic cavity was obviously reduced in the injured spinal cord of rats in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups at each time point. iNOS expression was increased in the injured spinal cord, and reached a peak at 5 days. The number of iNOS-positive cells was lower in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups compared with the trauma group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The number of iNOS-positive cells was lower in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract group compared with the hormone group at 7 and 14 days after spinal cord injury （P 〈 0.05）. Bcl-2 expression reached a peak at 3 days, and Bax expression reached a peak at 5 days following rat spinal cord injury. Bcl-2 expression was increased, but Bax expression was decreased in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups compared with the trauma group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. Bcl-2 expression was greater, but Bax expression was reduced in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract group compared with the hormone group at 7 and 14 days after spinal cord injury （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Ginkgo biloba leaf extract exhibits neuroprotective effects by upregulating Bcl-2 expression, downregulating Bax expression, and significantly inhibiting high expressions of iNOS in the injured spinal cord. The neuroprotective effects of ginkgo biloba leaf extract are greater compared with methylprednisolone at 1 week after spinal cord injury.

Simultaneous quantification of flavonol glycosides, terpene lactones, polyphenols and carboxylic acids in Ginkgo biloba leaf extract by UPLC-QTOF-MS^E based metabolomic approach

Abstract： In the present study, we established an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-QTOF-MSE） method to simultaneously quantify 33 components in Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts （GBEs）, including 17 flavonol glycosides, five terpene trilactones （TTLs）, four polyphenols and seven carboxylic acids. This optimized method was successfully applied to analyze the explicit compositions of GBE samples collected from different places. Furthermore, the data were processed through unsupervised principal component analysis （PCA） and supervised orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis （OPLS-DA） to evaluate the quality and compare the differences between the samples according to the contents of the 33 chemical constituents. Bilobalide, protocatechuic acid, shikimic acid, quinic acid, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide J, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-ct-L-rhamnopyranocyl-2＂-（6＇＂-p-coumaroyl）-β-D-glucoside and rutin were recognized as characteristic chemical markers that contributed most to control the quality of GBEs. Based on the fact that GBEs should be standardized with the characteristic components as quality control chemical markers, it is most important to maintain the quality of GBEs stable and reliable, and this method also provided a good strategy to further rectify and standardize the GBEs market.

Effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on cerebral cortex amino acid levels in cerebral ischemia model rats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on amino acid levels in the cerebral cortex of cerebral ischemia model rats induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).METHODS: A rat model of cerebral ischemia was established by MCAO. Male rats were divided into a negative control group(Control), a sham-operated group(Sham), an ischemic group(MCAO), and an ischemic group treated with Ginkgo biloba leaf extract(MCAO_D). All groups were divided into two subgroups with occlusion times of 12 and 24 h, respectively. The levels of 18 endogenous amino acids in the cerebral cortex were quantified by triple quadrupole-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.RESULTS: Compared with the MCAO group, behavioral performance, neurological deficit score, and cerebral infarct volume were significantly improved in the MCAO_D group(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the sham group, the levels of 17 amino acids in the cerebral cortex were markedly changed in the MCAO group. The levels of Alanine(Ala), Isoleucine(Ile), Glutamic acid(Glu), Serine(Ser), Valine(Val), Phenylalanine(Phe), Proline(Pro),Threonine(Thr), Lysine(Lys), Tyrosine(Tyr), Hydroxyproline(Hyp), Arginine(Arg), Leucine(Leu),Tryptophan(Trp), and Glycine(Gly) were increased(P < 0.001, P < 0.05), while levels of Gln and Tau were decreased(P < 0.001, P < 0.05). Compared with the MCAO group, Ginkgo biloba extract treatment in the MCAO_D group significantly down-regulated the levels of 11 amino acids, especially those of Arg, Thr, and Ser in 12 or 24 h.CONCLUSION: Injection of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has a therapeutic effect on model rats with MCAO-induced cerebral ischemia by acting on amino acids in the cerebral cortex. This effect might be associated with the regulation of amino acid metabolism in the cerebral cortex.

Antibacterial mechanism of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract when applied to Shewanella putrefaciens and Saprophytic staphylococcus

The antimicrobial mechanism of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts(GBLE)when applied to predominant spoilage bacteria(Shewanella putrefaciens and Saprophytic staphylococcus)on refrigerated pomfret and minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were measured by the plate counting method.GBLE at MIC and 2MIC were prepared in tryptic soy broth(TSB)medium and equivalent amounts of sterile distilled water were used in place of GBLE as a control group.The impact of GBLE on the growth of bacteria,the permeability of cell membrane,and cell wall were also investigated by growth curve of bacteria,alkaline phosphates activity(AKP),and electrical conductivity.A scanning electron microscope(SEM)was used to study the effects of GBLE on the cellular structure of S.putrefaciens and S.staphylococcus.The results showed that the MICs of GBLE when applied to S.putrefaciens and S.staphylococcus were 100 mg/mL,the inhibitory rates of MIC and 2MIC concentrations of GBLE when applied to S.putrefaciens were 36.11%and 100%,while 27.78%and 62.22%for S.staphylococcus.Meanwhile,GBLE inhibited the growth of S.putrefaciens and S.staphylococcus until the number of cells at 2MIC values decreased to 0 and 4.29 log CFU/mL,respectively,after 24 h.The electrical conductivity of bacteria increased with GBLE treatment,which was followed by an increased leakage of AKP.The SEM revealed that the structure of bacterial cells was destroyed and the bacteria began to be adhere to each other.The inhibition effect of GBLE when applied to S.putrefaciens and S.staphylococcus was related to the damage of cell membrane and cell wall.It was also revealed that GBLE damages the morphology of bacteria and had stronger effects on the cell membrane of S.putrefaciens than that of S.staphylococcus.

Sensory and chemical assessment of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) treated with Ginkgo biloba leaf extract treatment during storage in ice

This study investigated the physical(L*,a*,b*,texture profile analyses,pH),chemical(TVB-N,K value and TBA),microbiological,amino acid content,and flavor effects that Gingko biloba leaf extract(GBLE)had on silver pomfret(Pampus argenteus)stored at 4±1
C in ice for 18 days.Fresh pomfret samples were obtained directly from the local fish market and transported to the laboratory with ice immediately.After being gutted,washed,filleted and trimmed in a water-ice mixture,samples were treated with different concentrations of GBLE(0.0 mg/mL,2.5 mg/mL,5.0 mg/mL,10.0 mg/mL)and packaged in Polyethylene bag,then stored in a refrigerator at 4±1
C with ice.The results show that the shelf-life of untreated(0.0 mg/mL)pomfret samples was 8e9 days compared to 14e15 days for the GBLE1(2.5 mg/mL)treated group.The assessment results showed that different concentrations of GBLE had variable effects on preserving the texture parameters of acceptability limit,inhibit lipid oxidation,protein degradation,and microorganism growth.2.5 mg/mL of GBLE was the best for the preservation of pomfret during storage in ice.Therefore,there is potential use for GBLE as a preservative to extend the shelf-life of pomfret during chilled storage in ice.

银杏落叶色素染料提取工艺的优化及染色应用

为了探索银杏落叶中色素染料的提取工艺及在棉织物染色中的应用.利用单因素试验和正交试验法探明银杏叶色素提取的最佳工艺,通过测试染色后棉织物的K/S值分析不同酸碱度条件下对棉织物染色效果的影响.结果表明,银杏落叶中色素染料提取的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶10,乙醇体积分数80%,提取温度80℃,提取时间60 min.在pH值为3、5、7时染色棉织物K/S值都高于pH值为9、11时的染色棉织物K/S值,也就是说在酸性和中性条件下银杏落叶色素染料对棉织物的染色效果优于在碱性条件下的染色效果.

银杏叶提取物-壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇复合膜对冷鲜牛肉保鲜效果的影响

为开发具备优质保鲜效果的复合膜,该试验将银杏叶提取物(Ginkgo biloba leaf extract,GBLE)作为保鲜剂加入到壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇(chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol,CS/PVA)复合膜中,研究不同添加量的GBLE(2%、6%和10%,质量分数)对复合膜性能的影响,并应用到冷鲜牛肉保鲜中。结果表明,GBLE能显著提高复合膜的拉伸强度、不透明度和抗氧化活性(P<0.05),显著降低复合膜的断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率(P<0.05)。在12 d的保鲜试验中,与对照组相比,GBLE-CS/PVA复合膜组冷鲜牛肉的感官评分更高,且能有效延缓冷鲜牛肉的pH值、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮含量以及硫代巴比妥酸值的上升。因此,GBLE-CS/PVA复合膜在冷鲜牛肉贮藏保鲜方面具有应用前景。

基于近红外光谱一致性检验模型鉴别银杏叶提取物片

目的 利用近红外光谱(NIR)法建立进口药品银杏叶提取物片的一致性检验模型。方法 通过对国外A企业生产的46批银杏叶提取物片进行光谱采集,运用OPUS7.8光谱分析软件对建模光谱图进行二阶导数和矢量归一化预处理,并采用国产不同企业同规格银杏叶片验证模型,建立银杏叶提取物片的近红外一致性检验模型。结果 建立的国外A企业样品近红外一致性模型能鉴别该厂家生产的银杏叶提取物片。结论 利用一致性检验方法,成功建立了国外A企业生产的银杏叶提取物片一致性检验模型,适用于该品牌银杏叶提取物片快速筛查。

银杏叶提取物注射液联合阿托伐他汀对老年急性脑梗死患者脂质水平、炎症反应及血栓弹力图监测指标的影响

目的观察银杏叶提取物注射液联合阿托伐他汀对老年急性脑梗死患者脂质水平、炎症反应及血栓弹力图监测指标的影响。方法前瞻性选取2021年3月至2023年12月就诊于安徽医科大学第一附属医院东区的80例老年急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象。按照随机数字表法将入组患者分为他汀类组和联合组,每组各40例。两组均给予对症治疗,他汀类组加用阿托伐他汀治疗,联合组在他汀类组基础上给予银杏叶提取物注射液治疗。检测并比较两组患者治疗前及治疗10 d后的脂代谢[总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度胆固醇(HDL-C)]、趋化因子[血清趋化因子fractalkine(FKN)、CX3C趋化因子受体1(CX3CR1)]、炎症因子[白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]、血栓弹力图[凝血反应时间(R值)、血液凝固时间(K值)、凝血块形成曲线的最宽距离(MA值)、凝固角]及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、改良Rankin量表(mRS)变化。结果治疗10 d后,两组总胆固醇、甘油三酯、LDL-C均较治疗前降低,HDL-C均较治疗前升高,且联合组的总胆固醇、甘油三酯、LDL-C水平分别为(3.45±0.69)、(1.77±0.54)、(2.11±0.38)mmol/L,均低于他汀类组[(3.89±0.78)、(2.03±0.59)、(2.34±0.45)mmol/L],HDL-C水平为(1.74±0.34)mmol/L,高于他汀类组[(1.57±0.33)mmol/L],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗10 d后,两组FKN、CX3CR1水平均较治疗前降低,联合组的FKN、CX3CR1水平分别为(1.67±0.48)、(5.17±1.64)μg/L,均低于他汀类组[(2.12±0.56)、(6.05±1.78)μg/L],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗10 d后,两组IL-1β、CRP、TNF-α水平均较治疗前降低,联合组的IL-1β、CRP、TNF-α水平分别为(6.07±1.22)pg/mL、(8.89±1.44)mg/L、(13.08±2.87)pg/mL,均低于他汀类组[(7.45±1.74)pg/mL、(11.56±2.05)mg/L、(17.41±3.22)pg/mL],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗10 d后,两组NIHSS评分、mRS评分均较治疗前降低,联合组的NIHSS评分、mRS评分分别为(11.74±1.28)、(2.43±0.25)分,均低于他汀类组[(14.02±1.32)、(2.92±0.31)分],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗10 d后,两组R值、K值升高,MA值、α角均较治疗前降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗10 d后血栓弹力图指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论银杏叶提取物注射液联合阿托伐他汀可调节老年急性脑梗死患者脂代谢,降低FKN、CX3CR1的表达,抑制炎症反应,但在改善凝血功能方面影响有限。

银杏叶提取物联合高压氧、甲磺酸倍他司汀治疗眩晕症的疗效观察

目的探讨银杏叶提取物联合高压氧、甲磺酸倍他司汀治疗眩晕症的疗效及作用机制。方法选择本院神经内科2022年3月至2023年12月收治的眩晕症患者,随机分为观察组(采用银杏叶提取物联合高压氧、甲磺酸倍他司汀治疗)和对照组(仅采用甲磺酸倍他司汀治疗),每组43例,对比两组患者眩晕症状、脑部血流、炎症因子水平和血管内皮功能及不良反应情况。结果观察组与对照组在治疗后临床症状评分均有下降趋势;观察组整体下降趋势更明显,在治疗3个月后与治疗前对比均有明显统计学差异(P<0.05);治疗3个月后观察组评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。彩超检测显示,与治疗前相比,治疗后两组全脑血流量、大脑中动脉及基底动脉流速均有提升,观察组彩超指标提升较对照组更明显(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、一氧化氮(NO)水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组患者TNF-α、hs-CRP、ET-1、IL-6水平均较前下降,且观察组上述指标下降较对照组更低(P<0.05);治疗后,两组NO、CGRP表达水平均增高,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组共有2例患者发生不良反应,对照组未发生,两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.001,P=0.157)。结论银杏叶提取物联合高压氧、甲磺酸倍他司汀可有效改善眩晕症患者症状,增加脑部血流,减轻炎性反应并保护血管内皮功能,具有较好的安全性。

银杏叶提取物促进大鼠激素性股骨头坏死中H亚型微血管形成的实验研究

目的观察银杏叶提取物在大鼠激素性股骨头坏死(SONFH)模型中对H亚型微血管的影响。方法采用脂多糖联合甲泼尼龙法复制SONFH模型。将50只大鼠分为空白组、模型组,以及银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组,每组10只。银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组分别予0.88、0.43、0.21 mL/kg银杏叶提取物溶液尾静脉注射,空白组和模型组分别予等量生理盐水尾静脉注射。4周时Micro-CT断层扫描和HE染色观察股骨头外形、骨小梁结构及囊性变情况;治疗8周后,采用HE染色观察检测股骨头软骨表面光滑度和骨小梁密度,免疫荧光染色观察检测股骨头血小板-内皮细胞黏附分子(CD31)和内皮黏蛋白(Emcn)表达。结果4周后Micro-CT断层扫描可见大鼠股骨头变形,骨小梁稀疏;HE染色结果可见骨小梁稀疏、断裂、股骨头坏死,Micro-CT断层扫描与HE染色结果一致,表明大鼠SONFH模型复制成功。8周后HE染色结果显示,与空白组相比,银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组及模型组均有不同程度股骨头坏死,但银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组与模型组比较,骨小梁相对密集,股骨头坏死减少。各组大鼠CD31及Emcn阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),模型组CD31和Emcn阳性率较空白组及银杏叶提取物高、中、低剂量组均降低(P<0.05),银杏叶提取物高剂量组CD31阳性率与空白组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但Emcn阳性率高于空白组(P<0.05),银杏叶提取物高剂量组CD31和Emcn阳性率与中、低剂量组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但中剂量与低剂量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论银杏叶提取物可促进大鼠SONFH模型中H亚型微血管形成,改善股骨头周围血循,促进血管成骨耦合,延缓疾病进程。

银杏叶提取物注射液联合胞磷胆碱钠片对急性脑梗死患者神经功能的影响

目的探讨银杏叶提取物注射液联合胞磷胆碱钠片对急性脑梗死患者神经功能的影响。方法选取医院2023年1月至9月收治的急性脑梗死患者100例,按治疗方案的不同分为对照组和观察组,各50例。对照组患者予胞磷胆碱钠片,观察组患者在对照组基础上加用银杏叶提取物注射液,均持续治疗14 d。结果观察组临床总有效率为98.00%,显著高于对照组的82.00%(P<0.05)。观察组患者的神经生长因子(NGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、血清人神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论银杏叶提取物注射液结合胞磷胆碱钠片治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效良好,有助于降低患者的炎性因子水平,促进神经功能恢复。

银杏叶提取物对糖尿病肾病患儿TGF-β1、HGF水平的影响

目的探究银杏叶提取物用于糖尿病肾病患儿对其转化生长因子TGF-β1、肝细胞生长因子HGF水平的影响。方法回顾性选取2020年1月至2023年2月期间于石家庄市第六医院接受治疗的糖尿病肾损伤患儿资料188份,分为常规组(82例,常规西医治疗)和研究组(106例,银杏叶提取物+常规治疗),比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后肾功能相关指标、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)水平差异及不良反应发生情况。结果研究组治疗总有效率92.45%,高于常规组81.71%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.972,P<0.05);治疗后两组血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、24h尿蛋白定量(24hUP)等肾功能指标及血清TGF-β1水平与治疗前比较均降低,而血清HGF水平则升高,且研究组上述指标变化幅度均大于常规组,差异有统计学意义(t=6.024、7.317、11.651、5.486、8.863、10.345,P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论银杏叶提取物有利于糖尿病肾病患儿治疗,可通过调节患者TGF-β1、HGF水平显著改善患者肾功能,提高临床疗效。

β-环糊精键合固定相分离纯化银杏叶提取物和银杏黄酮

目的 考察以β-环糊精(β-CD)为键合固定相的色谱柱分离纯化银杏叶提取物和银杏黄酮的影响因素。方法 以色谱图中色谱峰的个数和目标物为离度为指标,采用低压液相色谱技术对银杏叶提取物和银杏黄酮进行分离纯化。同时比较固定相、流动相、缓冲液、pH值、洗脱速度和上样体积对分离结果的影响。结果 氯代环氧丙烷偶联β-CD-Superose 12 pg键合相能够较好地分离银杏叶提取物和银杏黄酮,优于葡聚糖凝胶Sephardex LH-20。结论 β-环糊精键合固定相适用于银杏叶提取物和银杏黄酮的分离与纯化。

银杏叶提取液对腐生葡萄球菌的作用机理

为研究银杏叶提取液对水产品特定腐败菌--腐生葡萄球菌的作用机理,作者采用肉汤稀释和平板计数法测定其对腐生葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(Minimal Inhibitory Concentration, MIC),并通过细菌生长曲线、碱性磷酸酶量、电导率与蛋白质质量浓度,综合评价银杏叶提取液对腐生葡萄球菌菌体生长、细胞壁和细胞膜通透性、完整性的影响;由扫描电镜观察不同处理浓度的银杏叶提取液对腐生葡萄球菌菌体的作用效果。结果得出:银杏叶提取液对腐生葡萄球菌的MIC为100 mg/mL;MIC与2MIC质量浓度下银杏叶提取液对腐生葡萄球菌的抑菌率分别为60.58%和81.34%。提取液作用于腐生葡萄球菌后,菌体生长受到抑制,细胞壁完整性被破坏,细胞膜通透性随之提高;由扫描电镜观察表明,银杏叶提取液处理后的腐生葡萄球菌出现细胞变形、胞间粘结等现象,菌体结构受到影响,最终得出银杏叶提取液主要通过对其菌体细胞膜和细胞壁的破坏实现其抑菌效果。

银杏叶提取物各组分对高糖培养下系膜细胞增殖及细胞外基质积聚的抑制作用

目的:探讨银杏叶提取物(GBE)不同组分对高糖培养下系膜细胞增殖及细胞外基质(ECM)积聚的作用,阐明其作用机制。方法:高糖培养的系膜细胞分别给予GBE、总黄酮、总内酯、总黄酮水解物、槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素、银杏内脂A、银杏内脂B和银杏内脂C,药物浓度分别为0(高糖对照组)、3.125、6.250、12.500、25.000和50.000mg·L-1,同时设低糖对照组,MTT法检测各组系膜细胞增殖情况。高糖培养的系膜细胞分别给予GBE、总黄酮、总内酯、银杏内脂A、银杏内脂B和银杏内脂C,药物浓度分别为0(高糖对照组)、0.05、0.50、5.00和50.00mg·L-1,同时设低糖对照组,ELISA法检测条件培养基中Ⅳ型胶原(ColⅣ)和纤维连接蛋白(FN)水平。结果:MTT检测,与高糖对照组比较,50.000mg·L-1 GBE组细胞增殖活性明显降低(P<0.01),25.000和50.000 mg·L-1总黄酮组细胞增殖活性明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),总黄酮水解物、槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素各浓度组细胞增殖活性均明显降低(P<0.01),50.000mg·L-1内脂C组细胞增殖活性明显降低(P<0.05);其他各组细胞增殖活性与高糖对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ELISA检测,与高糖对照组比较,5.00和50.00mg·L-1 GBE组ColⅣ和FN水平均明显降低(P<0.01),0.50mg·L-1 GBE组FN水平明显降低(P<0.05),0.50、5.00和50.00mg·L-1总黄酮组ColⅣ水平降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),50.00mg·L-1总内脂组ColⅣ和FN水平降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),50.00mg·L-1内脂C组FN水平降低(P<0.05)。结论:GBE在高浓度时(50.000mg·L-1)抑制高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞增殖而低浓度(自0.500mg·L-1起)时抑制系膜细胞ECM积聚;GBE中总黄酮在抑制细胞增殖和ECM积聚方面起主要作用,总内脂无明显效果;苷元抑制系膜细胞增殖的作用远远强于糖苷。

银杏叶提取物中染料木素的分离纯化及结构鉴定

对银杏叶提取物进行酸水解,然后利用正相硅胶柱色谱及重结晶法从银杏叶水解物中分离出染料木素,经紫外光谱(UV)、质谱(MSn)、核磁共振(1H NMR、13C NMR)等波谱学方法鉴定证实了其结构。高效液相色谱分析表明,所提纯的染料木素纯度达到了98%以上。

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定银杏叶提取物及其制剂中银杏酸

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱测定银杏叶提取物及其制剂中银杏酸的方法。采用Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱（50 mm×3.0 mm,2.7μm）,以甲醇-1%冰醋酸溶液（90∶10,v/v）为流动相,在电喷雾离子化负离子模式下,以多反应监测方式（MRM）检测。银杏酸C13∶0、C15∶1、C17∶1在2~200μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999;在5、20和100μg/L加标水平下的平均加样回收率为86.3%~114.3%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.5%~13.6%;检出限为0.003~0.08μg/g,定量限为0.01~0.19μg/g。本方法已应用于实际样品的测定。

银杏叶提取液复合涂膜对鲜切苹果品质的影响

以‘红富士’苹果为试材,采用0.5mg/mL银杏叶提取液及其与1%海藻酸钠复合涂膜两种方式处理鲜切苹果,从色泽、硬度、质量损失率、VC含量、多酚氧化酶活性、菌落总数以及感官评定等方面对鲜切苹果的保鲜效果进行评价,探讨银杏叶提取液及其复合涂膜对鲜切‘红富士’苹果保鲜的影响。结果表明:银杏叶提取液处理和银杏叶提取液复合海藻酸钠涂膜处理均可降低鲜切‘红富士’苹果贮藏期间的呼吸强度及乙烯释放速率,延缓鲜切苹果可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和VC含量的下降,减缓鲜切苹果的质量损失及硬度的下降,抑制贮藏期间苹果表面微生物的生长,使多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性维持在较低的水平,较好地维持了鲜切苹果的感官品质,银杏叶提取液复合海藻酸钠涂膜保鲜效果最佳。