Effects of ginkgolide B on neuronal discharges in paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamic slices

Objective To study the central role of ginkgolide B （BN52021） in regulating cardiovascular function of nerve center by examining the effects of ginkgolide B on the electrical activity of rat paraventricular nucleus （PVN） neurons in hypothalamic slice preparation and to elucidate the mechanism involved. Methods Extracellular single-unit discharge recording technique. Results （1） In response to the application of ginkgolide t3 （0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L; n = 27） into the perfusate for 2 rain, the spontaneous discharge rates （SDR） of 26 （26/27, 96.30%） neurons were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. （2） Pretreatment with L-glutamate （L-Glu, 0.2 mmol/L） led to a marked increase in the SDR of all 8 （100%） neurons in an epileptiform pattern. The increased discharges were suppressed significantly after ginkgolide B （1 μmol/L） was applied into the perfusate for 2 min. （3） In 8 neurons, perfusion of the selective L-type calcium channel agonist, Bay K 8644 （0.1 μmol/L）, induced a significant increase in the discharge rates of 8 （8/8, 100%） neurons, while ginkgolide B （1μmol/L） applied into the perfusate, could inhibit the discharges of 8 （100%） neurons. （4） In 8 neurons, the broad potassium channels blocker, tetraethylammonium （TEA, 1 mmol/L） completely blocked the inhibitory effect of ginkgolide B （1 μmol/L）. Conclusion These results suggest that ginkgolide B can inhibit the electrical activity of paraventricular neurons. The inhibitory effect may be related to the blockade of L-type voltage-activated calcium channel and potentially concerned with delayed rectifier potassium channel （KDR）.

Isolation and Preparative Purification for Ginkgolides A and B

In this paper a simple preparative method for isolation and purification of ginkgolides A and B was developed,As starting material,a commercially available standardized ginkgo extract (EGb761,containing 24% flavonoid and 6% terpene trilactones) was used,After a pretreatment step,optimized by the uniform design method ,the concentrated intermediate extract with high content of GA and gb(+90%) was separated into the individual terpenes by preparative liquid chromatography eluted with petroleum ether-ethylacetate,Analysis of products was carried out by means of HPLC-ELSD(evaporative light -scattering detector),The results show that ginkgolides A and B are obtained in higher yield and better purity.

Mechanism and dose-effect of Ginkgolide B on severe acute pancreatitis of rats

AIM:To determine the optimal dosage and mechanism of Ginkgolide B(BN52021) on severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) of rats.METHODS:Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups(10 for each group).Shamoperation group(SO),SAP model group(SAP),dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) contrast group(DMSO),and groups treated with 2.5 mg/kg BN52021(BN1),5 mg/kg BN52021(BN2),10 mg/kg BN52021(BN3),and 20 μg/kg Sandostatin(SS).The SAP model was established in Wistar rats by injecting 5% sodium taurocholate retrogradely into the common bilio-pancreatic duct.The rats of SO,DMSO and BN52021 were injected with 0.9% NaCl,0.5% DMSO and BN52021 through femoral vein 15 min after the operation.The SS group was injected with Sandostatin subcutaneously.All rats were anaesthetized at 6 h after operation,and venous blood was collected to determine the levels of serum amylase and phospholipase A2(PLA2),and pancreas tissue was harvested and stained.RESULTS:There was no significant difference between the SAP and DMSO groups in serum amylase level,PLA2,ascites and pathologic score,but significant difference was found in SAP/DMSO groups compared with those in SO group(P < 0.05) and the levels of serum amylase,PLA2,ascites,and pathologic score were lower in the BN1,BN2,BN3 and SS groups than in the SAP and DMSO groups(P < 0.05).However,among BN1,BN2,BN3 and SS groups,BN2 had the best effect in decreasing the levels of serum amylase and PLA2(P < 0.05).Expression of platelet activating factor(PAF) receptor(PAFR) mRNA and protein showed no significant difference between the SAP and DMSO groups,or among BN1,BN2,BN3 and SS groups,but there was remarkable difference between SAP/DMSO group and SO group(P < 0.05),and expression of PAFR mRNA and protein was higher in the BN1,BN2,BN3 and SS groups than in the SAP and DMSO groups(P < 0.05).PAFR expression was observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of pancreatic islet cells in Wistar rats by immunohistochemistry.CONCLUSION:By iv injection,5 mg/kg of BN52021 is the optimal dosage for SAP rats.BN52021 may inhibit the interaction/binding of PAF with PAFR.

Selective ischemic-hemisphere targeting Ginkgolide B liposomes with improved solubility and therapeutic efficacy for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CI/RI)remains the main cause of disability and death in stroke patients due to lack of effective therapeutic strategies.One of the main issues related to CI/RI treatment is the presence of the blood-brain barrier(BBB),which affects the intracerebral delivery of drugs.Ginkgolide B(GB),a major bioactive component in commercially available products of Ginkgo biloba,has been shown significance in CI/RI treatment by regulating inflammatory pathways,oxidative damage,and metabolic disturbance,and seems to be a candidate for stroke recovery.However,limited by its poor hydrophilicity and lipophilicity,the development of GB preparations with good solubility,stability,and the ability to cross the BBB remains a challenge.Herein,we propose a combinatorial strategy by conjugating GB with highly lipophilic docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)to obtain a covalent complex GB-DHA,which can not only enhance the pharmacological effect of GB,but can also be encapsulated in liposomes stably.The amount of finally constructed Lipo@GB-DHA targeting to ischemic hemisphere was validated 2.2 times that of free solution in middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)rats.Compared to the marketed ginkgolide injection,Lipo@GB-DHA significantly reduced infarct volume with better neurobehavioral recovery in MCAO rats after being intravenously administered both at 2 h and 6 h post-reperfusion.Low levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and high neuron survival in vitro was maintained via Lipo@GB-DHA treatment,while microglia in the ischemic brain were polarized from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the tissue-repairing M2 phenotype,which modulate neuroinflammatory and angiogenesis.In addition,Lipo@GB-DHA inhibited neuronal apoptosis via regulating the apoptotic pathway and maintained homeostasis by activating the autophagy pathway.Thus,transforming GB into a lipophilic complex and loading it into liposomes provides a promising nanomedicine strategy with excellent CI/RI therapeutic efficacy and industrialization prospects.

Ginkgolide K protects the heart against ER stress injury by activating the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway

OBJECTIVE Here we investigated the effects and the underlying mechanism of Ginkgolide K(1,10-dihydroxy-3,14-didehydroginkgolide,GK)on cardiac ER stress.METHODS Cell death,apoptosis,and ER stressrelated signalling pathwayswere measuredin cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes(NRCMs),treated with the ER stress inducers tunicamycin,hydrogen peroxide,and thapsigargin.Acute myocardial infarction was established using left coronary artery occlusion in mice,and infarct size was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining.Echocardiography was used to assess heart function and transmission electron microscopy for evaluating ER expansion.RESULTS GK significantly decreased ER stress-induced cell death in both in vitro and in vivomodels.In ischemic injured mice,GK treatment reduced infarct size,rescued heart dysfunction and ameliorated ER dilation.Mechanistic studies revealed that the beneficial effects of GK occur through enhancement of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α(IRE1α)/X box-binding protein-1(XBP1)activity,which in turn leads to increased ER-associated degradation(ERAD)-mediated clearance of misfolded proteins and autophagy.In addition,GK is also able to partially repress the pro-apoptotic action of regulated IRE1-dependent decay(RIDD)and JNK pathway.CONCLUSION GK acts through selective activation of the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway to limit ER stress injury.GK is revealed as a promising therapeutic agent to ameliorate ER stress for treating cardiovascular diseases.

Ginkgolide C Stimulates CFTR-mediate Anion Conductance in Distal Colon:Implication for Therapy of Gastrointestinal Diseases

The effects and the mechanisms of natural compounds ginkgolides on CFTR-mediate anion transport were investigated. The CFTR-mediate iodide influx rates were studied via a cell-based fluorescence assay done for FRT cells stably transfected by CFTR; transepithelial short-circuit current recordings of FRT cells and rat distal colon mucosa were respectively obtained. Cellular cAMP concentrations were measured via a radioimmunoassay analysis kit. Ginkgolide C dose-dependently increases CFTR-mediate anion transport, whereas ginkgolide A and B show no effect. The activation is sensitive to CFTR specific activator CFTRinh-172. Ginkgolide C stimulated amiloride and indomethacin pre-treated Cl currents in rat distal colon mucosa. Studies on FRT cells also manifest that ginkgolide C had additive effect with FSK/IBMX mixture and didn＇t elevate intracellular cAMP concentration, which implies it works through a direct binding mechanism. In conclusion, Ginkgolide C directly stimulates CFTR-mediate anion transport. Ginkgolide C may be a promising drug for the prevention and treatment of CFTR-related diseases such as idiopathic chronic pancreatitis（ICP）, habitual constipation, and kcratoconjunctivitis sicca（KCS）.

Ginkgolide K protects cardiomyocytes against ER stress through stimulating ER-associated degradation （ERAD） and autophagy

Aim Endoplasmic reticulum （ER） stress is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to the pathophysiology of many diseases, and therapeutic interventions that target ER stress response emerge as new thera- peutic modalities to treat cardiovascular diseases driven by prolonged ER stress. Ginkgolides K （GK） is a diterpene lactone constituent isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba and has been found to possess potent neuroprotective properties. This study is aimed to investigate the cytoprotective effect of GK in cultured cardiomyocytes subjected to ER stress injury. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes （NRCMs） were treated with ER stress inducer tunicamycin to mimic the ER stress injury. We demonstrated that GK pre-treatment mitigated ER stress-induced apoptosis in tunicamycin treated NRCMs. We observed that the activation of ER-associated degradation （ERAD） and autophagy were in- volved in the ER stress inhibition exerted by GK. These beneficial effects of GK were nearly abolished by the addi- tion of specific short interfering RNA （siRNA） for IRElα and XBP-1. Therefore, we conclude that GK might be a promising therapeutic agent for ER stress-mediated cardiovascular diseases, and ER-associated degradation （ERAD） and autophagy play a vital role in GK mediated cytoprotection.

Effects of adjuvant ginkgolide injection therapy in perioperative period of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage on neural functional recovery

Objective: To study the effects of adjuvant ginkgolide injection therapy in perioperative period of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage on neural functional recovery. Methods: Patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage who underwent evacuation of hematoma in Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shunyi District Beijing between June 2015 and October 2017 were selected and divided into ginkgolide group and normal control group according to the perioperative application of ginkgolide injection or not in the history data. The levels of nerve injury markers and inflammatory stress mediators in serum as well as the expression of inflammatory stress signal molecules in peripheral blood were measured before treatment and 7 d after treatment. Results: Compared with same group before treatment, serum GNS and BDNF levels as well as peripheral blood Wnt1, GSK-3β and β-catenin expression of both groups of patients were significantly higher whereas serum Tau, NSE, OPN, MIF, HMGB1, TNF-α and MDA levels as well as peripheral blood eNOS and p38MAPK expression were significantly lower 7 d after treatment, and serum GNS and BDNF levels as well as peripheral blood Wnt1, GSK-3β and β-catenin expression of ginkgolide group 7 d after treatment were higher than those of normal control group whereas serum Tau, NSE, OPN, MIF, HMGB1, TNF-α and MDA levels as well as peripheral blood eNOS and p38MAPK expression were lower than those of normal control group. Conclusion: Adjuvant ginkgolide injection therapy in perioperative period of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage can reduce the degree of nerve injury and inhibit the degree of inflammatory stress.

THE APPLICATION OF A NOVEL ADSORBENT IN RAPID SAMPLE CLEAN-UP OF GINKGOLIDES AND BILOBALIDE IN EXTRACTS OF GINKGO BILOBA LEAVES

A rapid method has been developed for rapid sample clean-up in the determination of the pharmocologically active terpenoid including ginkgolide A, B. C and bilobalide in ginkgo biloba leaves extracts (GBE). The extracts are dissolved in 7% of ethanol aqueous solution and then purified by a highly selective polymeric absorbent solid-phase chromatographic column. After being concentrated, the separated terpenoids with no phenolic disturbance are determined by highperformance liquid chromatography on a Nova-Pak C18 column with methanol-water (30:70) as effluent and refractive index defection. The recovery of the method is about 95% and the new method saves more time than the conventional two-column purification method.

Influence of ginkgolide combined with edaravone on the brain function of elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction and its preventive effect on ischemia reperfusion injury

Objective: To explore the influence of ginkgolide combined with edaravone on the brain function of elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction and its preventive effect on ischemia reperfusion injury. Methods: A total of 126 patients with acute cerebral infarction who were treated in Dazhou Central Hospital between February 2016 and May 2017 were divided into the control group (n=67) and ginkgolide group (n=59) according to different therapies. Control group received routine intravenous thrombolysis + edaravone therapy, and ginkgolide group received routine intravenous thrombolysis + edaravone + ginkgolide therapy. The differences in brain function and nerve ischemia reperfusion injury extent were compared between the two groups. Results: At T1 and T2, serum nerve function indexes NT-proBNP and NSE levels of ginkgolide group were lower than those of control group whereas BDNF levels were higher than those of control group;serum inflammatory mediators MCP-1, NF-κB, CRP and TNF-α levels were lower than those of control group;serum apoptosis molecules caspase-3 and Bax levels were lower than those of control group whereas Bcl-2 levels were higher than those of control group. Conclusion: Ginkgolide combined with edaravone therapy on the basis of intravenous thrombolysis can effectively optimize the brain function and alleviate the ischemia reperfusion injury caused by inflammatory response and apoptosisis in elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction.

Anti-atherosclerotic effects and molecular targets of ginkgolide B from Ginkgo biloba

Bioactive compounds derived from herbal medicinal plants modulate various therapeutic targets and signaling pathways associated with cardiovascular diseases(CVDs),the world’s primary cause of death.Ginkgo biloba,a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with notable cardiovascular actions,has been used as a cardio-and cerebrovascular therapeutic drug and nutraceutical in Asian countries for centuries.Preclinical studies have shown that ginkgolide B,a bioactive component in Ginkgo biloba,can ameliorate atherosclerosis in cultured vascular cells and disease models.Of clinical relevance,several clinical trials are ongoing or being completed to examine the efficacy and safety of ginkgolide B-related drug preparations in the prevention of cerebrovascular diseases,such as ischemia stroke.Here,we present a comprehensive review of the pharmacological activities,pharmacokinetic characteristics,and mechanisms of action of ginkgolide B in atherosclerosis prevention and therapy.We highlight new molecular targets of ginkgolide B,including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases(NADPH oxidase),lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1(LOX-1),sirtuin 1(SIRT1),platelet-activating factor(PAF),proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9)and others.Finally,we provide an overview and discussion of the therapeutic potential of ginkgolide B and highlight the future perspective of developing ginkgolide B as an effective therapeutic agent for treating atherosclerosis.

Pharmacological action and mechanisms of ginkgolide B

Objective To review the recent research progress in pharmacological actions and mechanisms of ginkgolide B. Data sources Information included in this article was identified by searching of PUBMED （1987-2006） online resources using the key terms ＂ginkgolide B＂, ＂platelet activating factor＂, and ＂pharmacological＂. Study selection Mainly original milestone articles and critical reviews written by major pioneer investigators of the field were selected. Results The key issues related to the pharmacological actions and mechanisms of ginkgolide B were summarized. The ginkgolide B possesses a number of beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. Meantime, their mechaniams were discussed. Conclusions The Ginkgolide B is the most potent antagonist of platelet activating factor （PAF） and exhibits therapeutic action in a variety of diseases mainly by the PAF receptor.

Improving effect of Ginkgolide B on mitochondrial respiration of ischemic neuron after cerebral thrombosis in tree shrews

Background It has been known that platelet activating factor receptors （PAFR） may mediate many acute pathological responses and that PAFR antagonist Ginkgolide B （GB） possesses multiple effects, but the actions of GB on PAFR affinity and mitochondrial respiration in the ischemic neuron were unclear until now. This study explored the possible effects of GB on PAFR and the mitochondrial respiration of the neuron in the ischemic microenvironment. Methods Thrombotic cerebral ischemia in tree shrews was induced by a photochemical reaction; changes in the regional cerebral blood flow （rCBF, using ^99rnTc tracer technique ）, the brain water content （specific gravimetric method）, PAFR （3H-labelled PAF assay）, the respiratory control rate （RCR）, the phosphorus-oxygen （P/O） ratio of mitochondrial respiration （Clark oxygen electrode）, mitochonddal permeability transition （MPT） pore, and the mitochondrial ultrastructure in the ischemic neurons were also observed. Data were compared between the two groups （the ischemia group vs the sham group, and the ischemia group vs the GB group）. Results There were high affinity and low affinity sites for PAFR on the tree threws＇ brain cell membranes. The varying-affinity PAFR binding sites, the respiration state Ⅲ, the state Ⅳ, RCR, the P/O ratio of the mitochondria, and the rCBF all decreased markedly （respectively, P〈0.01 and P〈0.05）, but the water content increased （P〈0.01） in the ischemia group after the application of cerebral thrombosis. In tree shrews treated with GB （5 mg/kg i.v.） 6 hours after photochemical reaction, their PAFR binding sites and respiratory state increased markedly. The rCBF gradually increased and the brain edema ameliorated （P〈0.01） at 24h after cerebral ischemia. There were significant differences between the ischemJa group and sham group （P〈0.01）. In GB treated isolated neurons＇ mitochondria, with or without cerebral ischemia, the energy metabolism of the mitochondria had not been changed. Conclusions The activation of the PAFR may play an important role in the inhibition of the mitochondrial respiration and the induction of neuronal damage after cerebral thrombosis; however, GB possesses neuroprotective effects by improving mitochondrial metabolism.

Pharmacokinetics of the prototype and hydrolyzed carboxylic forms of ginkgolides A, B, and K administered as a ginkgo diterpene lactones meglumine injection in beagle dogs

Ginkgo diterpene lactones meglumine injection(GDLI)is a commercially available product used for neuroprotection.However,the pharmacokinetic properties of the prototypes and hydrolyzed carboxylic forms of the primary components in GDLI,i.e.,ginkgolide A(GA),ginkgolide B(GB),and ginkgolide K(GK),have never been fully evaluated in beagle dogs.In this work,a simple,sensitive,and reliable method based on ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UFLC-MS/MS)was developed,and the prototypes and total amounts of GA,GB,and GK were determined in beagle dog plasma.The plasma concentrations of the hydrolyzed carboxylic forms were calculated by subtracting the prototype concentrations from the total lactone concentrations.For the first time,the pharmacokinetics of GA,GB,and GK were fully assessed in three forms,i.e.,the prototypes,the hydrolyzed carboxylic forms,and the total amounts,after intravenous administration of GDLI in beagle dogs.It was shown that ginkgolides primarily existed in the hydrolyzed form in plasma,and the ratio of hydrolysates to prototype forms of GA and GB decreased gradually to a homeostatic ratio.All of the three forms of the three ginkgolides showed linear exposure of AUC to the dosages.GA,GB,and GK showed a constant half-life approximately 2.7,3.4,and 1.2 h,respectively,which were consistent for the forms at three dose levels(0.3,1.0,and 3.0 mg·kg^(-1))and after a consecutive injection of GDLI for 7 days(1.0 mg·kg^(-1)).

Inhibitory effects of ginkgolides on nitric oxide production in neonatal rat microglia in vitro

目的：观察银杏内酯Ａ和Ｂ，ＰＡＦ拮抗剂阿帕泛（Ａｐａ）和ＮＯＳ抑制剂ＬＮＡ对新生大鼠小胶质细胞（Ｍｉ）产生ＮＯ的影响．方法：以Ｇｒｉｅｓ反应测定亚硝酸盐含量表示ＮＯ量．结果：在静息Ｍｉ，ＧＡ，ＧＢ和Ａｐａ在１－１００００ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１范围对Ｍｉ产生ＮＯ没有影响，但ＬＮＡ可浓度依赖性地抑制ＮＯ产生，其ＩＣ５０（９５％可信限）值为３．４（０．８－１４９）μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．而在激活的Ｍｉ，ＧＡ，ＧＢ和ＬＮＡ可浓度依赖性地抑制ＮＯ产生，其ＩＣ５０（９５％可信限）值分别为５．７（１．８－１８１），１．１（０．３－４４）和０．５（０．１－２．８）μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，但Ａｐａ不能抑制ＮＯ产生．结论：ＧＡ和ＧＢ抑制ＬＰＳ诱导Ｍｉ产生ＮＯ．

Quantum chemical investigation on solvation of Ginkgolides

Great attention has been paid to ginkgolides in modem medical science due to their special medicinal functions. Ginkgolides can be used to treat asthma and tracheitis, etc. Pharmacological studies indicated that ginkgolides are potent antagonists of platelet activating factor (PAF). We have calculated the molecular structures and electronic structures of ginkgolides in hexadecane solution and aqueous solution with AM1 -SM1 method. The results provided a model of hydrophobicity and hydrogen bonds for ginkgolides interacting with PAF.

银杏内酯B调控JAK2/STAT3信号通路对食管癌细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

为研究银杏内酯B对食管癌细胞增殖和凋亡的作用及相关机制,采用体外培养人食管癌OE19细胞,将其分为对照组(不做干预)、低/中/高剂量试验组(分别加入6.25、12.50、25.00μmol/L银杏内酯B)、银杏内酯B组(12.50μmol/L银杏内酯B)、阳性药物组(4 mg/L顺铂)、抑制剂组[12.50μmol/L银杏内酯B+10.00μmol/L Janus激酶2/转录激活因子3(JAK2/STAT3)通路抑制剂AG490]、激活剂组(12.50μmol/L银杏内酯B+0.50μmol/L JAK2/STAT3通路激活剂Colivelin),干预24 h后,采用细胞计数试剂盒-8(CCK-8)、5-乙炔基-2’脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(EdU)法、Hoechst 33258染色法、实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)和蛋白免疫印迹(WB)法检测细胞的活力、增殖率、凋亡率及相关因子的表达水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,中/高剂量试验组与阳性药物组的细胞活力降低(P<0.05),因此,本研究选择有显著差异且较低浓度的12.50μmol/L银杏内酯B作为银杏内酯B组进行后续试验。与对照组相比,银杏内酯B组和阳性药物组细胞的增殖率、Cyclin D1的mRNA和蛋白质、p-JAK2、p-STAT3蛋白的表达水平降低,凋亡率、Caspase-3的mRNA和蛋白质的表达水平升高(P<0.05)。与银杏内酯B组相比,抑制剂组各指标变化进一步增强(P<0.05),激活剂组则显著逆转了上述指标的变化(P<0.05)。银杏内酯B能够通过下调JAK2/STAT3信号通路抑制OE19细胞的增殖,促进食管癌细胞凋亡。本研究揭示了银杏内酯B新抗癌机制,为食管癌的研究提供了理论依据。

银杏内酯B抑制血小板与肿瘤细胞相互作用的实验研究

目的研究银杏内酯B(ginkgolide B,GB)对血小板活化的抑制作用,以及基于该抑制作用对血小板和肠癌HCT-116细胞间作用的影响。方法采用不同浓度GB(5、15、30μmol/L)处理健康志愿者全血或血小板,通过血栓弹力图(Thromboelastogram,TEG)检测GB对血小板二磷酸腺苷(Adenosine diphosphate,ADP)、花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)途径的抑制率,采用流式细胞术检测GB对凝血酶和ADP激活血小板后CD62P和PAC-1表达的影响,通过细胞划痕试验观察GB对血小板与HCT-116细胞作用24、48 h后细胞迁移的影响,通过细胞黏附试验观察GB对血小板与HCT-116细胞黏附情况的影响。结果(1)TEG试验结果显示,随着GB浓度增加,AA抑制率均显著增加且呈剂量依赖(P<0.001),与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001);药物组与空白对照组相比,ADP抑制率均显著增加且呈剂量依赖,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。(2)流式细胞术检测结果显示,凝血酶和ADP激活血小板后药物组的CD62P与PAC-1阳性率随着药物浓度升高而降低且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.001),凝血酶激活途径的药物5μmol/L组的PAC-1阳性率低于对照组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),ADP激活途径的药物5μmol/L组的CD62P阳性率、5μmol/L和15μmol/L组的PAC-1阳性率均低于对照组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),余各浓度组与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(3)划痕试验结果显示,不同浓度药物组的24、48 h细胞迁移率分别较凝血酶组与ADP组降低,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),15μmol/L组的24、48 h细胞迁移率明显低于5μmol/L组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),30μmol/L组迁移率低于15μmol/L组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(4)黏附试验结果显示,活化的血小板可增强其与肿瘤细胞之间的黏附作用,但药物组各组的黏附率均低于阳性组,且随着药物浓度增加黏附率随之降低。结论GB可通过AA途径及ADP途径抑制血小板活化,进而抑制血小板与HCT-116肿瘤细胞的黏附以及血小板促肿瘤细胞迁移的能力。

银杏内酯B对肥胖小鼠的改善作用研究

为探究银杏内酯B(ginkgolide B,GB)对肥胖小鼠的干预作用,首先采用高脂膳食诱导构建C57BL/6J小鼠肥胖模型,随后将肥胖小鼠按体重随机分为4组,模型组(PG)、GB低剂量组(GBL)、GB中剂量组(GBM)和GB高剂量组(GBH),进行为期8周的干预实验,测定各组小鼠肥胖相关指标,如体重变化、脏器脂肪系数、血脂指标等。GB干预后,GBM和GBH组小鼠的体重增长明显小于PG组(P<0.05),同时,GBH组的小鼠脏器脂肪系数均显著降低(P<0.05)。另外,GBM和GBH组小鼠的血脂指标总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HLD-C)均得到显著(P<0.05)改善,尤其是GBH组小鼠;最后,组织病理学结果显示,GBM和GBH组小鼠肝脏脂肪沉积明显减轻。进一步实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction,qRT-PCR)结果显示,和PG组相比,GBM和GBH组小鼠肝脏中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ,PPARγ)的mRNA表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),而解偶联蛋白2(Uncoupling protein 2,UCP-2)的mRNA水平显著增加(P<0.05)。本研究发现中高剂量的GB可以有效改善小鼠的肥胖,并且这种改善作用可能和PPARγ-UCP-2信号途径相关。

HPLC-UV法测定银杏内酯A、B、C

[目的]建立高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)法测定银杏内酯A、B、C的浓度,并对其进行方法学验证。[方法]考察了包括检测波长、8种不同的流动相体系及其比例、进样量、流速和柱温。方法验证涵盖了专属性、精密度、准确度、线性范围、重复性、系统适用性、加样回收率和稳定性。[结果]色谱柱为Agilent TC-5 C_(18),检测波长为220 nm,流动相为水-甲醇(70∶30),进样量为20μL,柱温30℃,流速为1.0 mL/min且线性关系良好,色谱峰之间无互相干扰。[结论]该方法准确、有效,经济且易得,操作简单,为其他银杏内酯药物含量测定提供了可靠的参考。