On 7 October,2022,the Biden administration released an updated version of the National Strategy for the Arctic Region based on new developments in the Arctic region and global affairs.This strategy emphasizes traditio...On 7 October,2022,the Biden administration released an updated version of the National Strategy for the Arctic Region based on new developments in the Arctic region and global affairs.This strategy emphasizes traditional security issues in the Arctic,attaches great importance to climate governance in the region,and advocates for restoring American leadership through international cooperation.In view of the strong influence of the United States(U.S.)in the Arctic region,the changes of the U.S.Arctic strategy will inevitably have an impact on China’s scientific researchrights,economic interests,and governance rights in the Arctic region.To respond to the new situation brought about by the changes in the U.S.Arctic strategy,China should take the initiative to maintain positive relationships with all Arctic countries,and continue its active participation in Arctic affairs.展开更多
Background:Asthma imposes a large healthcare burden in China and the United States(US).However,the trends of asthma mortality and the relative risk factors have not been comparatively analyzed between the countries.Th...Background:Asthma imposes a large healthcare burden in China and the United States(US).However,the trends of asthma mortality and the relative risk factors have not been comparatively analyzed between the countries.The aim of this study was to compare the mortality and risk factors between China and the US.Methods:The deaths,and mortality rates of asthma in China and the US during 1990–2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.The age–period–cohort model was used to estimate these mortality rates based on a log-linear scale with additive age,period,and cohort effects.The population attributable fractions of risk factors for asthma were estimated.Results:In 1990–2019,the asthma mortality rate was higher in China than in the US.The crude and age-standardized asthma mortality rates trended downward in both China and the US from 1990 to 2019.The decline in mortality was more obvious in China.Mortality gap between the two countries was narrowing.A sex difference in asthma mortality was observed with higher mortality in males in China and females in the US.The age effects showed that mortality increased with age in adults older than 20 years,particularly in the elderly.Downward trends were generally observed in the period and cohort rate ratios in both countries,with China experiencing a more obvious decrease.Smoking and high body mass index(BMI)were the leading risk factors for asthma mortality in China and the US,respectively.Mortality attributable to occupational asthmagens and smoking decreased the most in China and the US,respectively.Conclusions:In 1990–2019,the asthma mortality rate was higher in China than in the US;however,the mortality gap has narrowed.Mortality increased with age in adults.The improvements in asthma death risk with period and birth cohort were more obvious in China than in the US.Smoking,high BMI,and aging are major health problems associated with asthma control.The role of occupational asthmagens in asthma mortality underscores the importance of management and prevention of occupational asthma.展开更多
Elexible variety has all along been a hallmark of America’s global strategy withdifferentiated treatment for specific nations. In the new century, Washingtondivides the major world forces into four categories in ligh...Elexible variety has all along been a hallmark of America’s global strategy withdifferentiated treatment for specific nations. In the new century, Washingtondivides the major world forces into four categories in light of a comprehensive crite-rion of whether they have been fused into the international system, are going to-ward democracy or benefit world stability. They include: insiders or allies (Europeand Japan), marginalized ones (some underdeveloped African nations), outsidersor "rogues" (Iraq, North Korea) and finally, travelers on the way or "transitionstates". Interpretations by U.S. strategic reports define the "transition states"展开更多
Deteriorating continuously, cybersecurity issue has become the focal point of global attention and the grave concern from countries of the world since around 2010. The United States, a country of most developed intern...Deteriorating continuously, cybersecurity issue has become the focal point of global attention and the grave concern from countries of the world since around 2010. The United States, a country of most developed internet technology, is also the most serious victimized country subjected to cyber attacks. After more than 10 years of tremendous funding and energy investment, the United States, at present stage, has built a relatively impeccable, government-led system of cybersecurity strategy. This strategic system is characterized by a full-fledged combination of offensive and defensive capabilities which takes full advantage of America's technological superiority, and the primary purpose of this system is forming strategic deterrence. This paper is designed to provide an interpretation of the specific components and nature of this strategy and hopes to reveal the possible enlightenment on how to manage cybersecurity discrepancy between China and America and its constructive implication to China's construction of cybersecurity strategy.展开更多
Economic globalization has a very important impact on the world economic development.The economic globalization,especially after the 1970s,not only promoted the global industry division of labor,but also changed the e...Economic globalization has a very important impact on the world economic development.The economic globalization,especially after the 1970s,not only promoted the global industry division of labor,but also changed the economic structure of the world.From the perspective of global industrial division,many counties have entered post-industrial process,the United States is a case in point.However,economic globalization is an abstract conception,which it consists of trade liberalization,capital globalization,and production decentralization.Therefore,trade liberalization,capital globalization,and production decentralization are important factors for the formation of the post-industrial economy in the United States.展开更多
Background::China and the United States(US)ranked first and third in terms of new liver cancer cases and deaths globally in 2020.Therefore,a comprehensive assessment of trends in the incidence of primary liver cancer ...Background::China and the United States(US)ranked first and third in terms of new liver cancer cases and deaths globally in 2020.Therefore,a comprehensive assessment of trends in the incidence of primary liver cancer with four major etiological factors between China and the US during the past 30 years with age-period-cohort(APC)analyses is warranted.Methods::Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019,and period/cohort relative risks were estimated by APC modeling from 1990 to 2019.Results::In 2019,there were 211,000 new liver cancer cases in China and 28,000 in the US,accounting for 39.4%and 5.2%of global liver cancer cases,respectively.For China,the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)consecutively decreased before 2005 but increased slightly since then,whereas the ASIR continuously increased in the US.Among the four etiological factors of liver cancer,the fastest reduction in incidence was observed in hepatitis B virus-related liver cancer among Chinese women,and the fastest increase was in nonalcoholic steatosis hepatitis(NASH)-related liver cancer among American men.The greatest reduction in the incidence of liver cancer was observed at the age of 53 years in Chinese men(-5.2%/year)and 33 years in Chinese women(-6.6%/year),while it peaked at 58 years old in both American men and women(4.5%/year vs.2.8%/year).Furthermore,the period risks of alcohol-and NASH-related liver cancer among Chinese men have been elevated since 2013.Simultaneously,leveled-off period risks were observed in hepatitis C viral-related liver cancer in both American men and women.Conclusions::Currently,both viral and lifestyle factors have been and will continue to play an important role in the time trends of liver cancer in both countries.More tailored and efficient preventive strategies should be designed to target both viral and lifestyle factors to prevent and control liver cancer.展开更多
基金This study was supported the National Social Science Foundation Major Research Project(Grant no.20VHQ011)Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration program“New Developments in the Arctic Strategy of Major Countries”in 2022.
文摘On 7 October,2022,the Biden administration released an updated version of the National Strategy for the Arctic Region based on new developments in the Arctic region and global affairs.This strategy emphasizes traditional security issues in the Arctic,attaches great importance to climate governance in the region,and advocates for restoring American leadership through international cooperation.In view of the strong influence of the United States(U.S.)in the Arctic region,the changes of the U.S.Arctic strategy will inevitably have an impact on China’s scientific researchrights,economic interests,and governance rights in the Arctic region.To respond to the new situation brought about by the changes in the U.S.Arctic strategy,China should take the initiative to maintain positive relationships with all Arctic countries,and continue its active participation in Arctic affairs.
文摘Background:Asthma imposes a large healthcare burden in China and the United States(US).However,the trends of asthma mortality and the relative risk factors have not been comparatively analyzed between the countries.The aim of this study was to compare the mortality and risk factors between China and the US.Methods:The deaths,and mortality rates of asthma in China and the US during 1990–2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.The age–period–cohort model was used to estimate these mortality rates based on a log-linear scale with additive age,period,and cohort effects.The population attributable fractions of risk factors for asthma were estimated.Results:In 1990–2019,the asthma mortality rate was higher in China than in the US.The crude and age-standardized asthma mortality rates trended downward in both China and the US from 1990 to 2019.The decline in mortality was more obvious in China.Mortality gap between the two countries was narrowing.A sex difference in asthma mortality was observed with higher mortality in males in China and females in the US.The age effects showed that mortality increased with age in adults older than 20 years,particularly in the elderly.Downward trends were generally observed in the period and cohort rate ratios in both countries,with China experiencing a more obvious decrease.Smoking and high body mass index(BMI)were the leading risk factors for asthma mortality in China and the US,respectively.Mortality attributable to occupational asthmagens and smoking decreased the most in China and the US,respectively.Conclusions:In 1990–2019,the asthma mortality rate was higher in China than in the US;however,the mortality gap has narrowed.Mortality increased with age in adults.The improvements in asthma death risk with period and birth cohort were more obvious in China than in the US.Smoking,high BMI,and aging are major health problems associated with asthma control.The role of occupational asthmagens in asthma mortality underscores the importance of management and prevention of occupational asthma.
文摘Elexible variety has all along been a hallmark of America’s global strategy withdifferentiated treatment for specific nations. In the new century, Washingtondivides the major world forces into four categories in light of a comprehensive crite-rion of whether they have been fused into the international system, are going to-ward democracy or benefit world stability. They include: insiders or allies (Europeand Japan), marginalized ones (some underdeveloped African nations), outsidersor "rogues" (Iraq, North Korea) and finally, travelers on the way or "transitionstates". Interpretations by U.S. strategic reports define the "transition states"
文摘Deteriorating continuously, cybersecurity issue has become the focal point of global attention and the grave concern from countries of the world since around 2010. The United States, a country of most developed internet technology, is also the most serious victimized country subjected to cyber attacks. After more than 10 years of tremendous funding and energy investment, the United States, at present stage, has built a relatively impeccable, government-led system of cybersecurity strategy. This strategic system is characterized by a full-fledged combination of offensive and defensive capabilities which takes full advantage of America's technological superiority, and the primary purpose of this system is forming strategic deterrence. This paper is designed to provide an interpretation of the specific components and nature of this strategy and hopes to reveal the possible enlightenment on how to manage cybersecurity discrepancy between China and America and its constructive implication to China's construction of cybersecurity strategy.
基金Fund Project:National Social Science Foundation of China General Project:Research on the Formation of Post-industrial Society in the United States From the Perspective of Economic Globalization(1945-2000)(18BSS013).
文摘Economic globalization has a very important impact on the world economic development.The economic globalization,especially after the 1970s,not only promoted the global industry division of labor,but also changed the economic structure of the world.From the perspective of global industrial division,many counties have entered post-industrial process,the United States is a case in point.However,economic globalization is an abstract conception,which it consists of trade liberalization,capital globalization,and production decentralization.Therefore,trade liberalization,capital globalization,and production decentralization are important factors for the formation of the post-industrial economy in the United States.
基金The study was sponsored by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81773454 and 82073573)Discipline Construction Funding of Public Health and Preventive Medicine from PekingUniversity Health Science Center(No.BMU2020XY010).
文摘Background::China and the United States(US)ranked first and third in terms of new liver cancer cases and deaths globally in 2020.Therefore,a comprehensive assessment of trends in the incidence of primary liver cancer with four major etiological factors between China and the US during the past 30 years with age-period-cohort(APC)analyses is warranted.Methods::Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019,and period/cohort relative risks were estimated by APC modeling from 1990 to 2019.Results::In 2019,there were 211,000 new liver cancer cases in China and 28,000 in the US,accounting for 39.4%and 5.2%of global liver cancer cases,respectively.For China,the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)consecutively decreased before 2005 but increased slightly since then,whereas the ASIR continuously increased in the US.Among the four etiological factors of liver cancer,the fastest reduction in incidence was observed in hepatitis B virus-related liver cancer among Chinese women,and the fastest increase was in nonalcoholic steatosis hepatitis(NASH)-related liver cancer among American men.The greatest reduction in the incidence of liver cancer was observed at the age of 53 years in Chinese men(-5.2%/year)and 33 years in Chinese women(-6.6%/year),while it peaked at 58 years old in both American men and women(4.5%/year vs.2.8%/year).Furthermore,the period risks of alcohol-and NASH-related liver cancer among Chinese men have been elevated since 2013.Simultaneously,leveled-off period risks were observed in hepatitis C viral-related liver cancer in both American men and women.Conclusions::Currently,both viral and lifestyle factors have been and will continue to play an important role in the time trends of liver cancer in both countries.More tailored and efficient preventive strategies should be designed to target both viral and lifestyle factors to prevent and control liver cancer.