Flora, life form characteristics, and plan for the promotion of biodiversity in South Korea＇s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System, the traditional Gudeuljang irrigated rice terraces in Cheongsando

The objectives of this study were to analyze the biodiversity of the Traditional Gudeuljang Irrigated Rice Terraces in Cheongsando, South Korea's representative GIAHS(Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System) site, with reference to position and land-use features, and to develop a plan to promote agricultural biodiversity in the region. We confirmed approximately 54,000 m2 of Gudeuljang paddy fields by an on-site survey. Of the Traditional Gudeuljang Irrigated Rice Terraces confirmed by onsite inspection, our survey showed that approximately 24,000 m2 are currently being used as paddy fields, approximately 15,000 m2 are being used as dry fields, and approximately 14,000 m2 are fallow. In terms of other non-agricultural land use, there was grassland, including graveyards; artificial arboreal land, such as orchards, rivers and wetlands, and man-made facilities, such as roads and residences. We also confirmed that the Traditional Gudeuljang Irrigated Rice Terraces had higher plant species diversity than conventional terraced rice paddies, and there was a difference in life form characteristics between the two types. Although the superficial topsoil structure is thesame for the Traditional Gudeuljang Irrigated Rice Terraces(TGIRTs) and conventional terraced rice paddies, it is thought that the differences in the subsurface structure of the TGIRTs contribute greatly to species and habitat diversity. However, the TGIRTs in Cheongsando are facing degeneration, due to damage and reduction in agricultural activity. The main cause is the reduction in the number of farming households due to an aging population in Cheongsando. In order to address this problem, we proposed a management plan, related to fallow paddy fields in South Korea, to initiate voluntary activities in the TGIRTs.

Sustainable tourism development of globally important agricultural heritage sites:a case study of "traditional rice-fish agriculture system"

Traditional rice-fish agricultural heritage site in Qingtian County, China, one of the pilot sites of Glob-ally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), is of great value in tourism development. This paper aims to explore how to realize sustainable tourism development in agricultural heritage site through identifying current problems in GIAHS site, and making constructive recommendations for coupled development of heritage preserva-tion and economic development. Field survey was carried out and data was collected through fi eld questionnaire surveys of tourists and residents in Longxian Village of Qingtian County, as well as interviews of residents with semi-structured questionnaires for their perceptions and attitudes to tourism development. The following results are got: (1) the tourism industry is still at its early state of Nongjiale tourism (enjoy and experience authentic country life-style), under very limited administrative management; (2) what attracts visitors most are delicious f ish and beautiful natural environment, but not agricultural heritage itself; (3) most tourists come from adjacent areas and stay only half a day, many of whom pay their visits twice or more; (4) a few local residents take part in the activities of tourism industry, but in very limited manners even if they do. Current patterns of tourism development are casting negative impacts on agricultural heritage. Conservation of agricultural heritage should be put in the fi rst place for sustainable tourism development. Agricultural heritage, as a key attraction, should be taken as the focus for tourism development. The important thing is to change the present Nongjiale tourism into real heritage tourism, to establish a cooperative mechanism among different stakeholders, and to increase local residents' income through engaging in tourism industry.

Agricultural Heritage System应是“农业遗产系统”而不是“农业文化遗产”

联合国粮农组织(UNFAO)的“Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System”(全球重要农业遗产系统,简称GIAHS)项目的核心是“Agricultural Heritage System”(农业遗产系统)。中国政府主管部门与主要学术支持机构却将它译为“农业文化遗产”。这一错译的错误有三:(1)“Agricultural Heritage System”从字面上不可能译为“农业文化遗产”;(2)由世界遗产委员会的文化遗产顾问机构“国际古迹遗产保护理事会”等制定的文化遗产类型中,只有“农业遗产”而无“农业文化遗产”;(3)最重要的是,将“农业遗产系统”改为“农业文化遗产”完全抹杀了GIAHS的特点与特殊保护意义。

Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)of China:the challenge of complexity in research

The challenge of researching Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)as complex systems forms the subject matter of this study.Complex adaptive systems are those that combine natural ecological processes with human interactions to produce a mutually supportive agro-ecological system.In China,these highly varied systems have the added dimension of long historical time,in that they have evolved over many centuries and thus add a historical dimension to the natural and human dimensions of complexity.In preparing research on GIAHS,it is clear that seeing GIAHS sites as whole systems is an essential starting and ending point.Examining the adaptive capacity of a GIAHS with its multiple scales and complex interdependencies is a major challenge for researchers accustomed to specialized disciplinary thinking.A GIAHS represents a mature agro-ecological system with human agency as a central component that has been honed over many centuries,and has already adapted to many perturbations and changes.The beauty of the GIAHS is in the integration of custom,knowledge,and practice,and it should be studied for its"wholeness"as well as for its resilience and capacity for"self organization."The agro-ecological approach opens the possibility of researching a system as a whole and of taking its complexity seriously.This study reviews the essential features of the GIAHS as a complex adaptive system where uncertainty is normal and surprise is welcome and,in a case study of Qingtian rice–fish culture system,focuses on new perturbations,namely loss of young people and the introduction of tourism.

Ecological footprint analysis on the traditional rice-fish agricultural area:a case study of Qingtian County,Zhejiang Province,China

Qingtian County of Zhejiang Province,China has maintained the traditional rice-fish agriculture for about 2,000 years and formed exceptional cultural heritage based on this kind of production mode,so it was selected by FAO as a pilot site for the rice-fish agricultural heritage systems in 2005.This research has applied the indicators of ecological footprint and biocapacity to monitor the environmental conditions of Qingtian County,aiming to find the impact that the traditional agricultural production mode and the local inhabitants lifestyle have placed on the local environmental conditions as well as the role they have played in maintaining ecological balance,cultural inheritance and regional sustainable development.Results show that Qingtian County is characterized by a nearly breakeven total ecological balance,as opposed to Zhejiang Province,the world and other agricultural regions.However,compared with another rice-fish agricultural region,Congjiang County which enjoys a considerable ecological reserve,Qingtian County has consumed a greater amount of environmental resources.Specifically,about half of the ecological footprint of Qingtian County can be attributed to the cropland(50.8%)while the CO2 area only accounts for 11.2%,which is dramatically different from that of the modern industrialized regions.And a vast of percentage of energy is caused by the combustion of fuelwood which not only requires the land to absorb the CO2 emission it has generated but also occupies the forest where it has been chopped.

潮州凤凰单丛生长气候适宜性分析与品质气候评价

为探究潮州凤凰单丛茶种植的气候优势,以凤凰单丛为研究对象,以潮州与饶平站1991—2020年气候观测资料为基础,利用2019—2021年区域内不同高度自动气象观测站气温、湿度、降水等要素观测值和南方丘陵山区气象要素随高度变化规律,推算气象要素气候平均值随海拔高度的变化,应用柯西分布模式阐释气候要素对茶树的影响,采用模糊数学方法计算不同海拔高度茶树生长的气候适宜度,利用气候品质评价方法评估不同高度茶园与不同采摘季节的茶叶气候品质。研究结果表明,总体而言,凤凰单丛茶种植区域的综合适宜度都比较高,该地区普遍适宜种植茶树,尤以300~900 m高度层最为适宜;凤凰单丛茶不同采摘季的气候品质排序为春1茶、春2茶、秋茶、夏茶;同时,中高山茶叶品质好于低山与平地茶叶。该研究较好揭示了凤凰单丛栽培的气候优势和茶叶品质的气候背景,可为这一重要农业文化遗产的保护和可持续利用提供科学依据。

全球重要农业文化遗产桑基鱼塘时空格局演变和驱动因素

浙江省湖州市南浔区是目前桑基鱼塘保留最完整、规模最大的区域之一,该地的桑基鱼塘系统被列入全球重要农业文化遗产。随着社会经济发展、消费需求改变、农业现代化生产,桑基鱼塘系统的生产方式、经济及服务价值等发生了重大变化。本文利用遥感影像、社会经济等数据对1975—2019年南浔区桑基鱼塘的时空格局演变和驱动因素进行了研究,主要结果如下:1)从规模变化上看,鱼塘快速扩张,桑园明显减少,水田剧烈萎缩,桑基鱼塘规模明显减小,基塘比例严重降低;从形态变化上看,鱼塘呈集聚化、规模化趋势,桑园和水田呈破碎化趋势,且鱼塘逐渐脱离传统桑基鱼塘系统布局特色而独立存在。2)2012—2019年,鱼塘养殖的经济效益远高于蚕桑养殖和水稻种植,是导致桑园、水田明显萎缩及鱼塘大规模扩张的主要驱动力。因此,通过全球重要农业文化遗产的建立来进一步加强桑基鱼塘系统的保护与传承是非常必要的,也是支撑湖州市南浔区农业可持续发展的重要举措。

Evaluation of water resources conserved by forests in the Hani rice terraces system of Honghe County,Yunnan,China：an application of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model

The Hani Rice Terraces System, based on gravity-flow irrigation, is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO in 2010. The water resource plays an important role in the sustainable development of this system. The value of water conserved by the forest is influenced by natural, economic and social factors. In this paper, the water quality, per capita water resources, per capita GDP and population density are chosen as indices to construct an index system for a comprehensive evaluation of water resources value. The weights of these indices are 0.443, 0.31, 0.141 and 0.106 respectively, which are determined by the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. The water resources value has been assessed by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. The results show that the water resources value in the Hani Rice Terraces System is 4.25 RMB/m^3. Evaluating the value of water resources in the Hani Rice Terraces System can provide a reference for ecological compensation, for raising public awareness of the importance of protecting the system, and ultimately achieving its sustainable development.

鱼—蚌混养的原理、效益及影响因素分析

鱼—蚌混养是生态渔业模式之一,也是淡水渔业农业文化遗产的组成部分,已被农业农村部发布为中国重要农业文化遗产,并被列入中国全球重要农业文化遗产预备名单的浙江德清传统珍珠传统养殖与利用系统,鱼—蚌混养正是其中环境友好的生态农业技术之一。但由于过度追求经济效益而忽视生态效益,造成一些地方珍珠养殖生态环境污染严重,产业可持续发展面临严峻挑战。通过全面分析鱼—蚌混养的生态学原理、效益及影响因素,阐明其相比淡水蚌单养的优势;并以我国传统鱼—蚌混养技术为基础,结合当前新发展的鱼—蚌—藻混养等技术,从原理、方法及生态环境效益等方面,系统阐述鱼—蚌混养技术特点。分析表明,鱼—蚌混养可抑制养殖水体中浮游植物的增殖,改变浮游植物的群落组成和构造,增强水体的自动调节能力,提高水生态系统稳定性,一定程度上抑制水体富营养化和蓝藻水华等现象发生,同时为鱼和蚌提供丰富的食物,在促进珍珠养殖业健康可持续发展的同时,获得比“单养”更高的收益;通过鱼—蚌混养,不仅能够有效地改善水体的质量,而且可以获得鱼—蚌双丰收,综合效益显著。

农业文化遗产生态系统服务的复合增益——以浙江瑞安滨海塘河台田系统为例

农业文化遗产是农村与其所处环境长期协同进化和动态适应下所形成的独特的土地利用系统和农业景观,具备丰富的景观要素。景观要素的耦合会对景观整体的生态系统服务供应产生影响。研究构建了多景观要素的“生态系统服务复合增益”理论框架,并以浙江瑞安滨海塘河台田系统为例,将其景观要素划分为农田生态系统和水域生态系统,并分别评估其景观要素生态系统服务价值、景观整体生态系统服务价值和生态系统服务复合增益价值。研究结果显示:(1)2019年浙江瑞安滨海塘河台田系统生态系统服务总价值为187.72亿元,文化服务价值最高,占总价值的91.8%;(2)农田的生态系统服务价值为6.03亿元,占总价值的3.2%,水域的生态系统服务价值为8.15亿元,占总价值的4.3%;(3)生态系统服务复合增益价值为173.54亿元,占总价值的92.5%。研究表明,农田和水域两种景观要素的耦合能提高浙江瑞安滨海塘河台田系统中食物供应、气体调节、盐碱地改良、休息游憩四种生态系统服务价值,致使其产生生态系统服务复合增益。

夏津黄河故道古桑树群一二三产业融合发展途径探索

夏津黄河故道古桑树群作为中国十五个全球重要农业文化遗产之一,不仅需要保护,还应该让农业文化遗产“活起来”,将现有资源与现代生产经营管理模式相结合,实现一二三产业融合发展。本文在系统阐述夏津黄河故道古桑树群农业文化遗产的多功能价值基础上,分析其一二三次产业现状和各产业发展存在的问题,探讨产业融合途径,提出三产融合发展的对策建议。

2002—2023年农业文化遗产活态保护研究综述

自2002年联合国粮农组织(FAO)发起“全球重要农业文化遗产(Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems)”项目以来,农业文化遗产研究逐渐成为学界关注的热点。利用CiteSpace对CNKI、万方及WOS平台国内外与农业文化遗产活态保护有关的文献的发文作者、关键词、发文地区,以及农业文化遗产活态保护的对象、保护策略进行汇总分析。总结出,缺乏农业文化遗产活态保护法律体系,缺乏农业文化遗产保护数据库,缺乏遗产保护地生态补偿机制的建立,缺乏本国家地区农业文化遗产活态保护范式4点不足,并提出关于未来农业文化遗产活态保护的展望。

基于知识图谱的中国农业文化遗产旅游研究进展

以中国知网数据库为数据源,对国内农业文化遗产旅游研究进展进行知识图谱分析。研究发现,经过三个发展阶段,相关研究成果渐趋多元化,作者群及研究机构呈集中与分散并存的格局;研究议题主要包括农业文化遗产旅游资源评价与开发、旅游对遗产的影响、遗产旅游参与及利益分享机制、遗产地产业融合发展等。建议未来研究进一步聚焦农业文化遗产与系列国家战略的契合点,探索多学科跨学科介入,强化对农业文化遗产旅游基础问题的关注,关注多种类型的农业文化遗产系统等。

福建松溪竹蔗栽培系统的农业文化遗产价值及其保护利用

福建松溪竹蔗栽培系统,是松溪人民在溪谷冲积台地上引种竹蔗,并与当地其他传统作物协同发展而来的栽培系统。2021年被评为第六批中国重要农业文化遗产,是我国乃至全球目前唯一以甘蔗为核心作物的农业文化遗产。从松溪竹蔗栽培系统固碳固沙的生态价值、人与自然协同发展的文化价值、区域可持续发展的经济价值三方面,分析了其农业文化遗产价值。在此基础上,剖析了松溪竹蔗栽培系统保护利用现状及其“百年蔗”种植面积严重萎缩、传统竹蔗品种面临挑战、系统传承的困境等存在的主要问题。最后从识别与保护关键要素、打通发展渠道、多方参与保护利用等方面提出松溪竹蔗栽培系统保护发展的对策。

香榧采摘工具“蜈蚣梯”的特点及其价值

香榧种植在会稽山区海拔200-700m的陡坡山地,树高冠大,采摘时枝头成熟果与幼果同时并存,是当地的重要经济来源。“蜈蚣梯”是当地榧农爬上香榧树采摘香榧青果的专用工具,因其形似蜈蚣而得名。制作和使用“蜈蚣梯”采摘香榧的技艺是GIAHS的重要组成部分之一。本文对“蜈蚣梯”的产生原因、主要特点、存在的问题进行初步研究,以期客观展示它的特点及其价值,推动这一农业文化遗产的传承和保护。

中国农业文化遗产保护的思考与建议

随着经济全球化和工业化的深入发展,农业的多功能性日益凸显。农业除提供食品、纤维等商品产出的经济功能外,还具有与农村环境、农村农业景观、农村生存与就业、食品质量卫生、国家粮食安全保障、农村农业文化以及动物福利等非商品产出相关的环境和社会功能。农业文化遗产的形成与农业的多功能性密不可分。农业文化遗产概念的提出为农业多功能保护、促进农业可持续发展等提供了机遇和挑战。目前,国际社会对于农业文化遗产的重视程度不断提高。我国农业文化遗产数量众多,但随着现代化和工业化的发展,农业文化遗产面临各种威胁,我国对农业文化遗产的保护和可持续利用也给予了广泛关注。本文分析了农业文化遗产的概念和我国农业文化遗产的保护和发展现状,探讨了我国农业文化遗产的价值和意义,主要包括传统动植物品种的保护与利用价值、传统农艺的保护与利用价值、传统中兽医技术的保护与利用价值、传统农业民俗的保护与利用价值和传统农业景观的保护与利用价值等。同时基于这些价值分析提出了我国农业文化遗产保护的政策选择与建议。

农业文化遗产:连接过去与未来的桥梁

为了应对农业生物多样性减少、传统农耕技术和乡村文化丧失、食物与生计安全等问题,联合国粮农组织(FAO)于2002年发起了“全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)”保护倡议。在该倡议提出20周年之际,为了系统认识农业文化遗产的价值及其现实意义,科学分析农业文化遗产保护中的问题与发展前景,邀请了11位来自相关领域的知名专家和遗产保护实践者,进行了一对一的交流访谈,访谈内容包括:农业文化遗产与现代生态农业发展的关系;农业文化遗产的历史文化价值及现实意义;农业文化遗产与非物质文化遗产的关系;农业文化遗产对粮食安全保障的意义;农业文化遗产中农业生物多样性的特征与价值,农业文化遗产在乡村文化振兴中的作用与可持续旅游发展,农业文化遗产对国际公约履约与国际合作的支撑作用;中国典型农业文化遗产保护与发展实践经验等。访谈结果表明:以活态性、动态性、系统性为主要特征的农业文化遗产,蕴含着丰富的农业生物多样性、生态农业技术、传统农耕文化和结构合理的生态景观,对解决工业化和城镇化所带来的生态环境问题、促进农业可持续发展和乡村全面振兴具有重要意义。作为一种特殊的遗产类型,农业文化遗产保护需要建立全新的范式,在强调政府主导作用的同时,还需要建立政策激励机制、产业融合发展机制、多方参与及惠益共享机制,以充分调动当地农民的积极性。

中国GIAHS保护试点:价值、问题与对策

中国农业文明历史悠久,留存了丰富的农业文化遗产。它们不仅体现了中国的传统哲学思想,同时也对全球可持续农业产生积极影响,并成为现代生态农业发展的基础。2002年,联合国粮农组织(FAO)发起了全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)保护项目,旨在对全球重要的、受到威胁的传统农业文化与技术遗产进行保护。目前我国已有4个GIAHS保护试点,即浙江青田稻鱼共生系统、云南哈尼稻作梯田系统、江西万年稻作文化系统和贵州从江县侗乡稻鱼鸭系统,2个候选试点,即云南普洱古茶园和茶文化及内蒙古敖汉旱作农业系统。本文基于FAO对GIAHS项目价值标准的解释,系统梳理了这6个试点的概况、价值、面临的威胁以及保护建议等,以期为我国农业文化遗产的保护提供指导依据。GIAHS的价值主要包括生态价值、经济价值、社会和文化价值、科研与示范价值等。目前农业文化遗产面临的主要威胁包括比较效益降低、适龄劳动力大量外流、现代观念的冲击和多重价值认识不足等。文章还提出了对GIAHS试点保护的建议,主要为引入动态保护途径,增加农民收入;加强宣传力度,建立科学的保护理念;完善制度建设,形成可持续的保护机制;调动农民的积极性,建立多方尤其是社区参与机制以及建立农业文化品牌,形成动态的保护机制等。

基于生态足迹的传统农业地区可持续发展评价--以贵州省从江县为例

由于自然条件的限制和历史等原因,贵州省从江县至今还保持着比较完好的稻田养鱼传统农业生产方式,并形成了独具特色的农业文化遗产。为全面认识这一农业文化遗产的价值,并为其合理保护提供理论依据和科学基础,本文分析了从江县2007年的生态足迹及其构成,总结了传统农业地区的资源消耗特点以及传统农业在区域生态平衡、资源消耗、可持续发展等方面所起的重要作用。研究表明,从江县居民对食物和住房的需求很高,分别占总需求的45.9%和33.3%,导致从江县耕地和林地生态足迹构成生态足迹的主体部分;相比之下,从江县的化石能源地生态足迹仅占总生态足迹的3.0%,而由林地提供的主要燃料柴薪才是能源生态足迹的主体部分,这与资源消耗较高的工业化地区明显不同。资源的低消耗使得从江县可以维持在生态平衡状态,人均生态盈余为0.0581hm2。可见,传统农业通过影响人们的农业生产方式和生活消费模式,不仅对区域的生态平衡维持和文化传承起着重要作用,且对区域社会经济可持续发展有重要意义。

农业文化遗产保护目标下农户生计状况分析

农户生计是农业文化遗产认定标准之一,也是影响农业文化遗产保护与传承的关键因素,在贫困地区,遗产保护与农户脱贫的两难困境更为突出。本研究基于可持续生计理论和分析框架,以全球重要农业文化遗产地——云南红河哈尼稻作梯田为案例区域,通过生计资本指标体系构建和量化,对比分析了不同生计途径农户的生计状况。评估结果发现,农户的生计资本均值为2.312,生计资本处于匮乏状态,金融资本值最低,而文化资本值最高。从事农业和打工是当前农户的主要生计途径,旅游接待成为生计拓展的重要形式。三类农户生计资本值和家庭年均收入排序相同,都表现为旅游接待户>打工兼业户>纯农业户,纯农业户的生计状况最差。从单项生计资本看,旅游接待户和打工兼业户的人力资本显著高于纯农业户,物质资本和金融资本比较中,旅游接待户显著高于其他两类农户,说明人力资本越丰富的农户越可能倾向于兼业,农户开展旅游接待需要较高的物质和金融资本作为基础。这意味着,农业文化遗产保护要大力提高农户的农业经营收益,延长农业的价值链和产业链,完善农村金融市场,开展旅游接待培训,从人力、金融等多方面改善农户生计资本状况,实现生计途径拓展。