The globus pallidus plays a pivotal role in the basal ganglia circuit. Parkinson's disease is characterized by degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, which leads to dopamine deficiency i...The globus pallidus plays a pivotal role in the basal ganglia circuit. Parkinson's disease is characterized by degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, which leads to dopamine deficiency in the brain that subsequently manifests as various motor and non-motor symptoms. This review aims to summarize the involvement of the globus pallidus in both motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease. The firing activities of parvalbumin neurons in the medial globus pallidus, including both the firing rate and pattern, exhibit strong correlations with the bradykinesia and rigidity associated with Parkinson's disease. Increased beta oscillations, which are highly correlated with bradykinesia and rigidity, are regulated by the lateral globus pallidus. Furthermore,bradykinesia and rigidity are strongly linked to the loss of dopaminergic projections within the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop. Resting tremors are attributed to the transmission of pathological signals from the basal ganglia through the motor cortex to the cerebellum-ventral intermediate nucleus circuit. The cortico–striato–pallidal loop is responsible for mediating pallidi-associated sleep disorders. Medication and deep brain stimulation are the primary therapeutic strategies addressing the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease. Medication is the primary treatment for motor symptoms in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation has been clinically proven to be effective in alleviating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease,particularly for the movement disorders caused by levodopa. Deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus internus can improve motor function in patients with tremordominant and non-tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus externus can alter the temporal pattern of neural activity throughout the basal ganglia–thalamus network. Therefore, the composition of the globus pallidus neurons, the neurotransmitters that act on them, their electrical activity,and the neural circuits they form can guide the search for new multi-target drugs to treat Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. Examining the potential intra-nuclear and neural circuit mechanisms of deep brain stimulation associated with the globus pallidus can facilitate the management of both motor and non-motor symptoms while minimizing the side effects caused by deep brain stimulation.展开更多
流媒体网格系统信息服务需要整合网格系统中各种静态、动态的资源信息,提供统一的信息访问接口.G lobus M DS提供了一种网格信息服务系统,适用于计算网格的信息服务,但不能完全适用于流媒体网格.介绍了G lobus的信息服务模型,讨论如何基...流媒体网格系统信息服务需要整合网格系统中各种静态、动态的资源信息,提供统一的信息访问接口.G lobus M DS提供了一种网格信息服务系统,适用于计算网格的信息服务,但不能完全适用于流媒体网格.介绍了G lobus的信息服务模型,讨论如何基于G lobus M DS构建适合流媒体网格的信息服务系统.针对G lobus M DS的层次式查询机制,使用信息缓存和哈希查询技术对其进行改进.实验表明,改进的查询机制可以提高信息的查询效率,满足实时流媒体服务要求.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31771143 (to QZ)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project,ZJ Lab+1 种基金Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology,No.2018SHZDZX01 (to LC)Shanghai Zhou Liangfu Medical Development Foundation “Brain Science and Brain Diseases Youth Innovation Program”(to ZQ)。
文摘The globus pallidus plays a pivotal role in the basal ganglia circuit. Parkinson's disease is characterized by degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, which leads to dopamine deficiency in the brain that subsequently manifests as various motor and non-motor symptoms. This review aims to summarize the involvement of the globus pallidus in both motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease. The firing activities of parvalbumin neurons in the medial globus pallidus, including both the firing rate and pattern, exhibit strong correlations with the bradykinesia and rigidity associated with Parkinson's disease. Increased beta oscillations, which are highly correlated with bradykinesia and rigidity, are regulated by the lateral globus pallidus. Furthermore,bradykinesia and rigidity are strongly linked to the loss of dopaminergic projections within the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop. Resting tremors are attributed to the transmission of pathological signals from the basal ganglia through the motor cortex to the cerebellum-ventral intermediate nucleus circuit. The cortico–striato–pallidal loop is responsible for mediating pallidi-associated sleep disorders. Medication and deep brain stimulation are the primary therapeutic strategies addressing the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease. Medication is the primary treatment for motor symptoms in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation has been clinically proven to be effective in alleviating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease,particularly for the movement disorders caused by levodopa. Deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus internus can improve motor function in patients with tremordominant and non-tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus externus can alter the temporal pattern of neural activity throughout the basal ganglia–thalamus network. Therefore, the composition of the globus pallidus neurons, the neurotransmitters that act on them, their electrical activity,and the neural circuits they form can guide the search for new multi-target drugs to treat Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. Examining the potential intra-nuclear and neural circuit mechanisms of deep brain stimulation associated with the globus pallidus can facilitate the management of both motor and non-motor symptoms while minimizing the side effects caused by deep brain stimulation.
文摘流媒体网格系统信息服务需要整合网格系统中各种静态、动态的资源信息,提供统一的信息访问接口.G lobus M DS提供了一种网格信息服务系统,适用于计算网格的信息服务,但不能完全适用于流媒体网格.介绍了G lobus的信息服务模型,讨论如何基于G lobus M DS构建适合流媒体网格的信息服务系统.针对G lobus M DS的层次式查询机制,使用信息缓存和哈希查询技术对其进行改进.实验表明,改进的查询机制可以提高信息的查询效率,满足实时流媒体服务要求.
